ubuntu-latest workflow updates

[mwaxmonsky]

As @dustinswales pointed out in #563, the ubuntu-latest tag is changing to 24.04 and is removing some version of the gfortran compiler that we need to support. Dustin made some great suggestions and I did some digging around the github actions documentation and came across the include/exclude syntax (https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-jobs/using-a-matrix-for-your-jobs#excluding-matrix-configurations) that could be used like:

matrix:
  os: [ ubuntu-22.04, ubuntu-24.04 ]
  fortran-compiler: [ gfortran-9, gfortran-10, gfortran-11, gfortran-12, gfortran-13, gfortran-14 ]
  exclude:
    os: ubuntu-24.04
    fortran-compiler: gfortran-9
    os: ubuntu-24.04
    fortran-compiler: gfortran-10
    os: ubuntu-24.04
    fortran-compiler: gfortran-11
    os: ubuntu-22.04
    fortran-compiler: gfortran-14
runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}

If this seems reasonable, I'd be happy to put up a PR with these changes. But if this looks too cumbersome, please disregard!

[dustinswales]

@mwaxmonsky Yes! Awesome!
Can you please open a PR into my branch that adds this OS logic so we could have greater GNU compiler coverage with a single yaml script?

[mwaxmonsky]

Absolutely! PR will be up shortly.

[mwaxmonsky]

Just pushed up dustinswales#3. Just let me know if there's any issues!