wiki_small.json

[
  {
    "id": "12",
    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism",
    "title": "Anarchism",
    "init_text": "Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is sceptical of authority and rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy. Anarchism calls for the abolition of the state, which it holds to be unnecessary, undesirable, and harmful. As a historically left-wing movement, placed on the farthest left of the political spectrum, it is usually described alongside communalism and libertarian Marxism as the libertarian wing (libertarian socialism) of the socialist movement, and has a strong historical association with anti-capitalism and socialism.\n\nHumans lived in societies without formal hierarchies long before the establishment of formal states, realms, or empires. With the rise of organised hierarchical bodies, scepticism toward authority also rose. Although traces of anarchist thought are found throughout history, modern anarchism emerged from the Enlightenment. During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in ...",
    "init_tokens": [
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      "..."
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "25",
    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism",
    "title": "Autism",
    "init_text": "Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. Parents often notice signs during the first three years of their child's life. These signs often develop gradually, though some autistic children experience regression in their communication and social skills after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace.\n\nAutism is associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors during pregnancy include certain infections, such as rubella, toxins including valproic acid, alcohol, cocaine, pesticides, lead, and air pollution, fetal growth restriction, and autoimmune diseases. Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes; for example, the vaccine hypothesis, which has been disproven. Autism affects information processing in the brain and how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood. The Diagno...",
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    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "39",
    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo",
    "title": "Albedo",
    "init_text": "Albedo (; ) is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation and measured on a scale from 0, corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation, to 1, corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation.\n\nSurface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity Je to the irradiance Ee (flux per unit area) received by a surface. The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself, but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. These factors vary with atmospheric composition, geographic location, and time (see position of the Sun). While bi-hemispherical reflectance is calculated for a single angle of incidence (i.e., for a given position of the Sun), albedo is the directional integration of reflectance over all solar angles in a given period. The temporal resolution may range from seconds (as obtained from flux measurements) to daily, monthly...",
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  },
  {
    "id": "290",
    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A",
    "title": "A",
    "init_text": "A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a (pronounced ), plural aes. It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version can be written in two forms: the double-storey a and single-storey \u0251. The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type.\n\nIn the English grammar, \"a\", and its variant \"an\", are indefinite articles.\n\nHistory\n\nThe earliest certain ancestor of \"A\" is aleph (also written 'aleph), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet, which consisted entirely of consonants (for that reason, it is also called an abjad to distinguish it from a true alphabet). In turn, the ancestor of aleph may have been a pictogram of an ox head...",
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  },
  {
    "id": "303",
    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama",
    "title": "Alabama",
    "init_text": "Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of  of inland waterways, Alabama has among the most of any state.\n\nAlabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center.\n\nOriginally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century until the French acquired it i...",
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    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "305",
    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles",
    "title": "Achilles",
    "init_text": "In Greek mythology, Achilles ( ) or Achilleus () was a hero of the Trojan War, the greatest of all the Greek warriors, and is the central character of Homer's Iliad. He was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Peleus, king of Phthia.\n\nAchilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan prince Hector outside the gates of Troy. Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the Iliad, other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him with an arrow. Later legends (beginning with Statius' unfinished epic Achilleid, written in the 1st century AD) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for one heel, because when his mother Thetis dipped him in the river Styx as an infant, she held him by one of his heels. Alluding to these legends, the term \"Achilles' heel\" has come to mean a point of weakness, especially in someone or something with an otherwise strong constitution. The Achilles tendon is also na...",
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      "Paris",
      ",",
      "who",
      "shot",
      "him",
      "with",
      "an",
      "arrow",
      ".",
      "Later",
      "legends",
      "(",
      "beginning",
      "with",
      "Statius",
      "'",
      "unfinished",
      "epic",
      "Achilleid",
      ",",
      "written",
      "in",
      "the",
      "1st",
      "century",
      "AD",
      ")",
      "state",
      "that",
      "Achilles",
      "was",
      "invulnerable",
      "in",
      "all",
      "of",
      "his",
      "body",
      "except",
      "for",
      "one",
      "heel",
      ",",
      "because",
      "when",
      "his",
      "mother",
      "Thetis",
      "dipped",
      "him",
      "in",
      "the",
      "river",
      "Styx",
      "as",
      "an",
      "infant",
      ",",
      "she",
      "held",
      "him",
      "by",
      "one",
      "of",
      "his",
      "heels",
      ".",
      "Alluding",
      "to",
      "these",
      "legends",
      ",",
      "the",
      "term",
      "\"",
      "Achilles",
      "'",
      "heel",
      "\"",
      "has",
      "come",
      "to",
      "mean",
      "a",
      "point",
      "of",
      "weakness",
      ",",
      "especially",
      "in",
      "someone",
      "or",
      "something",
      "with",
      "an",
      "otherwise",
      "strong",
      "constitution",
      ".",
      "The",
      "Achilles",
      "tendon",
      "is",
      "also",
      "na",
      "..."
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "307",
    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln",
    "title": "Abraham Lincoln",
    "init_text": "Abraham Lincoln (; February 12, 1809 \u2013 April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.\n\nLincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. Congressman from Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his law practice but became vexed by the opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act. He reentered politics in 1854, becoming a leader in the new Republican Party, and he reached a national audience in the 1858 debates against Stephen Douglas. Lincoln ran for President in 1860, sweeping the North in victory. Pro-slavery elements in th...",
    "init_tokens": [
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      ".",
      "\n\n",
      "Lincoln",
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      "in",
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      "In",
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      "but",
      "became",
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      "the",
      "opening",
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      "additional",
      "lands",
      "to",
      "slavery",
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      "of",
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      "He",
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      "a",
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      "in",
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      ",",
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      "reached",
      "a",
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      "audience",
      "in",
      "the",
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      "debates",
      "against",
      "Stephen",
      "Douglas",
      ".",
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      "ran",
      "for",
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      ",",
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      "the",
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      "in",
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      ".",
      "Pro",
      "-",
      "slavery",
      "elements",
      "in",
      "th",
      "..."
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "308",
    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle",
    "title": "Aristotle",
    "init_text": "Aristotle (;  Aristot\u00e9l\u0113s, ; 384\u2013322\u00a0BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Lyceum, the Peripatetic school of philosophy, and the Aristotelian tradition. His writings cover many subjects including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics, meteorology, geology and government. Aristotle provided a complex synthesis of the various philosophies existing prior to him. It was above all from his teachings that the West inherited its intellectual lexicon, as well as problems and methods of inquiry. As a result, his philosophy has exerted a unique influence on almost every form of knowledge in the West and it continues to be a subject of contemporary philosophical discussion.\n\nLittle is known about his life. Aristotle was born in the city of Stagira in Northern Greece. His father, Nicomachus, died whe...",
    "init_tokens": [
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      "Aristot\u00e9l\u0113s",
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      "384\u2013322",
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      "BC",
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      "was",
      "a",
      "Greek",
      "philosopher",
      "and",
      "polymath",
      "during",
      "the",
      "Classical",
      "period",
      "in",
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      ".",
      "Taught",
      "by",
      "Plato",
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      "the",
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      "known",
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      "born",
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      ".",
      "His",
      "father",
      ",",
      "Nicomachus",
      ",",
      "died",
      "whe",
      "..."
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "309",
    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20American%20in%20Paris",
    "title": "An American in Paris",
    "init_text": "An American in Paris is a jazz-influenced orchestral piece by American composer George Gershwin first performed in 1928. It was inspired by the time that Gershwin had spent in Paris and evokes the sights and energy of the French capital during the Ann\u00e9es folles.\n\nGershwin scored the piece for the standard instruments of the symphony orchestra plus celesta, saxophones, and automobile horns. He brought back four Parisian taxi horns for the New York premiere of the composition, which took place on December 13, 1928, in Carnegie Hall, with Walter Damrosch conducting the New York Philharmonic. It was Damrosch who had commissioned Gershwin to write his Concerto in F following the earlier success of Rhapsody in Blue (1924). He completed the orchestration on November 18, less than four weeks before the work's premiere. He collaborated on the original program notes with critic and composer Deems Taylor.\n\nBackground\nAlthough the story is likely apocryphal, Gershwin is said to have been attracted...",
    "init_tokens": [
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      "by",
      "American",
      "composer",
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      "\n\n",
      "Gershwin",
      "scored",
      "the",
      "piece",
      "for",
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      "instruments",
      "of",
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      "plus",
      "celesta",
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      "saxophones",
      ",",
      "and",
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      "horns",
      ".",
      "He",
      "brought",
      "back",
      "four",
      "Parisian",
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      "horns",
      "for",
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      "to",
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      "Gershwin",
      "is",
      "said",
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      "attracted",
      "..."
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "316",
    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy%20Award%20for%20Best%20Production%20Design",
    "title": "Academy Award for Best Production Design",
    "init_text": "The Academy Award for Best Production Design recognizes achievement for art direction in film. The category's original name was Best Art Direction, but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the 85th Academy Awards. This change resulted from the Art Director's branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) being renamed the Designer's branch. Since 1947, the award is shared with the set decorator(s). It is awarded to the best interior design in a film.\n\nThe films below are listed with their production year (for example, the 2000 Academy Award for Best Art Direction is given to a film from 1999). In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees in alphabetical order.\n\nSuperlatives\n\nWinners and nominees\n\n1920s\n\n1930s\n\n1940s\n\n1950s\n\n1960s\n\n1970s\n\n1980s\n\n1990s\n\n2000s\n\n2010s\n\n2020s\n\nSee also\n BAFTA Award for Best Production Design\n Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Production Design\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nBest P...",
    "init_tokens": [
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      "Superlatives",
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      "Winners",
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      "1920s",
      "\n\n",
      "1930s",
      "\n\n",
      "1940s",
      "\n\n",
      "1950s",
      "\n\n",
      "1960s",
      "\n\n",
      "1970s",
      "\n\n",
      "1980s",
      "\n\n",
      "1990s",
      "\n\n",
      "2000s",
      "\n\n",
      "2010s",
      "\n\n",
      "2020s",
      "\n\n",
      "See",
      "also",
      "\n ",
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      "for",
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      "\n\n",
      "Notes",
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      "References",
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      "Best",
      "P",
      "..."
    ]
  }
]