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matrix.tdl
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;;; -*- Mode: TDL; Package: LKB -*-
;;;
;;; HPSG Grammar Matrix
;;;
;;; $Id: matrix.tdl,v 1.51 2008-05-23 01:44:21 sfd Exp $
;;;
;;; Copyright (c) 2002-2005
;;; Emily M. Bender, Dan Flickinger, Stephan Oepen
;;; see licence.txt for conditions
;;;
;;; Projects using the Grammar Matrix should reference
;;; http://www.delph-in.net/matrix, the version used
;;; and Bender, Flickinger, & Oepen 2002.
;;;
;;; Based on:
;;;
;;; LinGO Grammar: fundamentals.tdl
;;; Copyright Daniel Flickinger 1994-2001
;;; Initial development Rob Malouf, 3-Nov-1994
;;;
;;; JACY Grammar: fundamentals.tdl, mrsbasic.tdl
;;; Developed by Melanie Siegel, Emily M. Bender
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;
;; Top-level feature geometry
;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Types for Sign, Word, Phrase, and Lex-Entry
sign-min := avm &
[ STEM list ].
basic-sign := sign-min &
[ KEY-ARG bool ].
; SSH 2013-03-06 - added PHON.
; SSH 2013-04-19 - PHON is temporarily commented out.
; sign := basic-sign &
; [ SYNSEM synsem,
; ARGS list,
; PHON phon,
; INFLECTED inflected ].
sign := basic-sign &
[ SYNSEM synsem,
ARGS list,
INFLECTED inflected ].
; C-CONT encodes the semantic contribution of the rule (phrasal
; or lexical).
phrase-or-lexrule := sign &
[ SYNSEM canonical-synsem &
[ LOCAL.CONT.HOOK #hook],
C-CONT mrs-min & [ HOOK #hook] ].
word-or-lexrule-min := sign-min.
; ALTS allow lexical entries to block lexical rule application
; ARG-ST is the argument structure list. It appears only on
; lexical items (words or lexical rules), not on phrases.
word-or-lexrule := word-or-lexrule-min & sign &
[ ALTS alts-min,
ARG-ST list ].
nocoord := sign &
[ SYNSEM.LOCAL.COORD - ].
alts-min := avm.
alts := alts-min &
[ PASSIVE bool ].
no-alts := alts-min.
; Not all words have lex-synsem - e.g. lexical PPs like "tomorrow" are
; phr-synsem since they can be post-nominal modifiers.
word := word-or-lexrule & nocoord.
lex-item := word-or-lexrule & nocoord.
;; Not all phrases have SYNSEM phr-synsem, since we need to allow the
;; head-comp rules to build signs which are still [ SYNSEM lex-synsem
;; ], for constructions like "twenty-two" and "five fifteen p.m.". So
;; most phrases will assign the type phr-synsem to the value of
;; SYNSEM, but not all.
phrase := phrase-or-lexrule.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Affixation
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
non-affix-bearing := word-or-lexrule &
[ INFLECTED infl-satisfied,
SYNSEM.LKEYS.KEYREL.WLINK cons ].
; Rule
rule := sign &
[ RULE-NAME string ].
; LABEL-NAME and META used for labeling nodes in parse trees
tree-node-label := *top* &
[ NODE sign ].
label := sign &
[ LABEL-NAME string ].
; For complex node labels, like S/NP
meta := sign &
[ META-PREFIX string,
META-SUFFIX string ].
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; SYNSEM values
; ERB 2004-05-10 DEF-OPT and OPT are used in the analysis of
; optional complements (null instantiation). DEF-OPT allows words
; to lexically specify how their arguments will be interpreted
; in case of null instantiation. This solution may be superceded
; by a Sem-I based alternative.
; ERB 2007-02-05 Moving to an analysis of discourse status/cognitive
; status of referents following Borthen & Haugereid 2005. Replacing
; DEF and DEF-OPT with COG-ST and OPT-CS.
synsem-min := avm &
[ OPT bool,
OPT-CS cog-st,
LOCAL mod-local,
NON-LOCAL non-local-min ].
; The feature LIGHT is used to model phenomena which distinguish
; shorter words from longer ones, or constituents which are lexical
; or nearly so from larger phrases. It is inspired by the work
; of Abeille and Godard (e.g., 2003).
lex-or-phrase-synsem := synsem-min &
[ LIGHT luk ].
; SSH (2013-03-05) L/R-PERIPH are newly added in order to constrain
; clause-initial/final focus.
; OZ 2020-01-28 Adding L-QUE feature to mark whether or not there
; is a wh-word at the left periphery.
synsem := synsem-min &
[ L-QUE bool,
L-PERIPH luk,
R-PERIPH luk ].
expressed-synsem := synsem.
canonical-synsem := expressed-synsem &
[ MODIFIED xmod ].
lex-synsem := canonical-synsem & lex-or-phrase-synsem &
[ LOCAL local-min,
LIGHT +,
LKEYS lexkeys ].
; ERB (2005-08-10) We want to make sure that head-comp phrases
; don't have the feature LKEYS, even if they are LIGHT +.
phr-synsem-min := canonical-synsem & lex-or-phrase-synsem &
[ LOCAL local-min ].
phr-synsem := phr-synsem-min &
[ LIGHT - ].
non-canonical := synsem &
[ LOCAL.CONT.HOOK.INDEX event-or-ref-index ].
expressed-non-canonical := non-canonical & expressed-synsem.
gap := expressed-non-canonical &
[ LOCAL #local,
NON-LOCAL [ REL.LIST < >,
QUE.LIST < >,
SLASH [ LIST < #local > ] ] ].
unexpressed := synsem-min &
[ NON-LOCAL [ SLASH.LIST < >,
REL.LIST < >,
QUE.LIST < > ] ].
unexpressed-reg := unexpressed & non-canonical.
; A contrasting type to ordinary synsems (expressed
; and unexpressed) which is sometimes useful. No longer
; explicitly used in the Matrix.
anti-synsem := unexpressed.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; LOCAL & NON-LOCAL values
mod-local := avm.
; sfd 08/02/2005: Added COORD and COORD-REL for coordination. COORD
; is a bool that's used to enforce the syntax of coordination.
; COORD-REL is the coordination relation.
local-min := mod-local &
[ CAT cat-min,
CONT mrs-min,
AGR individual,
COORD bool,
COORD-REL coordination-relation,
COORD-STRAT string ].
local := local-min &
[ CTXT ctxt-min ].
; Types for distinguishing scopal v. intersective modifiers.
; (These types are used in the MOD value of modifiers, and
; referenced by the scopal/intersective head-adjunct rules.)
scopal-mod := local.
intersective-mod := local.
non-local-min := avm.
; OZ 2020-09-01 A YNQ feature may be added via the customization,
; for polar questions formed with second position clitics.
; Ivan li idet?
; Ivan Q arrive
; "Is it Ivan that is arriving?" [rus]
; This feature might actually better be moved to the customization system in the future.
non-local := non-local-min &
[ SLASH append-list,
QUE append-list,
REL append-list ].
non-local-none := non-local &
[ SLASH.LIST < >,
QUE.LIST < >,
REL.LIST < > ].
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; CAT values
cat-min := avm.
; ERB 2004-05-05 Following ERG, add a feature HC-LIGHT which indicates
; whether a head-comp phrase projected from a head is treated as light
; or heavy. That is, whether or not a phrase consisting of heads and
; complements is light or heavy is taken to be a lexical property of
; the head.
; MC stands for 'Main clause', and is used to distinguish phenomena
; which can only occur in main (+) or subordinate clauses (-). The
; value of MC is luk, allowing for a third possibility of na, for
; not applicable.
; SSH 2012-02-16 MKG stands for "MarKinG" which represents lexical
; markings for information structure.
; OZ 2020-03-30 Adding WH feature to model embedded questions, including embedding by
; Mandarin-like languages where a particle
; occurs with polar but not with constituent questions.
; The logical-or value of the feature come into play when we want to rule out
; sentences like "I ask Kim arrived." "Ask" should insist not only that its complement
; is SF ques (this alone won't work as by default clauses are prop-or-ques), but
; also that it is WH.BOOL +. A constituent question will be WH.BOOL + if the head-complement
; rule's mother's WH is the OR of its daughters.
cat := cat-min &
[ HEAD head-min,
VAL valence-min,
MC luk,
MKG mkg,
HC-LIGHT luk,
POSTHEAD bool,
WH logical-or ].
cat-sat := cat &
[ VAL [ SPR olist,
SPEC olist,
COMPS olist,
SUBJ olist ],
HEAD.MOD olist ].
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; HEAD
head-min := avm.
; It is expected that head will have many more features, but it
; is not yet clear which are relevant crosslinguistically. In
; the English grammar, HEAD features include CASE, PRD, AUX, INV,
; TAM, and VFORM. (Re: TAM --- it is sometimes useful to have the
; semantic information encoded in EVENT.E accessible via the head
; path.)
; TJT 2014-04-24 Adding PRD for predicatives (such as predicative adjectives)
head := head-min &
[ MOD list,
PRD bool,
KEYS keys_min ].
; (ERB 2004-08-19) We had previously shied away from defining head
; types because even head types that are expected to occur across
; all languages are probably grouped differently in the head subhierarchy
; for different languages. There are plenty of things which we
; think will be the same across languages, however. Thus the current
; strategy is to allow for all possible groupings of head types,
; and expect most of the disjunctive types to be ignored in most
; languages. Perhaps one day the LKB will be modified so that
; users can declare certain types to suppress in the hierarchy
; displays.
; One recent LKB addition which will be helpful here is the
; type addendum statements (':+'). Head types often bear
; features, but none are declared for any of these Matrix head
; types, since we don't yet know of any universal ones. With
; the new ':+' notation, you can add constraints (including feature
; declarations) to existing types. We encourage you to use this
; when adding information to Matrix types, but not to types defined
; solely within your grammar. For example:
; CASE on nouns:
; noun :+
; [ CASE case ].
; VFORM on verbs and complementizers
; +vc :+
; [ FORM form].
; We expect that particular grammars will need to add new head
; types, and may find that the new types should inherit from
; existing disjunctions. If you do this, we encourage you to
; make use of type addendum statements (':+') to add a comment
; to the existing disjunction, e.g.:
; co-verb := +jv.
; +jv :+
; "Adjectives, verbs, and co-verbs.".
; Anticipated future developments include Lisp commands for
; generating the appropriate type addenda and/or additional
; types when you want to add a new head type.
; Our basic inventory of head types will consist of
; verb (v), noun (n), adjective (j), adverb (r), adposition (p),
; complementizer (c), determiner (d), number-name (m),
; and conjunction (o). The letters in parentheses indicate
; the abbreviation for each part of speech used in the disjunctive
; types. Each disjunctive type is also associated with
; a documentation string explaining the disjuncts.
; With all the disjuntive types, we need 510 types to encode this.
; The parent types are in a separate file called head-types.tdl, with
; just the leaves here.
conj := +mo & +do & +co & +po & +ro & +jo & +vo & +no.
num := +mo & +dm & +cm & +pm & +rm & +jm & +vm & +nm.
det := +do & +dm & +cd & +pd & +rd & +jd & +vd & +nd.
comp := +co & +cm & +cd & +pc & +rc & +jc & +vc & +nc.
adp := +po & +pm & +pd & +pc & +rp & +jp & +vp & +np.
adv := +ro & +rm & +rd & +rc & +rp & +jr & +vr & +nr.
adj := +jo & +jm & +jd & +jc & +jp & +jr & +vj & +nj.
verb := +vo & +vm & +vd & +vc & +vp & +vr & +vj & +nv.
noun := +no & +nm & +nd & +nc & +np & +nr & +nj & +nv.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; VAL
valence-min := avm.
valence := valence-min &
[ SUBJ list,
SPR list,
COMPS list,
SPEC list,
--KEYCOMP avm ].
keys_min := avm.
keys := keys_min &
[ KEY predsort,
ALTKEY predsort ].
; One of a grammatically salient inventory of semantic sorts, such as
; 'animate' or 'time'
semsort := sort.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; CONT values
;
; HOOK ; Externally visible attributes of a sign
; RELS append-list ; List of semantic relations
; HCONS append-list ; Scope constraints: list of qeq's
; ICONS append-list ; Individual constraints: list of icons
mrs-min := avm.
; ERB 2007-01-21 Removing feature MSG here (moving it to a feature--SF---
; of events).
; SSH 2012-02-16 ICONS (individual contraints)
mrs := mrs-min &
[ HOOK hook,
RELS append-list,
HCONS append-list,
ICONS append-list ].
; HOOK values include
; GTOP ; Global top handle
; LTOP ; Local top handle
; INDEX ; The salient nominal instance or event
; XARG ; The external (controlled) argument of a phrase
; ICONS-KEY ; Indexes for icons
; CLAUSE-KEY ; A feature to mediate between the INDEX of the
; head and the CLAUSE value of the dependent.
; SSH 2012-02-16 --ICONS
hook := avm &
[ GTOP handle,
LTOP handle,
INDEX individual,
XARG individual,
ICONS-KEY icons,
CLAUSE-KEY event ].
; MRSs are divided into psoas (with a distinguished event) and
; nom-objs (with a distinguished index). We use a polymorphic
; attribute name INDEX for both of these, to simplify manipulation of
; these objects; for example, modifying PPs assign as their ARG's
; value the INDEX of the phrase they modify, whether it's an N-bar
; (with a ref-ind value) or a VP (with an event value). Similarly
; useful for coordination.
psoa := mrs &
[ HOOK.INDEX event ].
nom-obj := mrs &
[ HOOK.INDEX index ].
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; LKEYS attributes, providing pointers to semantic relations and complement
; predsorts in lexical types:
; KEYREL relation ; Pointer to main relation in RELS
; ALTKEYREL relation ; Pointer to an alternate relation in RELS
; --COMPKEY predsort ; Pointer to the first complement's KEY predsort
; --OCOMPKEY predsort ; Pointer to the oblique complement's KEY predsort
lexkeys := avm &
[ KEYREL relation,
ALTKEYREL relation,
--COMPKEY predsort,
--OCOMPKEY predsort ].
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; CTXT values
ctxt-min := avm.
ctxt := ctxt-min &
[ ACTIVATED bool,
PRESUP append-list ].
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Basic semantic types
; The message represents the semantic type of a clause (cf. Ginzburg &
; Sag 2000). All clauses have messages. Elements that take clauses
; as semantic arguments should end up with the LBL of the clause as
; the value of ARGn, L/R-HNDL, etc. The MARG (message argument) of a
; message is a handle that qeqs the LBL of the main verb in the clause.
; This leaves room for quantifiers to scope at each clause without
; allowing scope ambiguity between quanitifers and messages, as it is
; not clear what that would mean.
; ERB 2007-01-21 Moving to a message free universe.
;basic_message := relation.
;message := basic_message &
; [ PRED message_m_rel,
; MARG handle ].
;no-msg := basic_message.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Message preds
; ERB 2007-01-21 Moving to a message free universe.
;message_m_rel := predsort.
;command_m_rel := message_m_rel.
;prop-or-ques_m_rel := message_m_rel. ;for COMPS of e.g. 'know'
;proposition_m_rel := prop-or-ques_m_rel.
;abstr-ques_m_rel := prop-or-ques_m_rel.
;question_m_rel := abstr-ques_m_rel.
; Subtype of int_rel for tag questions and structures in other languages
; with equivalent pragmatics.
;ne_m_rel := abstr-ques_m_rel.
; Constrains handle of scopable argument HARG relative to one
; outscoped LARG handle (the "H" is mnemonic for either "higher" or
; "hole" argument, while the "L" is mnemonic for either "lower" or
; "label" argument.
qeq := avm &
[ HARG handle,
LARG handle ].
; "INSTLOC is used by generator to index input. Changed from
; value instloc to value string in July 2004. The grammar
; should never need to make reference to it beyond this."
semarg := avm &
[ INSTLOC string ].
handle := semarg.
individual := semarg &
[ SORT semsort ].
; The INDEX value of a nom-obj is an index (expletive or
; referential).
; ERB 2004-05-10 Add a feature DEF which encodes definiteness
; for (in)definite null instantiation, and possibly other uses.
; The null instantiation use might get superceded by a Sem-I based
; solution.
; ERB 2007-02-05 Moving to an analysis of discourse status/cognitive
; status of referents following Borthen & Haugereid 2005. Replacing
; DEF and DEF-OPT with COG-ST and OPT-CS.
; ERB 2007-05-16 Can't put SPECI inside COG-ST, or the generator won't
; pay attention to the value of COG-ST. So, making it parallel.
index := individual &
[ COG-ST cog-st,
SPECI bool ].
; ERB 2007-02-05 Hierarchy from Borthen and Haugereid of possible
; COG-ST values. Departing from B&H analysis by putting SPECI on
; this type (as well as by making COG-ST a feature of indicies rather
; than parallel to the indices in the next level up).
cog-st := avm.
activ-or-less := cog-st.
uniq-or-more := cog-st.
uniq+fam+act := activ-or-less & uniq-or-more.
fam-or-less := activ-or-less.
fam-or-more := uniq-or-more.
activ+fam := uniq+fam+act & fam-or-more.
uniq+fam := uniq+fam+act & fam-or-less.
uniq-or-less := fam-or-less.
activ-or-more := fam-or-more.
type-id := uniq-or-less.
uniq-id := uniq-or-less & uniq+fam.
familiar := uniq+fam & activ+fam.
activated := activ+fam & activ-or-more.
in-foc := activ-or-more.
; This is the type of the index of the phrase modified by predicative
; PPs, which can either modify a ref-ind nominal or an event VP.
event-or-ref-index := individual.
; Expletives get distinguished index type so they can be
; selected semantically. In English, this type has subtypes
; for it and there. Most languages have at most one expletive,
; so those aren't included here.
expl-ind := index.
ref-ind := index & event-or-ref-index &
[ PNG png ].
; Types encoding agreement information, analyzed as a part of the
; index, following Pollard & Sag 1994. Which subtypes and features
; are appropriate seems highly language dependent. The agreement
; system of English doesn't justify a full cross-classification of
; number and gender, so the features of png are PN and GENDER in the
; English grammar. (See Flickinger 2000.) Sag & Wasow 1999 declare
; GENDER as a feature of the png type 3sg.
png := avm.
; Create subtypes of tense, aspect and mood as appropriate.
tense := sort.
aspect := sort.
mood := sort.
tam := avm &
[ TENSE tense,
ASPECT aspect,
MOOD mood ].
; ERB 2006-10-05 First pass at de-messaging. I'm going to leave
; the messages in for now, but add a feature MESG to events. Will
; have to update once I see what Dan has actually done with the ERG.
; ERB 2006-10-05 Update this little hierarchy enventually to
; include commands, etc.
; ERB 2007-01-21 Consider renaming the feature MSG to something more
; reminiscent of illocutionary force?
; ERB 2007-01-22 MSG renamed SF.
iforce := avm.
prop-or-ques := iforce.
prop := prop-or-ques.
ques := prop-or-ques.
comm := iforce.
event := event-or-ref-index &
[ E tam,
SF iforce ].
; Coordinated phrases have coordinated indices as their INDEX
; values. These are meant to be interpreted as pointers to
; the set of coordinated indices.
coord-index := event-or-ref-index.
coord-event := coord-index & event.
coord-ref-ind := coord-index & ref-ind.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Basic relation types
; Relations are classified according to the types of arguments they take. All
; relations have a handle. In addition, quantifier relations have a bound
; variable and a restriction, nominal relations have an instance, and event
; relations have an event. Furthermore, nominal relations and event relations
; can have additional roles, depending on their meaning.
; WLINK links semantic relation to input string elements, more or less.
; This becomes useful whenever a grammar is used in some application.
relation := avm &
[ LBL handle,
WLINK list,
PRED predsort ].
; Abstract relation subtypes. We recommend not positing a type
; for each lexical relation, but rather using the feature PRED
; to distinguish different lexical relations of the same type.
; Relation types are modified in one of two circumstances:
;
; (i) A feature needs to be introduced that is relevant for some
; relations and not others, or
;
; (ii) Something in the grammar needs to make reference to a family
; of relations that are not otherwise distinguished by a type.
arg0-relation := relation &
[ ARG0 individual ].
arg1-relation := arg0-relation &
[ ARG1 semarg ].
arg12-relation := arg1-relation &
[ ARG2 semarg ].
arg123-relation := arg12-relation &
[ ARG3 semarg ].
arg1234-relation := arg123-relation &
[ ARG4 semarg ].
event-relation := arg0-relation &
[ ARG0 event ].
arg1-ev-relation := arg1-relation & event-relation.
arg12-ev-relation := arg1-ev-relation & arg12-relation.
arg123-ev-relation := arg12-ev-relation & arg123-relation.
arg1234-ev-relation := arg123-ev-relation & arg1234-relation.
; Noun relations
noun-relation := arg0-relation &
[ ARG0 ref-ind ].
; Relational nouns like 'picture' or 'claim' take an additional semantic
; argument
noun-arg1-relation := noun-relation & arg1-relation.
named-relation := noun-relation &
[ PRED named_rel,
CARG string ].
; coordinating and subordinating conjunctions
subord-or-coord-relation := relation &
[ L-HNDL handle,
R-HNDL handle ].
coordination-relation := subord-or-coord-relation &
[ C-ARG coord-index,
L-INDEX individual,
R-INDEX individual ].
; NB: "if_then_rel" is now a PRED value of subord-relation.
subord-relation := subord-or-coord-relation.
; quantifier relation
quant-relation := arg0-relation &
[ ARG0 ref-ind,
RSTR handle,
BODY handle ].
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; predsorts
norm_rel := predsort.
named_rel := norm_rel.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; individual contraints
; SSH 2012-02-16 ICONS was originally designed in order to represent
; anaphoric items, such as reflecxives. constraints on anaphora
; SSH 2013-02-13 revised
icons := avm.
; SSH 2014-11-26: Following the specification in the ERG,
; CLAUSE/TARGET is changed into IARG1/IARG2. Since ICONS can be used
; to contrain honorifics, reference binding, etc., more general names
; should be used from now.
; info-str := icons &
; [ CLAUSE individual,
; TARGET individual ].
info-str := icons &
[ IARG1 individual,
IARG2 individual ].
; constraints on information structure
non-topic := info-str.
contrast-or-focus := info-str.
focus-or-topic := info-str.
contrast-or-topic := info-str.
non-focus := info-str.
focus := non-topic & contrast-or-focus & focus-or-topic.
contrast := focus-or-topic & contrast-or-focus & contrast-or-topic.
topic := non-focus & focus-or-topic & contrast-or-topic.
bg := non-topic & non-focus.
semantic-focus := focus.
contrast-focus := contrast & focus.
contrast-topic := contrast & topic.
aboutness-topic := topic.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Head types
; Values for head features such as CASE, VFORM, ...
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Sorts for atomic values
; person, number and gender
; clause mode
; voice
; mood
; pronoun type
; Three-valued sort evoking Polish logician Jan Lukasiewicz
luk := sort.
; These types allow the statement of constraints (e.g., in
; subcategorization) of the form: If you care, you must have
; the value + (-), but you don't have to care. Useful for keeping
; down the number of constructions and subcategorization types.
na-or-+ := luk.
na-or-- := luk.
+-or-- := luk.
na := na-or-+ & na-or--.
bool := luk.
+ := bool & na-or-+ & +-or--.
- := bool & na-or-- & +-or--.
; Three-valued sort for distinguishing unmodified signs from both
; left-modified and right-modified signs PERIPH indicates whether this
; modifier is left- or right-peripheral in its phrase - e.g., "the IBM
; temporary employees" but "*the IBM five employees"
xmod := sort &
[ PERIPH luk ].
notmod-or-rmod := xmod.
notmod-or-lmod := xmod.
notmod := notmod-or-rmod & notmod-or-lmod.
hasmod := xmod.
lmod := hasmod & notmod-or-lmod.
rmod := hasmod & notmod-or-rmod.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Basic types
sort := *top*.
predsort := sort.
atom := predsort.
no-pred := predsort.
avm := *top*.
list := avm.
cons := list &
[ FIRST *top*,
REST list ].
0-1-list := list.
1-list := 0-1-list & cons &
[ REST null ].
null := 0-1-list.
1-plus-list := cons &
[ REST cons ].
; supertype for diff-lists and append-lists
list-wrapper := avm &
[ LIST list ].
; diff-lists for backward compatibility
diff-list := list-wrapper &
[ LAST list ].
0-1-dlist := diff-list &
[ LIST 0-1-list ].
0-dlist := 0-1-dlist &
[ LIST #list,
LAST #list ].
; ADD DOC -- don't use for lists which are constructive.
; might be good now -- circular structure check?
; dpf will look into it. -- remove null?
1-dlist := 0-1-dlist &
[ LIST 1-list &
[ REST #rest ],
LAST #rest ].
; This type shows the basic form for diff-list appends.
; It is not meant to be used as a supertype. Actual instances
; of diff-list append will involve different features in different
; relationships to each other & the feature geometry.
dl-append := avm & [APPARG1 [LIST #first,
LAST #between],
APPARG2 [LIST #between,
LAST #last],
RESULT [LIST #first,
LAST #last]].
integer := atom.
; NB: strings should be enclosed in double quotes, e.g., [PRED "named_rel"].
string := atom.
; APPEND holds the lists to be appended
; LIST holds the result of the append
append-list := list-wrapper &
[ LIST #list,
APPEND list-of-alists & [ APPEND-RESULT #list ] ].
; OZ 2020-02-18 needed for generation with ACE to work:
append-diff-list := append-list & diff-list.
; START is the start of the new list (result of append)
list-of-alists := list &
[ APPEND-RESULT list ].
; If there is at least one alist to be appended,
; we need to create a copy (list-copy),
; which becomes the beginning of the new list (#start),
; and continues with the result of appending the rest (#middle).
cons-of-alists := list-of-alists & cons &
[ FIRST append-list & [ LIST list-copy & [ NEW-LIST #start,
END-LIST #middle ] ],
REST list-of-alists & [ APPEND-RESULT #middle ],
APPEND-RESULT #start ].
; If there are no alists to be appended,
; the result is an empty list.
null-of-alists := list-of-alists & null &
[ APPEND-RESULT null ].
; Copy a closed list to create an open list.
; NEW-LIST is the start of the new list (with the same elements).
; END-LIST is the open end of the new list.
; This is effectively a diff-list, which can be appended.
list-copy := list &
[ NEW-LIST list,
END-LIST list ].
; If there is at least one thing in the old list,
; create a pointer to the same element (#first),
; continue the rest of the new list with the rest of the old (#rest),
; and propagate the end of the list (#end).
cons-copy := list-copy & cons &
[ FIRST #first,
REST list-copy & [ NEW-LIST #rest,
END-LIST #end ],
NEW-LIST [ FIRST #first,
REST #rest ],
END-LIST #end ].
; If there is nothing in the old list,
; the new list ends immediately.
null-copy := list-copy & null &
[ NEW-LIST #end,
END-LIST #end ].
append-list-with-placeholder := append-list &
[ PLACEHOLDER.LIST < [ ] > ].
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Some useful kinds of lists
; A list of optional arguments.
olist := list.
ocons := olist & cons &
[ FIRST unexpressed & [ OPT + ],
REST olist ].
onull := olist & null.
; A list that is either empty or contains canonical-sysnems,
; so, no gaps. This is to rule out ambiguity when a head-adjunct
; phrase would attach both before and after complement/subject extraction.
clist := list.
oclist := clist & olist.
ccons := clist & cons &
[ FIRST canonical-synsem,
REST clist ].
; OZ 2020-01-30 The below type isn't possible
; but possibly isn't needed either.
;occons := ccons & ocons.
cnull := clist & null.
ocnull := cnull & onull.
; OZ 2020-09-21:
; A special list for non-wh-elements, to deal with question morphology.
; In languages where questions are marked morphologically,
; it can make sense to say that a lexical rule for polar questions
; has a QUE.LIST < > subject and a COMPS list which can be either empty
; or consist of strictly non-wh (QUE.LIST < >) elements.
; This helps avoid complications which would otherwise arise
; for rules which supposed to work with verbs with different argument
; structures.
non-wh-list := list.