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Bluetooth Pentesting and Exploitation Guide

Disclaimer

This project is for educational purposes only.
All activities described in this documentation should only be carried out in environments where you have explicit permission to conduct testing. Unauthorized access, scanning, or exploitation of Bluetooth devices is illegal and can result in severe penalties. Please ensure you comply with all applicable laws and regulations in your jurisdiction before proceeding.

Purpose

This documentation provides a comprehensive guide to exploring Bluetooth functionality on various devices (e.g., ECUs, smartwatches, mobile phones), with a focus on reconnaissance and injection activities.

Covered Topics:

  • Setting up and installing necessary tools
  • Performing Bluetooth reconnaissance
  • Injecting data into target devices
  • Executing Denial of Service (DoS) attacks

Bluetooth Classic Overview

Bluetooth Classic is a widely used wireless communication protocol for short-range data transmission. It is optimized for higher data throughput and continuous connection, making it ideal for applications that require ongoing data streaming.

Key Features:

  • Higher energy consumption compared to Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).
  • Quick connection establishment with continuous communication.
  • Supports fewer devices compared to BLE, due to higher power usage.

Initial Setup and Installations

Things Achieved:

  • Bluetooth Service Scanning and exploitation
  • Exploiting the OBject EXchange (OBEX) Service
  • Exploiting OBEX - PBAP to fetch Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
  • Performing a Denial of Service (DoS) attack
  • Implementing CarWhisperer
  • Ubertooth tool exploration
  • Future scope in Bluetooth testing

Generalized Mitigations for Bluetooth Attacks

To prevent Bluetooth-based attacks, apply the following measures:

  1. Secure Pairing
    Implement modern pairing methods with passkeys or PIN authentication.

  2. Service Restrictions
    Whitelist only necessary services to limit access to critical ones.

  3. Data Validation
    Ensure data sanitization and validation, and use antivirus software.

  4. User Awareness
    Educate users on the risks of accepting unknown files and emphasize safe Bluetooth practices.

  5. Rate Limiting
    Implement rate-limiting to avoid resource exhaustion attacks.

  6. Connection Management
    Set timeouts for unresponsive connections and blacklist suspicious devices.

  7. Regular Updates
    Keep firmware and software up to date with the latest security patches.

  8. Traffic Monitoring
    Use Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to monitor Bluetooth traffic for abnormal activities.

  9. Enhanced Security
    Prefer secure, encrypted profiles and consider Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for added security.

Tools and Technologies Used

  • OBEX: For file exchange and exploiting data sharing vulnerabilities.
  • CarWhisperer: For intercepting and injecting audio into Bluetooth car kits.
  • Ubertooth: A tool for Bluetooth signal capture and analysis.
  • BlueToolkit: A framework for scanning and testing Bluetooth vulnerabilities.

References