README.md

Only-Algebraic-Functions

This page shows how Only Algebraic Functions (OAF) are at least LOOP-complete and nearly Turing-complete. These algebraic functions operate exclusively with a single variable, numbers, additions, subtractions, multiplications, divisions and exponentiations.

Functions

Algebraic functions for the simulation of a Turing machine with d memory cells:

$$ abs(x) = (x^2)^\frac{1}{2} $$ $$ H(x) = \frac{x+abs(x)}{2 \cdot x} $$ $$ tiny(x) = 10^{-d} $$ $$ ge0(x) = H(x + \frac{tiny(x)}{10}) $$ $$ lt1(x) = 1-ge0(x-1) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{is0}(x) = ge0(x) \cdot lt1(x) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{is1}(x) = is0(x - 1) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{is2}(x) = is0(x - 2) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{is3}(x) = is0(x - 3) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{is4}(x) = is0(x - 4) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{is5}(x) = is0(x - 5) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{is6}(x) = is0(x - 6) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{is7}(x) = is0(x - 7) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{is8}(x) = is0(x - 8) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{is9}(x) = is0(x - 9) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{floor1}(x) = is1(x) + is2(x) + is3(x) + is4(x) + is5(x) + is6(x) + is7(x) + is8(x) + is9(x) $$ $$ right_2(x) = floor1(x \cdot 10) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{right}(x) = x \cdot 10 - right_2(x) + right_2(x) \cdot tiny(x) $$ $$ left_2(x) = right(right(x)) $$ $$ left_3(x) = right(left_2(x)) $$ $$ left_4(x) = right(left_3(x)) $$ $$ ... $$ $$ left_{d-1}(x) = right(left_{d-2}(x)) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{left}(x) = left_{d-1}(x) $$

For each function command_1 to command_m, the following holds:
Let F be the set of all previously bolded functions and loop(x).
f_1, f_2, ..., f_n are arbitrary functions from F or other algebraic functions.
The functions can then be chained together.

$$ \boldsymbol{command_1}(x) = f_n( f_{n-1}( ... f_2(f_1(x)) ... )) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{command_2}(x) = f_n( f_{n-1}( ... f_2(f_1(command_1(x))) ... )) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{command_3}(x) = f_n( f_{n-1}( ... f_2(f_1(command_2(x))) ... )) $$ $$ ... $$ $$ \boldsymbol{command_m}(x) = f_n( f_{n-1}( ... f_2(f_1(command_{m-1}(x))) ... )) $$

Let k be any number from 1 to including m

$$ repeat_1(x) = command_k(command_k(command_k(x))) $$ $$ repeat_2(x) = repeat_1(repeat_1(repeat_1(x))) $$ $$ repeat_3(x) = repeat_2(repeat_2(repeat_2(x))) $$ $$ ... $$ $$ repeat_{167}(x) = repeat_{166}(repeat_{166}(repeat_{166}(x))) $$ $$ \boldsymbol{loop_k}(x) = repeat_{167}(repeat_{167}(repeat_{167}(x))) $$

Round down more than one digit before the decimal point

$$ floor2(x) = floor1(\frac{x}{10}) \cdot 10 + floor1(x - floor1(\frac{x}{10}) \cdot 10) $$ $$ floor4(x) = floor2(\frac{x}{10^2}) \cdot 10^2 + floor2(x - floor2(\frac{x}{10^2}) \cdot 10^2) $$ $$ floor8(x) = floor4(\frac{x}{10^4}) \cdot 10^4 + floor4(x - floor4(\frac{x}{10^4}) \cdot 10^4) $$ $$ ... $$

Rust implementation of floor8(x):

fn h(x: f64) -> f64 {
    (1.0 + x / (x.powf(2.0)).powf(0.5)) / 2.0
}

fn ge0(x: f64) -> f64 {
    h(x + (10.0_f64).powf(-9.0))
}

fn lt1(x: f64) -> f64 {
    1.0 - ge0(x - 1.0)
}

fn is0(x: f64) -> f64 {
    ge0(x) * lt1(x)
}

fn is1(x: f64) -> f64 {
    is0(x - 1.0)
}

fn is2(x: f64) -> f64 {
    is0(x - 2.0)
}

fn is3(x: f64) -> f64 {
    is0(x - 3.0)
}

fn is4(x: f64) -> f64 {
    is0(x - 4.0)
}

fn is5(x: f64) -> f64 {
    is0(x - 5.0)
}

fn is6(x: f64) -> f64 {
    is0(x - 6.0)
}

fn is7(x: f64) -> f64 {
    is0(x - 7.0)
}

fn is8(x: f64) -> f64 {
    is0(x - 8.0)
}

fn is9(x: f64) -> f64 {
    is0(x - 9.0)
}

fn floor1(x: f64) -> f64 {
    is1(x)
        + is2(x) * 2.0
        + is3(x) * 3.0
        + is4(x) * 4.0
        + is5(x) * 5.0
        + is6(x) * 6.0
        + is7(x) * 7.0
        + is8(x) * 8.0
        + is9(x) * 9.0
}

fn floor2(x: f64) -> f64 {
    floor1(x / 10.0) * 10.0 + floor1(x - floor1(x / 10.0) * 10.0)
}

fn floor4(x: f64) -> f64 {
    floor2(x / 10.0_f64.powf(2.0)) * 10.0_f64.powf(2.0)
        + floor2(x - floor2(x / 10.0_f64.powf(2.0)) * 10.0_f64.powf(2.0))
}

fn floor8(x: f64) -> f64 {
    floor4(x / 10.0_f64.powf(4.0)) * 10.0_f64.powf(4.0)
        + floor4(x - floor4(x / 10.0_f64.powf(4.0)) * 10.0_f64.powf(4.0))
}

fn main() {
    for x in [1.45000001, 34.0, 99887766.12378, 50000.1] {
        println!("x = {:<20}floor8(x) = {:<20}", x, floor8(x),);
    }
}

Result:

x = 1.45000001          floor8(x) = 1                   
x = 34                  floor8(x) = 34                  
x = 99887766.12378      floor8(x) = 99887766            
x = 50000.1             floor8(x) = 50000  

How to handle loops or recursion

Turing machines allow infinite loops. The identity function can be used as a termination condition to mimic loops.

fn h(x: f64) -> f64 {
    (1.0 + x / (x.powf(2.0)).powf(0.5)) / 2.0
}

fn ge0(x: f64) -> f64 {
    h(x + (10.0_f64).powf(-9.0))
}

fn lt1(x: f64) -> f64 {
    1.0 - ge0(x - 1.0)
}

fn decimal_places(x: f64) -> f64 {
    lt1(x) * x + (1.0 - lt1(x)) * (x - 1.0)
}

fn true_floor(x: f64) -> f64 {
    x - loop_a_function(x, decimal_places)
}

/// This function is basically just f(f(f(f(f(f(f(f(...f(x)...)))))))). But it
/// will stop when f(x) = x.
fn loop_a_function(mut x: f64, function: fn(f64) -> f64) -> f64 {
    // u128 can’t handle numbers like 10^80, hence we are using u128::MAX.
    for _ in 0..u128::MAX {
        let new_x = function(x);
        if x == new_x {
            break;
        } else {
            x = new_x;
        }
    }
    x
}

fn main() {
    let x = 772.5530;
    println!("f^[{}]({x}) = {}", u128::MAX, true_floor(x));
}

Result:

f^[340282366920938463463374607431768211455](772.553) = 772

Author

Copyright © 2024 Armin Schäfer