Wireless Network Hacking

802.11 Series - defines the standards for wireless networks
802.15.1 - Bluetooth
802.15.4 - Zigbee - low power, low data rate, close proximity ad-hoc networks
802.16 - WiMAX - broadband wireless metropolitan area networks

Wireless Standard	Operating Speed (Mbps)	Frequency (GHz)	Modulation Type
802.11a	54	5	OFDM
802.11b	11	2.4	DSSS
802.11d	Variation of a & b	Global use
802.11e	QoS Initiative	Data and voice
802.11g	54	2.4	OFDM and DSSS
802.11i	WPA/WPA2 Encryption
802.11n	100+	2.4-5	OFDM
802.11ac	1000	5	QAM

Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) - carries waves in various channels
Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) - combines all available waveforms into a single purpose
Basic Service Set (BSS) - communication between a single AP and its clients
Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID) - MAC address of the wireless access point
Spectrum Analyzer - verifies wireless quality, detects rogue access points and detects attacks
Directional antenna - signals in one direction; Yagi antenna is a type
Omnidirectional antenna - signals in all directions
Service Set Identifier (SSID) - a text word (<= 32 char) that identifies network; provides no security
Three Types of Authentication
- Open System - no authentication
- Shared Key Authentication - authentication through a shared key (password)
- Centralized Authentication - authentication through something like RADIUS
Association is the act of connecting; authentication is the act of identifying the client

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
- Doesn't effectively encrypt anything
- Uses RC4 for encryption
- Original intent was to give wireless the same level of protection of an Ethernet hub
- Initialization Vector (IV)
  - IVs are generally small and are frequently reused
  - Sent in clear text as a part of the header
  - This combined with RC4 makes it easy to decrypt the WEP key
  - An attacker can send disassociate requests to the AP to generate a lot of these
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA or WPA2)
- WPA uses TKIP with a 128-bit key
- WPA changes the key every 10,000 packets
- WPA transfers keys back and forth during an Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
- WPA2 Enterprise - can tie an EAP or RADIUS server into the authentication
- WPA2 Personal - uses a pre-shared key to authenticate
- WPA2 uses AES for encryption
- WPA2 ensures FIPS 140-2 compliance
- WPA2 uses CCMP instead of TKIP
- Message Integrity Codes (MIC) - hashes for CCMP to protect integrity
- Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code (CBC-MAC) - integrity process of WPA2

Wireless Standard	Encryption	IV Size (Bits)	Key Length (Bits)	Integrity Check
WEP	RC4	24	40/104	CRC-32
WPA	RC4 + TKIP	48	128	Michael/MIC
WPA2	AES-CCMP	48	128	CBC-MAC (CCMP)

Threats
- Access Control Attacks - evading access control parameters (MAC spoofing, Rogue Access point)
- Integrity Attacks - data frame injection, replay attacks, etc...
- Confidentiality Attacks - traffic analysis, session hijacking, MITM, etc...
- Availability Attacks - prevent user from accessing the wireless network (flooding, ARP poisoning, De-Authentication attacks)
- Authentication Attacks - steal identity information or impersonating clients (password cracking, identity theft, password guessing)
Network Discovery
- Wardriving, warflying, warwalking, etc.
- Tools such as WiFiExplorer, WiFiFoFum, OpenSignalMaps, WiFinder
- WIGLE - map for wireless networks
- NetStumbler - tool to find networks (802.11n and above are not supported)
- Kismet - wireless packet analyzer/sniffer that can be used for discovery
  - Works without sending any packets (passively)
  - Can detects access points that have not been configured
  - Works by channel hopping
  - Can discover networks not sending beacon frames
  - Ability to sniff packets and save them to a log file (readable by Wireshark/tcpdump)
- NetSurveyor - tool for Windows that does similar features to NetStumbler and Kismet
  - Doesn't require special drivers
WiFi Adapter
- AirPcap is mentioned for Windows, but isn't made anymore
- pcap - driver library for Windows
- libpcap - driver library for Linux

Rogue Access Point - places an access point controlled by an attacker
Evil Twin - a rogue AP with a SSID similar to the name of a popular network
- Also known as a mis-association attack
Honeyspot - faking a well-known hotspot with a rogue AP
Ad Hoc Connection Attack - connecting directly to another phone via ad-hoc network
- Not very successful as the other user has to accept connection
DoS Attack - either sends de-auth packets to the AP or jam the wireless signal
- With a de-auth, you can have the users conect to your AP instead if it has the same name
- Jammers are very dangerous as they are illegal
MAC Filter - only allows certain MAC addresses on a network
- Easily broken because you can sniff out MAC addresses already connected and spoof it
- Tools for spoofing include SMAC and TMAC

WEP Cracking
- Easy to do because of weak IVs
- Process
  1. Start a compatible adapter with injection and sniffing capabilities
  2. Start a sniffer to capture packets
  3. Force the creation of thousands of packets (generally with de-auth)
  4. Analyze captured packets
- Tools
  - Aircrack-ng - sniffer, detector, traffic analysis tool and a password cracker
    - Uses dictionary attacks for WPA and WPA 2. Other attacks are for WEP only
  - Cain and Abel - sniffs packets and cracks passwords (may take longer)
    - Relies on statistical measures and the PTW technique to break WEP
  - KisMAC - MacOS tool to brute force WEP or WPA passwords
  - WEPAttack
  - WEPCrack
  - Portable Penetrator
  - Elcomsoft's Wireless Security Auditor
- Methods to crack include PTW, FMS, and Korek technique
WPA Cracking
- Much more difficult than WEP
- Uses a constantly changing temporal key and user-defined password
- Key Reinstallation Attack (KRACK) - replay attack that uses third handshake of another device's session
- Most other attacks are simply brute-forcing the password

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