standard.iso

// ****************************************************************************
// Prelude
// ****************************************************************************

// Note: some isomorphisms are handled in the engine directly because they
// require special support. They can not be easily described with a
// XX <=> YY. But some of them have names, so they can be disabled, as for
// any other isomorphism rule. That also means that those names can not
// be used for regular isomorphism rule. Those reserved rule names are:
//  - optional_storage
//  - optional_qualifier
//  - value_format
// See parse_cocci.ml, pattern.ml, transformation.ml.


// Note: the order of the rules has some importance. As we don't do a fixpoint,
// changing the order may impact the result. For instance, if we have
//
//  iso1 = x+y <=> y+x
//  iso2 = i++ <=> i=i+1;
//
// and if
//   in SP we have i++;
//   in C  we have i=1+i;
//
// Does the SP matches the C ?
//  - Yes if iso2 precedes iso1 in this file,
//  - No otherwise.


// ****************************************************************************
// Standard C isomorphisms
// ****************************************************************************

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Spacing (include comments) isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// They are handled at lex time.

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Dataflow isomorphisms (copy propagation, assignments)
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// They are handled in engine (TODO).


// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Iso-by-absence (optional qualifier, storage, sign, cast) isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Some of them are handled in cocci_vs_c. Some of them handled here.


// We would like that
//      chip = (ak4117_t *)snd_magic_kcalloc(ak4117_t, 0, GFP_KERNEL);
//  also matches
//      X = snd_magic_kcalloc(T, 0, C)
//
// For the moment because the iso is (T) E => E and not <=>, it forces
// us to rewrite the SP as  X = (T) snd_magic_kcalloc(T, 0, C)

Expression
@ drop_cast @
expression E;
pure type T;
@@

// in the following, the space at the beginning of the line is very important!
 (T)E => E

Type
@ add_signed @
@@
int => signed int

Type
@ add_int1 @
@@
unsigned => unsigned int

Type
@ add_int2 @
@@
signed => signed int


// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Field isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Dereferences


// Those iso were introduced for the 'generic program matching' paper,
// with sgrep. The idea is that when we want to detect bugs,
// we want to detect something like  free(X) ... *X
// meaning that you try to access something that have been freed.
// But *X is not the only way to deference X, there is also
// X->fld,  hence those iso.

// The following don't see like a good idea, because eg fld could be
// instantiated in different ways in different places, meaning that the
// two occurrences of "*E" would not refer to the same thing at all.
// This could be addressed by making E pure, but then I think it would
// have no purpose.

// Expression
// @@
// expression E;
// identifier fld;
// @@
//
// *E => E->fld
//
// Expression
// @@
// expression E;
// identifier fld;
// @@
//
// *E => (E)->fld
//
// Expression
// @@
// expression E,E1;
// @@
//
// *E => E[E1]

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Typedef isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// They are handled in engine.


// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Boolean isomorphisms for int and pointer types
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

// the space at the beginning of the line is very important!
Expression
@ not_int1 @
int X;
@@
 !X => X == 0

TestExpression
@ not_int2 @
int X;
@@
 X => X != 0

// the space at the beginning of the line is very important!
Expression
@ not_ptr1 @
expression *X;
@@
 !X => X == NULL

TestExpression
@ not_ptr2 @
expression *X;
@@
 X => X != NULL

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Boolean isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Expression
@commeq@
expression E;
constant C;
@@

E == C <=> C == E

Expression
@commneq@
expression E;
constant C;
@@

E != C <=> C != E

Expression
@ is_zero @
expression X;
@@
X == 0 => !X

// X should be a test expression, but X!=0 doesn't have to be one
// not nice at all...  ToTestExpression sets everything after the first
// pattern in the iso rule to be TestExpression
ToTestExpression
@ isnt_zero @
expression X;
@@
X != 0 => X

Expression
@ is_null @
expression X;
@@
X == NULL => !X

ToTestExpression
@ isnt_null1 @
expression X;
@@
X != NULL => X

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Bit operations
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Expression
@ bitor_comm @
expression X,Y;
@@
X | Y => Y | X

Expression
@ bitand_comm @
expression X,Y;
@@
X & Y => Y & X

// only if side effect free in theory, perhaps makes no sense
// Expression
// @ and_comm @
// expression X,Y;
// @@
// X && Y => Y && X

// Expression
// @ or_comm @
// expression X,Y;
// @@
// X || Y => Y || X


// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Arithmetic isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
//todo: require check side-effect free expression

Expression
@ plus_comm @
expression X, Y;
@@
X + Y => Y + X


// needed in kcalloc CE, where have a -kzalloc(c * sizeof(T), E)
Expression
@ mult_comm @
expression X, Y;
@@
X * Y => Y * X

Expression
@ plus_assoc @
expression X, Y, Z;
@@
 // note space before (
 (X + Y) + Z <=> X + Y + Z

Expression
@ minus_assoc @
expression X, Y, Z;
@@

 (X - Y) - Z <=> X - Y - Z

Expression
@ plus_minus_assoc1 @
expression X, Y, Z;
@@

 (X + Y) - Z <=> X + Y - Z

Expression
@ plus_minus_assoc2 @
expression X, Y, Z;
@@

 (X - Y) + Z <=> X - Y + Z

Expression
@ times_assoc @
expression X, Y, Z;
@@

 (X * Y) * Z <=> X * Y * Z

Expression
@ div_assoc @
expression X, Y, Z;
@@

 (X / Y) / Z <=> X / Y / Z

Expression
@ times_div_assoc1 @
expression X, Y, Z;
@@

 (X * Y) / Z <=> X * Y / Z

Expression
@ times_div_assoc2 @
expression X, Y, Z;
@@

 (X / Y) * Z <=> X / Y * Z

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Relational isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Expression
@ gtr_lss @
expression X, Y;
@@
X < Y <=> Y > X

Expression
@ gtr_lss_eq @
expression X, Y;
@@
X <= Y <=> Y >= X

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Increment isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

// equivalences between i++, +=1, etc.
// note: there is an addition in this SP.
Statement
@ inc @
identifier i;
@@
i++; <=> ++i; <=> i+=1; <=> i=i+1;

// I would like to avoid the following rule, but we cant transform a ++i
// in i++ everywhere. We can do it only when the instruction is alone,
// such as when there is not stuff around it (not as in x = i++) That's why in
// the previous iso, we have explicitely force the i++ do be alone with
// the ';'. But unfortunately in the last expression of the for there is
// no ';' so the previous rule cannot be applied, hence this special
// case.

Statement
@ for_inc @
expression X, Y;
statement S;
identifier i;
@@
for(X;Y;i++) S <=> for(X;Y;++i) S

// ****************************************************************************
// gcc specific isomorphisms
// ****************************************************************************

// likely and unlikely are used to give hints to gcc to improve performance.

Expression
@ unlikely @
expression E;
@@

unlikely(E) <=> likely(E) => E

// the BSDs use __predict_true and __predict_false instead

Expression
@ bsd_branch_pred @
expression E;
@@

__predict_false(E) <=> __predict_true(E) => E

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Parenthesis isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
//Expression
//@@ expression E; @@
// E => (E)
//// E => ((E))

// todo: isomorphism avec les () around ? cf sizeof 3.
// (E) => E    with some conditions.

Expression
@ paren @
expression E;
@@

 (E) => E

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Statement isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Value isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

// There is also equal_c_int in cocci_vs_c to dealing with other
// integer decimal/hexadecimal isomorphisms.
// an argexpression applies only at top level, in the argument of a
// function call, or on the right-hand side of an assignment
ArgExpression
@ zero_multiple_format @
@@
 0 => '\0'

// ----------------
// If
// ----------------

// ****************************************************************************
// if structure isomorphisms
// ****************************************************************************

// these are after the above so that the introduced negation will distribute
// properly over the argument to likely/unlikely

Statement
@ neg_if @
expression X;
statement S1, S2;
@@
if (X) S1 else S2 => if (!X) S2 else S1

Statement
@ ne_if @
expression E1, E2;
statement S1, S2;
@@
if (E1 != E2) S1 else S2 => if (E1 == E2) S2 else S1

Statement
@ drop_else @
expression E;
statement S1;
pure statement S2;
@@

if (E) S1 else S2 => if (E) S1

Expression
@ neg_if_exp @
expression E1, E2, E3;
@@

E1 ? E2 : E3 => !E1 ? E3 : E2


// if (X) Y else Z <=> X ? Y : Z  sometimes.

// ----------------
// Loops
// ----------------

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Optional initializers
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// this is not safe when the declaration is replaced
// attempt to indicate that by requiring that Z is context
// no optional static/extern for isos
Declaration
@ decl_init @
type T;
context identifier Z;
@@
T Z; => T Z = ...;

Declaration
@ extern_decl_init @
type T;
context identifier Z;
@@
extern T Z; => extern T Z = ...;

Declaration
@ static_decl_init @
type T;
context identifier Z;
@@
static T Z; => static T Z = ...;

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Branch (or compound) isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// maybe a cocci patch should require something that looks like what is on
// the left above to occur in a if or while

// could worry that this has to be a simple statement, but this should work
// better as it allows + code on S
Statement
@ braces1 @
statement S;
@@
{ ... S } => S

Statement
@ braces2 @
statement S;
@@
{ ... S ... } => S

Statement
@ braces3 @
statement S;
@@
{ S ... } => S

Statement
@ braces4 @
statement S;
@@
{ S } => S

Statement
@ ret @
@@
return ...; => return;


// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Declaration isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// They are handled in engine (TODO)

// int i,j,k; <=> int i; int j; int k;


// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Affectation/initialisation isomorphism
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// They are handled in engine.
// 'X = Y'  should also match  'type X = Y';

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Pointer/Array isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

// pointer arithmetic equivalences
// a + x <=> a[x]

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Pointer/Field isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Expression
@ ptr_to_array @
expression E1, E2; // was pure, not sure why that's needed, not good for rule27
identifier fld;
@@

E1->fld => E1[E2].fld



TopLevel
@ mkinit @
type T;
pure context T E;
identifier I;
identifier fld;
expression E1;
@@

E.fld = E1; => T I = { .fld = E1, };

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// more pointer field iso
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

// pure means that either the whole field reference expression is dropped,
// or E is context code and has no attached + code
// not really... pure means matches a unitary unplussed metavariable
// but this rule doesn't work anyway

Expression
@ fld_to_ptr @
type T;
pure T E;
pure T *E1;
identifier fld;
@@

E.fld => E1->fld


// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// sizeof isomorphisms
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

// The following is made redundant by the paren isomorphism
// Expression
// @ sizeof_parens @
// expression E;
// @@

// sizeof(E) => sizeof E


Expression
@ sizeof_type_expr @
pure type T; // pure because we drop a metavar
T E;
@@

sizeof(T) => sizeof E

// Expression
// @ fld_func_call @
// expression list ES;
// identifier fld;
// expression E;
// @@
//  E.fld(ES) <=> (*E.fld)(ES)


// ****************************************************************************
// Linux specific isomorphisms
// ****************************************************************************

// Examples: many functions are equivalent/related, and one SP modifying
// such a function should also modify the equivalent/related one.


// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// in rule18, needed ?
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// (
// -   test_and_set_bit(ev, &bcs->event);
// |
// -   set_bit(ev, &bcs->event);
// |
// -   bcs->event |= 1 << ev; // the only case that is used


// ****************************************************************************
// Everything that is required to be in last position, for ugly reasons ...
// ****************************************************************************