Patch race condition in callbacks in JobIteration

[adrianna-chang-shopify]

Related to: #335

We patched this in the Maintenance Tasks gem here, but this is reopening JobIteration's private API and is ideally something we should solve upstream if possible.

I attempted to write an upstream patch to do so on this branch, but ran into issues when testing against Core (see CI Build). There are a number of batch iteration jobs that depend on the reenqueue happening from within #iterate_with_enumerator, prior to the shutdown / after perform callbacks happen in order to gracefully retry from the last cursor if an error gets raised while processing a batch. The complexity level for these jobs is quite high, so it will need more investigation.

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