refs_proj2PCI_20-03-2020.bib

@article{Brasil2000,
author = {Brasil},
title = {{Decreto n{\textordmasculine} 3.358 de 2 fevereiro de 2000}},
year = {2000}
}
@misc{Brasil1990,
author = {Brasil},
title = {{Decreto n{\textordmasculine} 98.812 de 9 de janeiro de 1990}},
year = {1990}
}
@misc{Federal2015,
author = {Federal, Senado},
title = {{Projeto de Lei 654 de 2015}},
url = {http://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/123372},
year = {2015}
}
@misc{Brasil1978,
author = {Brasil},
file = {::},
title = {{Lei n{\textordmasculine} 6.567 de 24 de setembro de 1978}},
year = {1978}
}
@article{BRASIL2012,
abstract = {Disciplina as normas sobre aquisi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, posse, porte e circula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de armas de fogo e muni{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es, cominando penalidades e dando provid{\^{e}}ncias correlatas.},
author = {BRASIL},
title = {{Projeto de Lei n{\textordmasculine} 3.772, de 2012}},
volume = {2012},
year = {2012}
}
@misc{Nacional2011,
author = {Nacional, Congresso},
title = {{Projeto de lei n{\textordmasculine} 37 de 2011}},
year = {2011}
}
@misc{Brasil2012,
abstract = {Acrescenta o {\S} 7{\textordmasculine} ao art. 225 da Constitui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, para assegurar a continuidade de obra p{\'{u}}blica ap{\'{o}}s a concess{\~{a}}o da licen{\c{c}}a ambiental.},
author = {Brasil},
booktitle = {Senado Federal},
title = {{Proposta de Emenda {\`{a}} Constitui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o n{\textordmasculine} 66 de 2012}},
url = {http://www.senado.gov.br/atividade/materia/detalhes.asp?p{\_}cod{\_}mate=109761},
year = {2012}
}
@misc{Brasil2000a,
author = {Brasil},
title = {{Lei n{\textordmasculine} 9.985 de 18 de julho de 2000}},
year = {2000}
}
@misc{Deputados1996,
author = {dos Deputados, C{\^{a}}mara},
title = {a definir},
year = {1996}
}
@misc{Nacional2019,
author = {Nacional, Congresso},
isbn = {6103544947},
keywords = {bphtb rece,governor regulation number 126,in 2017,potential loss},
title = {{Projeto de lei n{\textordmasculine}?? de 2019}},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Rezende2018,
abstract = {New remote sensing data on vegetation cover and restoration opportunities bring hope to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, one of the hottest of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. Available estimates of remaining vegetation cover in the biome currently range from 11{\%} to 16{\%}. However, our new land-cover map, prepared at the highest resolution ever (5 m), reveals a current vegetation cover of 28{\%}, or 32 million hectares (Mha) of native vegetation. Simultaneously, we found 7.2 Mha of degraded riparian areas, of which 5.2 Mha at least must be restored before 2038 by landowners for legislation compliance. Restoring the existing legal debt could increase native vegetation cover in the Atlantic Forest up to 35{\%}. Such effort, if well planned and implemented, could reduce extinction processes by increasing connectivity of vegetation remnants and rising total native cover to above the critical biodiversity threshold established for different taxonomic groups. If undertaken, this process can be adaptive to climate change and boost sustainable development in this most populous biome in Brazil, turning it into a hopespot.},
author = {Rezende, C. L. and Scarano, F. R. and Assad, E. D. and Joly, C. A. and Metzger, J. P. and Strassburg, B. B.N. and Tabarelli, M. and Fonseca, G. A. and Mittermeier, R. A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.pecon.2018.10.002},
file = {::},
issn = {25300644},
journal = {Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation},
keywords = {Atlantic forest,Biodiversity hotspot,Land use policy,Large scale restoration,Nationally determined contributions (NDC)},
month = {oct},
number = {4},
pages = {208--214},
publisher = {Associacao Brasileira de Ciencia Ecologica e Conservacao},
title = {{From hotspot to hopespot: An opportunity for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest}},
volume = {16},
year = {2018}
}
@article{DeRezende2015,
abstract = {The Atlantic Forest suffered five centuries of continuous deforestation related to successive economic cycles, and is now reduced to 11.7 {\%} of its original cover. The Atlantic Forest Restoration Pact was launched in 2009 and aims to restore 15 million hectares until 2050. Natural regeneration can play an important role in meeting this target, however little attention has been paid to this process and there is a gap in the knowledge about its driving factors at the landscape scale. We mapped forest cover of an Atlantic Forest municipality in Southeastern Brazil, in five timeslots between years 1978 and 2014, and used the weights of evidence method for modeling its spatial dynamics, in order to understand where natural regeneration is occurring and which are the main factors related to this phenomenon. In 36 years, forest cover increased 3,020 hectares (15.3 {\%}), related to the decreasing of both rural population (R2 = 0.9794, p = 0.0013) and cropland cover (R2 = 0.8679, p = 0.0212). Landscape metrics shows the increment of number of fragments and structural connectivity among them. The main spatial variables influencing forest cover dynamics were topographic position, slope, solar radiation, soil type and distance to forest, urban areas and roads. Secondary forests provide ecosystem services that can turn into economic benefits, and natural regeneration can reduce restoration costs to the municipality. The cost of active restoration of the same area would have meant a total expense of U{\$} 15.1 million (U{\$} 419 k/year). We show here that spontaneous regeneration must be accounted for and incorporated into the spatial planning of Atlantic Forest restoration.},
author = {de Rezende, Camila Linhares and Uezu, Alexandre and Scarano, Fabio Rubio and Araujo, Dorothy Sue Dunn},
doi = {10.1007/s10531-015-0980-y},
file = {::},
issn = {15729710},
journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
keywords = {Forest restoration,Landscape dynamics,Natural regeneration,Spatial modeling},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {2255--2272},
publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
title = {{Atlantic Forest spontaneous regeneration at landscape scale}},
volume = {24},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Tambosi2014,
abstract = {The effectiveness of ecological restoration actions toward biodiversity conservation depends on both local and landscape constraints. Extensive information on local constraints is already available, but few studies consider the landscape context when planning restoration actions. We propose a multiscale framework based on the landscape attributes of habitat amount and connectivity to infer landscape resilience and to set priority areas for restoration. Landscapes with intermediate habitat amount and where connectivity remains sufficiently high to favor recolonization were considered to be intermediately resilient, with high possibilities of restoration effectiveness and thus were designated as priority areas for restoration actions. The proposed method consists of three steps: (1) quantifying habitat amount and connectivity; (2) using landscape ecology theory to identify intermediate resilience landscapes based on habitat amount, percolation theory, and landscape connectivity; and (3) ranking landscapes according to their importance as corridors or bottlenecks for biological flows on a broader scale, based on a graph theory approach. We present a case study for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (approximately 150 million hectares) in order to demonstrate the proposed method. For the Atlantic Forest, landscapes that present high restoration effectiveness represent only 10{\%} of the region, but contain approximately 15 million hectares that could be targeted for restoration actions (an area similar to today's remaining forest extent). The proposed method represents a practical way to both plan restoration actions and optimize biodiversity conservation efforts by focusing on landscapes that would result in greater conservation benefits. {\textcopyright} 2013 Society for Ecological Restoration.},
author = {Tambosi, Leandro R. and Martensen, Alexandre C. and Ribeiro, Milton C. and Metzger, Jean P.},
doi = {10.1111/rec.12049},
issn = {10612971},
journal = {Restoration Ecology},
keywords = {Brazilian Atlantic forest,Graph theory,Landscape resilience,Regional planning,Restoration priorities},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {169--177},
title = {{A framework to optimize biodiversity restoration efforts based on habitat amount and landscape connectivity}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/rec.12049},
volume = {22},
year = {2014}
}
@techreport{Riordan2018,
author = {Riordan, Erin C and Montalvo, Arlee M and Beyers, Jan L},
file = {::},
keywords = {Alluvial scrub,chaparral,climate change,coastal sage scrub,ecological restoration,seed transfer,shrubland,southern California,species distri-bution modeling},
title = {{Using Species Distribution Models With Climate Change Scenarios to Aid Ecological Restoration Decisionmaking for Southern California Shrublands}},
url = {http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint{\_}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Pires2017,
abstract = {Rio Doce watershed has centuries of land degradation and it was the main victim of the worst environmental disaster in Brazil's history. This process of deforestation and soil erosion could be significantly mitigated if compliance to the new Brazilian Native Vegetation Protection Law (NVPL) would be ensured. Here, we show how the percentage of forest kept in areas of permanent preservation (APP) required by the NVPL drives the overall resilience and resistance of the entire Rio Doce watershed and how it contributes to the national restoration commitments. We used water quality as a proxy for watershed resilience and resistance and we found that compliance to NVPL would require restoration of about 716 thousand hectares of riverine forest across the watershed. We found that increased forested areas improved watershed resistance and resilience during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Our estimates suggest that the implementation of the NVPL could improve water quality, in addition to removing 14 Gt CO2 yr−1 ha−1 from the atmosphere. At this scale, the forest restoration effort would represent 6{\%} of Brazil's restoration commitment. Financial feasibility of such a restoration enterprise is also achievable; at the highest possible estimate, it would compromise about 59{\%} of the total fund proposed by the mining companies responsible for the accident. Given the low socioeconomic indicators of this basin, intervention should be designed so as to improve local livelihoods and, therefore, contribute to local adaptation and sustainable development.},
author = {Pires, Aliny P.F. and Rezende, Camila L. and Assad, Eduardo D. and Loyola, Rafael and Scarano, Fabio R.},
doi = {10.1016/j.pecon.2017.08.003},
file = {::},
issn = {25300644},
journal = {Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation},
keywords = {Areas of permanent preservation – APP,Ecosystem services,New Forest Code,Sustainable development goals – SDGs,Water quality},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {187--193},
publisher = {Associacao Brasileira de Ciencia Ecologica e Conservacao},
title = {{Forest restoration can increase the Rio Doce watershed resilience}},
volume = {15},
year = {2017}
}
@article{DeSimoni2019,
abstract = {Mining activity is indispensable for the current stage of progress of our civilization. Although it is a temporary activity, its impacts are remarkable, especially with respect to landscape modifications. To mitigate such impacts, the implementation of monitored environmental recovery projects is of fundamental importance. Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) is a multicriteria analysis using remote sensing data and field information, suitable for monitoring the performance of recovery projects in areas degraded by the mining activity. In this work, LFA was used to evaluate the results of 20 years of environmental recovery projects in a gold mine. Ten base maps were developed: Declivity, Vegetation/Physiognomy Stratification, Fractures and faults, Compaction degree/soil structure, Erosion features, Geotechnical stability, Local hydrogeology, Degree of fragment isolation, Soils and Drainage. These were combined in order to give rise to three intermediate maps: Erosion and soil stability, Vegetation and Water. With the union of these three maps, it was possible to create the map with the final analysis of the environmental recovery performance. The technique used allowed the separation of native areas (which obtained the highest scores), recovered and self-sustaining areas (old mine dumps and waste piles) and areas still deficient in environmental recovery, with stability and erosion problems (mining sites and active mine dumps). In addition to allowing the analysis of large areas, the presentation of LFA results on maps facilitates decision-making and the dissemination and understanding of results by the different stakeholders involved.},
author = {{De Simoni}, Bruno Stefan and Leite, Mariangela Garcia Pra{\c{c}}a},
doi = {10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.05.005},
file = {::},
issn = {01436228},
journal = {Applied Geography},
keywords = {Brazil,Gold mine,Landscape function analysis,Mine rehabilitation,Multicriteria analysis},
month = {jul},
pages = {22--29},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Assessment of rehabilitation projects results of a gold mine area using landscape function analysis}},
volume = {108},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Crouzeilles2016,
abstract = {Two billion ha have been identified globally for forest restoration. Our meta-Analysis encompassing 221 study landscapes worldwide reveals forest restoration enhances biodiversity by 15-84{\%} and vegetation structure by 36-77{\%}, compared with degraded ecosystems. For the first time, we identify the main ecological drivers of forest restoration success (defined as a return to a reference condition, that is, old-growth forest) at both the local and landscape scale. These are as follows: The time elapsed since restoration began, disturbance type and landscape context. The time elapsed since restoration began strongly drives restoration success in secondary forests, but not in selectively logged forests (which are more ecologically similar to reference systems). Landscape restoration will be most successful when previous disturbance is less intensive and habitat is less fragmented in the landscape. Restoration does not result in full recovery of biodiversity and vegetation structure, but can complement old-growth forests if there is sufficient time for ecological succession.},
author = {Crouzeilles, Renato and Curran, Michael and Ferreira, Mariana S. and Lindenmayer, David B. and Grelle, Carlos E.V. and {Rey Benayas}, Jos{\'{e}} M.},
doi = {10.1038/ncomms11666},
issn = {20411723},
journal = {Nature Communications},
number = {May},
pages = {1--8},
title = {{A global meta-Analysis on the ecological drivers of forest restoration success}},
volume = {7},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Villen-Perez2018,
author = {Vill{\'{e}}n-P{\'{e}}rez, Sara and Mendes, Poliana and N{\'{o}}brega, Caroline and {Gomes C{\'{o}}rtes}, Lara and {De Marco}, Paulo},
doi = {10.1017/S0376892917000376},
isbn = {0376892917000},
issn = {14694387},
journal = {Environmental Conservation},
keywords = {Brazil,conservation units,downgrading,future impact,indigenous lands,land-use change,protected areas},
number = {1},
pages = {96--99},
title = {{Mining code changes undermine biodiversity conservation in Brazil}},
volume = {45},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Suganuma2015,
abstract = {Forest restoration by planting trees often accelerates succession, but the trajectories toward reference ecosystems have rarely been evaluated. Using a chronosequence (4-53 years) of 26 riparian forest undergoing restoration in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, we modeled how the variables representing forest structure, tree species richness and composition, and the proportion of plant functional guilds change through time. We also estimated the time required for these variables to reach different types of reference ecosystems: old-growth forest (OGF), degraded forest, and secondary forest. Among the attributes which follow a predictable trajectory over time are: the basal area, canopy cover, density and tree species richness, as well as proportions of shade tolerant and slow growing species or individuals. Most of the variation in density of pteridophythes, lianas, shrubs and phorophythes, proportion of animal-dispersed individuals, rarefied richness and floristic similarity with reference ecosystems remain unexplained. Estimated time to reach the reference ecosystems is, in general, shorter for structural attributes than for species composition or proportion of functional guilds. The length of this time varies among the three types of reference ecosystems for most attributes. For instance, tree species richness and proportion of shade tolerant or slow growing individuals become similar to secondary forests in about 40 years, but is estimated to take 70 years or more to reach the OGF. Of all the variables considered, canopy cover, basal area, density, and richness of the understory-by their ecological relevance and predictability-are recommended as ecological indicators for monitoring tropical forest restoration success.},
author = {Suganuma, Marcio S. and Durigan, Giselda},
doi = {10.1111/rec.12168},
issn = {1526100X},
journal = {Restoration Ecology},
keywords = {Assembly rules,Chronosequence,Ecological indicators,Forest structure,Functional guilds,Linear models,Monitoring,Semideciduous tropical forest},
number = {3},
pages = {238--251},
title = {{Indicators of restoration success in riparian tropical forests using multiple reference ecosystems}},
volume = {23},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Kukkala2013,
abstract = {Systematic conservation planning (SCP) is a field of conservation biology concerned with delivering on-the-ground actions that achieve conservation goals. It describes a set of operational models that cover both design and implementation of conservation, with a strong focus on mobilising the collective action typically required to implement conservation. SCP, as it was originally described, was composed of six different stages: collection of data, identification of conservation goals, evaluation of the existing protected area network, design of expansions, implementation of conservation action, and long-term maintenance of biodiversity in the network. Since then, the operational model has been expanded into several different variants. Conservation actions applied inside SCP include establishment and expansion of reserve networks and allocation of habitat restoration and management. Within the broader context of SCP, there is a fundamental biogeographic-economic analysis frequently called spatial conservation prioritisation or conservation assessment, which is used for identifying where important areas for biodiversity are and how conservation goals might be achieved efficiently. Here, we review the usage and meaning of the 12 biogeographic-economic core concepts of SCP: adequacy, complementarity, comprehensiveness, effectiveness, efficiency, flexibility, irreplaceability, replacement cost, representation, representativeness, threat, and vulnerability. Some of the concepts have clear definitions whereas others may have alternative and possibly conflicting definitions. With a comprehensive literature review literature, we elucidate the historical backgrounds of these concepts, the first definitions and usages, alternative later definitions, key applications, and prior reviews. This review reduces linguistic uncertainty in the application of SCP. Since SCP is a global activity with a multitude of different stakeholders involved, it is vital that those involved can speak the same language. Through these concepts, this review serves as a source of information about the historical development of SCP. It provides a comprehensive review for anyone wishing to understand the key concepts of spatial prioritisation within SCP. {\textcopyright} 2012 Cambridge Philosophical Society.},
author = {Kukkala, Aija S. and Moilanen, Atte},
doi = {10.1111/brv.12008},
issn = {14647931},
journal = {Biological Reviews},
keywords = {Conceptual basis,Conservation assessment,History of conservation planning,Linguistic uncertainty,Spatial conservation prioritisation,Terminology},
number = {2},
pages = {443--464},
title = {{Core concepts of spatial prioritisation in systematic conservation planning}},
volume = {88},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Garcia2017,
abstract = {In November 2015, a large mine-tailing dam owned by Samarco Corporation collapsed in Brazil, generating a massive wave of toxic mud that spread down the Doce River, killing 20 people and affecting biodiversity across hundreds of kilometers of river, riparian lands, and Atlantic coast. Besides the disaster's serious human and socioeconomic tolls, we estimate the regional loss of environmental services to be {\~{}}US{\$}521 million per year. Although our estimate is conservative, it is still six times higher than the fine imposed on Samarco by Brazilian environmental authorities. To reduce such disparities between estimated damages and levied fines, we advocate for an environmental bond policy that considers potential risks and environmental services that could possibly be impacted by irresponsible mining activity. Environmental bonds and insurance are commonly used policy instruments in many countries, but there are no clear environmental bond policies in Brazil. Environmental bonds are likely to be more effective at securing environmental restitution than post-disaster fines, which generally are inadequate and often unpaid. We estimate that at least 126 mining dams in Brazil are vulnerable to failure in the forthcoming years. Any such event could have severe social-environmental consequences, underscoring the need for effective disaster-management strategies for large-scale mining operations.},
author = {Garcia, Let{\'{i}}cia Couto and Ribeiro, Danilo Bandini and {De Oliveira Roque}, Fabio and Ochoa-Quintero, Jose Manuel and Laurance, William F.},
doi = {10.1002/eap.1461},
issn = {19395582},
journal = {Ecological Applications},
keywords = {Payment for Environmental Services,biodiversity losses,compensation,environmental policies for mines,liability to damages,rehabilitation,restoration,tailings dam failures},
number = {1},
pages = {5--9},
title = {{Brazil's worst mining disaster: Corporations must be compelled to pay the actual environmental costs: Corporations}},
volume = {27},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Strassburg,
author = {Sady, G C and Holl, K D and Cole, R J and Zahawi, R A},
journal = {Ecological Restoration},
number = {2},
pages = {121--124},
title = {{Strategic approaches to restoring ecosystems can triple conservation gains and halve costs | Nature Ecology {\&} Evolution}},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0743-8{\%}0Ahttp://files/6239/s41559-018-0743-8.html},
volume = {28},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Molin2018,
abstract = {Synthesis and applications. We present a guide for forest restoration planning that maximizes specific outcomes with minimal costs and reduction of agricultural production. Furthermore, we show how policies could encourage prioritization of low‐cost restoration via natural regeneration, increasing cost‐effectiveness. While our study focuses on Brazil's Atlantic Forest, the approach can be parameterized for other regions.},
author = {Molin, Paulo Guilherme and Brancalion, Pedro H S and Chazdon, Robin and Frosini, Silvio and Ferraz, De Barros},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2664.13263},
journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
keywords = {1,12,2018,agricultural production,carbon sequestration,connectivity,cost-effective,forest restoration,j appl ecol,landscape,landscape restoration,low-cost restoration,natural regeneration},
number = {January},
pages = {1--12},
title = {{RESEARCH ARTICLE A landscape approach for cost- ­ effective large- ­ scale forest restoration}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Tambosi2010,
author = {Tambosi, Leandro R and Martensen, Alexandre C and Ribeiro, Milton C and Metzger, Jean P},
doi = {10.1111/rec.12049},
keywords = {brazilian atlantic forest,graph theory,land-,regional planning,restoration priorities,scape resilience},
pages = {1--9},
title = {{RESEARCH ARTICLE A Framework to Optimize Biodiversity Restoration Efforts Based on Habitat Amount and Landscape Connectivity}},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Trabucchi2012,
author = {Trabucchi, Mattia and Ntshotsho, Phumza and Farrell, Patrick O and Com{\'{i}}n, Francisco A},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.040},
issn = {0301-4797},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
keywords = {environmental management},
pages = {18--23},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Ecosystem service trends in basin-scale restoration initiatives : A review}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.040},
volume = {111},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Brancalion2019,
abstract = {Over 140 Mha of restoration commitments have been pledged across the global tropics, yet guidance is needed to identify those landscapes where implementation is likely to provide the greatest potential benefits and cost-effective outcomes. By overlaying seven recent, peer-reviewed spatial datasets as proxies for socioenvironmental benefits and feasibility of restoration, we identified restoration opportunities (areas with higher potential return of benefits and feasibility) in lowland tropical rainforest landscapes. We found restoration opportunities throughout the tropics. Areas scoring in the top 10{\%} (i.e., restoration hotspots) are located largely within conservation hotspots (88{\%}) and in countries committed to the Bonn Challenge (73{\%}), a global effort to restore 350 Mha by 2030. However, restoration hotspots represented only a small portion (19.1{\%}) of the Key Biodiversity Area network. Concentrating restoration investments in landscapes with high benefits and feasibility would maximize the potential to mitigate anthropogenic impacts and improve human well-being.},
author = {Brancalion, Pedro H.S. and Niamir, Aidin and Broadbent, Eben and Crouzeilles, Renato and Barros, Felipe S.M. and {Almeyda Zambrano}, Angelica M. and Baccini, Alessandro and Aronson, James and Goetz, Scott and {Leighton Reid}, J. and Strassburg, Bernardo B.N. and Wilson, Sarah and Chazdon, Robin L.},
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aav3223},
issn = {23752548},
journal = {Science Advances},
number = {7},
pages = {1--12},
title = {{Global restoration opportunities in tropical rainforest landscapes}},
volume = {5},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Crouzeilles2017,
abstract = {Is active restoration the best approach to achieve ecological restoration success (the return to a reference condition, that is, old-growth forest) when compared to natural regeneration in tropical forests? Our meta-analysis of 133 studies demonstrated that natural regeneration surpasses active restoration in achieving tropical forest restoration success for all three biodiversity groups (plants, birds, and invertebrates) and five measures of vegetation structure (cover, density, litter, biomass, and height) tested. Restoration success for biodiversity and vegetation structure was 34 to 56{\%} and 19 to 56{\%} higher in natural regeneration than in active restoration systems, respectively, after controlling for key biotic and abiotic factors (forest cover, precipitation, time elapsed since restoration started, and past disturbance). Biodiversity responses were based primarily on ecological metrics of abundance and species richness (74{\%}), both of which take far less time to achieve restoration success than similarity and composition. This finding challenges the widely held notion that natural forest regeneration has limited conservation value and that active restoration should be the default ecological restoration strategy. The proposition that active restoration achieves greater restoration success than natural regeneration may have arisen because previous comparisons lacked controls for biotic and abiotic factors; we also did not find any difference between active restoration and natural regeneration outcomes for vegetation structure when we did not control for these factors. Future policy priorities should align the identified patterns of biophysical and ecological conditions where each or both restoration approaches are more successful, cost-effective, and compatible with socioeconomic incentives for tropical forest restoration.},
author = {Crouzeilles, Renato and Ferreira, Mariana S. and Chazdon, Robin L. and Lindenmayer, David B. and Sansevero, Jer{\^{o}}nimo B.B. and Monteiro, Lara and Iribarrem, Alvaro and Latawiec, Agnieszka E. and Strassburg, Bernardo B.N.},
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1701345},
issn = {23752548},
journal = {Science Advances},
number = {11},
pages = {1--8},
title = {{Ecological restoration success is higher for natural regeneration than for active restoration in tropical forests}},
volume = {3},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Bustamante2019,
abstract = {Climate change is a global phenomenon that affects biophysical systems and human well-being. The Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change entered into force in 2016 with the objective of strengthening the global response to climate change by keeping global temperature rise this century well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 °C. The agreement requires all Parties to submit their “nationally determined contributions” (NDCs) and to strengthen these efforts in the years ahead. Reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation is an important strategy for mitigating climate change, particularly in developing countries with large forests. Extensive tropical forest loss and degradation have increased awareness at the international level of the need to undertake large-scale ecological restoration, highlighting the need to identify cases in which restoration strategies can contribute to mitigation and adaptation. Here we consider Brazil as a case study to evaluate the benefits and challenges of implementing large-scale restoration programs in developing countries. The Brazilian NDC included the target of restoring and reforesting 12 million hectares of forests for multiple uses by 2030. Restoration of native vegetation is one of the foundations of sustainable rural development in Brazil and should consider multiple purposes, from biodiversity and ecosystem services conservation to social and economic development. However, ecological restoration still presents substantial challenges for tropical and mega-diverse countries, including the need to develop plans that are technically and financially feasible, as well as public policies and monitoring instruments that can assess effectiveness. The planning, execution, and monitoring of restoration efforts strongly depend on the context and the diagnosis of the area with respect to reference ecosystems (e.g., forests, savannas, grasslands, wetlands). In addition, poor integration of climate change policies at the national and subnational levels and with other sectorial policies constrains the large-scale implementation of restoration programs. The case of Brazil shows that slowing deforestation is possible; however, this analysis highlights the need for increased national commitment and international support for actions that require large-scale transformations of the forest sector regarding ecosystem restoration efforts. Scaling up the ambitions and actions of the Paris Agreement implies the need for a global framework that recognizes landscape restoration as a cost-effective nature-based solution and that supports countries in addressing their remaining needs, challenges, and barriers.},
author = {Bustamante, Mercedes M.C. and Silva, Jos{\'{e}} Salom{\~{a}}o and Scariot, Aldicir and Sampaio, Alexandre Bonesso and Mascia, Daniel Luis and Garcia, Edenise and Sano, Edson and Fernandes, Geraldo Wilson and Durigan, Giselda and Roitman, Iris and Figueiredo, Isabel and Rodrigues, Ricardo Ribeiro and Pillar, Val{\'{e}}rio D. and de Oliveira, Alba Orli and Malhado, Ana Claudia and Alencar, Ane and Vendramini, Annelise and Padovezi, Aur{\'{e}}lio and Carrascosa, Helena and Freitas, Joberto and Siqueira, Jos{\'{e}} Alves and Shimbo, Julia and Generoso, Leonel Gra{\c{c}}a and Tabarelli, Marcelo and Biderman, Rachel and {de Paiva Salom{\~{a}}o}, Rafael and Valle, Raul and Junior, Brienza and Nobre, Carlos},
doi = {10.1007/s11027-018-9837-5},
issn = {15731596},
journal = {Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change},
keywords = {Brazilian NDC,Environmental monitoring,Environmental policy,Forestry sector,Landscape degradation},
number = {April},
title = {{Ecological restoration as a strategy for mitigating and adapting to climate change: lessons and challenges from Brazil}},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Zwiener2017,
abstract = {Aim: To propose and compare priority sites for conservation and restoration of woody plants under diverse climate and land use scenarios, considering socio-economic costs, presence of protected areas and distribution of forest remnants. Location: The Atlantic Forest Biodiversity Hotspot, Brazil. Methods: We used ecological niche modelling to estimate geographical distributions for 2,255 species under current and future climate scenarios, which we analysed in relation to spatially explicit land use projections, maps of forest remnants derived from remote sensing and socio-economic variables for each municipality within the Atlantic Forest region. We identified spatial priorities that complement the current network of protected areas under three different prioritization scenarios: (1) conservation of existing forest remnants only; (2) conservation of remnants followed by restoration of degraded habitat; and (3) unconstrained actions, in which management location is not defined a priori. We compared our results under different levels of land protection, with targets of 10{\%}, 17{\%} and 20{\%} of the Atlantic Forest extent. Results: Current forest remnants cover only 12{\%} of the Atlantic Forest, so targets of 17{\%} and 20{\%} were achieved only through active restoration. Targets of 17{\%} and 20{\%} captured most species and represented on average 26{\%}–34{\%} of species' distributions. The spatial pattern of degraded habitats negatively affected representation of biodiversity and implied higher costs and reduced efficiency of planning. We did not observe major differences between conservation prioritizations based on contrasting climate change scenarios. Main conclusions: Protection of forest remnants alone will not suffice to safeguard woody plant species under climate and land use changes; therefore, restoration actions are urgently needed in the Atlantic Forest. With integrated management actions and multicriterion nationwide planning, reaching the 17{\%} of land protection of Aichi biodiversity targets will constitute an important step towards protecting Atlantic Forest biodiversity.},
author = {Zwiener, Victor P. and Padial, Andr{\'{e}} A. and Marques, M{\'{a}}rcia C.M. and Faleiro, Frederico V. and Loyola, Rafael and Peterson, A. Townsend},
doi = {10.1111/ddi.12588},
issn = {14724642},
journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
keywords = {Aichi targets,MaxEnt,Zonation,climate change,ecological restoration,land use change,spatial conservation prioritization,species distribution modelling},
number = {8},
pages = {955--966},
title = {{Planning for conservation and restoration under climate and land use change in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest}},
volume = {23},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Hannah2020,
author = {Hannah, Lee and Roehrdanz, Patrick R. and Marquet, Pablo A. and Enquist, Brian J. and Midgley, Guy and Foden, Wendy and Lovett, Jon C. and Corlett, Richard T. and Corcoran, Derek and Butchart, Stuart H. M. and Boyle, Brad and Feng, Xiao and Maitner, Brian and Fajardo, Javier and McGill, Brian J. and Merow, Cory and Morueta‐Holme, Naia and Newman, Erica A. and Park, Daniel S. and Raes, Niels and Svenning, Jens‐Christian},
doi = {10.1111/ecog.05166},
issn = {0906-7590},
journal = {Ecography},
keywords = {area-based conservation,biodiversity,climate change,conservation,extinction risk,planning},
pages = {ecog.05166},
title = {{30{\%} Land Conservation and Climate Action Reduces Tropical Extinction Risk By More Than 50{\%}}},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ecog.05166},
year = {2020}
}
@article{Brancalion2019a,
abstract = {Limited funding is a major barrier to implementing ambitious global restoration commitments, so reducing restoration costs is essential to upscale restoration. The lack of rigorous analyses about the major components and drivers of restoration costs limit the development of alternatives to reduce costs and the selection of the most cost-effective methods to achieve restoration goals. We conducted detailed restoration cost assessments for the three most widespread biomes in Brazil (Amazon, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest) and estimated the restoration costs associated with implementing Brazil's National Plan for Native Vegetation Recovery (12M hectares). Most surveys (60–90{\%}) reported using the costly methods of planting seedlings or sowing seeds throughout the site, regardless of the biome. Natural regeneration and assisted regeneration approaches were an order of magnitude cheaper but were reported in {\textless}15{\%} of projects. The vast majority of tree planting and direct seeding costs were incurred during the implementation phase, and nearly 80{\%} of projects ended maintenance within 30 months. We estimated a price tag of US{\$}0.7-1.2 billion per year until 2030 to implement Brazil's restoration plan depending on the area that recovers through natural regeneration. Our results offer valuable insights for developing strategies to make restoration cheaper and to increase its cost-effectiveness for achieving diverse benefits in Brazilian ecosystems. Our survey also provides a starting point for sound assessments of restoration costs and their drivers in other biomes, which are needed to reduce the financial barriers to scaling up restoration at a global scale.},
author = {Brancalion, Pedro H.S. and Meli, Paula and Tymus, Julio R.C. and Lenti, Felipe E.B. and {M. Benini}, Rubens and Silva, Ana Paula M. and Isernhagen, Ingo and Holl, Karen D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108274},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Ecosystem restoration,Forest restoration,Large-scale restoration,Restoration costs,Restoration economy,Restoration financing,Restoration methods,Restoration policy},
number = {September},
pages = {108274},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{What makes ecosystem restoration expensive? A systematic cost assessment of projects in Brazil}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108274},
volume = {240},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Oliveira2019,
abstract = {Tree planting is the most widely used technique for tropical forest restoration because it accelerates the recovery of forest structure and ecosystem functioning. Despite the importance of tree size distribution to the ecological function and habitat quality of restored forests, it has received little attention. Here we ask if the structure of reference forests has been recovered by planting tree seedlings and discuss the implications of skewed tree-size distributions for sustainability of restored forests. We sampled 11 tropical forest sites that had undergone restoration for between 16 and 53 years after planting tree seedlings and nine reference ecosystems (old-growth, secondary and degraded forests) in Brazilian Atlantic forest, and compared them by the abundance of individuals in five diameter classes. Restored forests presented 83{\%} greater abundance of large trees ({\textgreater}20 cm DBH), 41{\%} lower abundance of saplings (1 ≤ DBH {\textless} 5 cm) and 43{\%} lower abundance of small trees (5 ≤ DBH {\textless} 10 cm). The abundance of smaller individuals (DBH {\textless} 1 cm), however, did not differ between restored and reference forests, indicating successful colonization of the understorey. Low mortality in the large class (DBH ≥ 20 cm) results in excess of big trees, which constrains recruitment of small plants to the intermediate size classes, likely due to asymmetric competition for light. The excess of large trees demonstrates that gap dynamics can take longer to naturally re-establish in these even-aged forests, likely due to the high density of long-lived trees planted at the same time. Thinning may be a possible adaptive-management strategy to reduce the density of big trees and stimulate recruitment of intermediate size classes.},
author = {de Oliveira, Carlos Delano Cardoso and de Oliveira, Izabela Regina Cardoso and Suganuma, Marcio Seiji and Durigan, Giselda},
doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117453},
issn = {03781127},
journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
keywords = {Asymmetric competition,Carbon balance,Density,Forest restoration,Forest structure,Natural regeneration,Tree size classes,Understorey},
number = {June},
pages = {117453},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Overstory trees in excess: A threat to restoration success in Brazilian Atlantic forest}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117453},
volume = {449},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Prach2019,
abstract = {We discuss aspects of one of the most important issues in ecological restoration: how to evaluate restoration success. This first requires clearly stated and justified restoration goals and targets; this may seem “obvious” but in our experience, this step is often elided. Indicators or proxy variables are the typical vehicle for monitoring; these must be justified in the context of goals and targets and ultimately compared against those to allow for an evaluation of outcome (e.g. success or failure). The monitoring phase is critical in that a project must consider how the monitoring frequency and overall design will allow the postrestoration trajectories of indicators to be analyzed. This allows for real-time management adjustments—adaptive management (sensu lato)—to be implemented if the trajectories are diverging from the targets. However, as there may be large variation in early postrestoration stages or complicated (nonlinear) trajectory, caution is needed before committing to management adjustments. Ideally, there is not only a goal and target but also a model of the expected trajectory—that only can occur if there are sufficient data and enough knowledge about the ecosystem or site being restored. With so many possible decision points, we focus readers' attention on one critical step—how to choose indicators. We distinguish generalizable and specific indicators which can be qualitative, semiquantitative, or quantitative. The generalizable indicators can be used for meta-analyses. There are many options of indicators but making them more uniform would help mutual comparisons among restoration projects.},
author = {Prach, Karel and Durigan, Giselda and Fennessy, Siobhan and Overbeck, Gerhard E. and Torezan, Jos{\'{e}} Marcelo and Murphy, Stephen D.},
doi = {10.1111/rec.13011},
issn = {1526100X},
journal = {Restoration Ecology},
keywords = {adaptive management,ecological indicators,restoration success,restoration targets},
number = {5},
pages = {917--923},
title = {{A primer on choosing goals and indicators to evaluate ecological restoration success}},
volume = {27},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Strassburg2019,
abstract = {International commitments for ecosystem restoration add up to one-quarter of the world's arable land. Fulfilling them would ease global challenges such as climate change and biodiversity decline but could displace food production and impose financial costs on farmers. Here, we present a restoration prioritization approach capable of revealing these synergies and trade-offs, incorporating ecological and economic efficiencies of scale and modelling specific policy options. Using an actual large-scale restoration target of the Atlantic Forest hotspot, we show that our approach can deliver an eightfold increase in cost-effectiveness for biodiversity conservation compared with a baseline of non-systematic restoration. A compromise solution avoids 26{\%} of the biome's current extinction debt of 2,864 plant and animal species (an increase of 257{\%} compared with the baseline). Moreover, this solution sequesters 1 billion tonnes of CO2-equivalent (a 105{\%} increase) while reducing costs by US{\$}28 billion (a 57{\%} decrease). Seizing similar opportunities elsewhere would offer substantial contributions to some of the greatest challenges for humankind.},
author = {Strassburg, Bernardo B.N. and Beyer, Hawthorne L. and Crouzeilles, Renato and Iribarrem, Alvaro and Barros, Felipe and de Siqueira, Marinez Ferreira and S{\'{a}}nchez-Tapia, Andrea and Balmford, Andrew and Sansevero, Jer{\^{o}}nimo Boelsums Barreto and Brancalion, Pedro Henrique Santin and Broadbent, Eben North and Chazdon, Robin L. and Filho, Ary Oliveira and Gardner, Toby A. and Gordon, Ascelin and Latawiec, Agnieszka and Loyola, Rafael and Metzger, Jean Paul and Mills, Morena and Possingham, Hugh P. and Rodrigues, Ricardo Ribeiro and Scaramuzza, Carlos Alberto de Mattos and Scarano, Fabio Rubio and Tambosi, Leandro and Uriarte, Maria},
doi = {10.1038/s41559-018-0743-8},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/bruno/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Strassburg et al. - 2019 - Strategic approaches to restoring ecosystems can triple conservation gains and halve costs.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2397334X},
journal = {Nature Ecology and Evolution},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {62--70},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Strategic approaches to restoring ecosystems can triple conservation gains and halve costs}},
volume = {3},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Villen-Perez2018a,
author = {Vill{\'{e}}n-P{\'{e}}rez, Sara and Mendes, Poliana and N{\'{o}}brega, Caroline and {Gomes C{\'{o}}rtes}, Lara and {De Marco}, Paulo},
doi = {10.1017/S0376892917000376},
file = {::},
isbn = {0376892917000},
issn = {14694387},
journal = {Environmental Conservation},
keywords = {Brazil,conservation units,downgrading,future impact,indigenous lands,land-use change,protected areas},
number = {1},
pages = {96--99},
title = {{Mining code changes undermine biodiversity conservation in Brazil}},
volume = {45},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Zwiener2017a,
abstract = {Aim: To propose and compare priority sites for conservation and restoration of woody plants under diverse climate and land use scenarios, considering socio-economic costs, presence of protected areas and distribution of forest remnants. Location: The Atlantic Forest Biodiversity Hotspot, Brazil. Methods: We used ecological niche modelling to estimate geographical distributions for 2,255 species under current and future climate scenarios, which we analysed in relation to spatially explicit land use projections, maps of forest remnants derived from remote sensing and socio-economic variables for each municipality within the Atlantic Forest region. We identified spatial priorities that complement the current network of protected areas under three different prioritization scenarios: (1) conservation of existing forest remnants only; (2) conservation of remnants followed by restoration of degraded habitat; and (3) unconstrained actions, in which management location is not defined a priori. We compared our results under different levels of land protection, with targets of 10{\%}, 17{\%} and 20{\%} of the Atlantic Forest extent. Results: Current forest remnants cover only 12{\%} of the Atlantic Forest, so targets of 17{\%} and 20{\%} were achieved only through active restoration. Targets of 17{\%} and 20{\%} captured most species and represented on average 26{\%}–34{\%} of species' distributions. The spatial pattern of degraded habitats negatively affected representation of biodiversity and implied higher costs and reduced efficiency of planning. We did not observe major differences between conservation prioritizations based on contrasting climate change scenarios. Main conclusions: Protection of forest remnants alone will not suffice to safeguard woody plant species under climate and land use changes; therefore, restoration actions are urgently needed in the Atlantic Forest. With integrated management actions and multicriterion nationwide planning, reaching the 17{\%} of land protection of Aichi biodiversity targets will constitute an important step towards protecting Atlantic Forest biodiversity.},
author = {Zwiener, Victor P. and Padial, Andr{\'{e}} A. and Marques, M{\'{a}}rcia C.M. and Faleiro, Frederico V. and Loyola, Rafael and Peterson, A. Townsend},
doi = {10.1111/ddi.12588},
file = {::},
issn = {14724642},
journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
keywords = {Aichi targets,MaxEnt,Zonation,climate change,ecological restoration,land use change,spatial conservation prioritization,species distribution modelling},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {955--966},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
title = {{Planning for conservation and restoration under climate and land use change in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest}},
volume = {23},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Crouzeilles2019,
abstract = {Achieving ambitious global restoration commitments is a huge challenge. The Atlantic Forest Restoration Pact, created in 2009 as a movement to restore 15 Mha of degraded/deforested lands by 2050, pledged 1 Mha towards the 2020 Bonn Challenge. We documented the restoration of an estimated 673,510–740,555 ha of native forests from 2011 to 2015 in the Atlantic Forest, and expect that a total of 1.35–1.48 Mha will be under recovery by 2020. The Pact is one of the first Brazilian restoration initiatives to monitor an international restoration commitment and to demonstrate that ambitious targets can be reached. Part of this success in large-scale restoration is related to three main Pact activities: (i) development of restoration governance, communication and articulation; (ii) promotion of strategies to influence public policies; and (iii) establishment of restoration monitoring systems. The experience and lessons learned by the Pact could inspire and inform other restoration initiatives worldwide.},
author = {Crouzeilles, Renato and Santiami, Edson and Rosa, Marcos and Pugliese, Ludmila and Brancalion, Pedro H.S. and Rodrigues, Ricardo R. and Metzger, Jean P. and Calmon, Miguel and Scaramuzza, Carlos A.de M. and Matsumoto, Marcelo H. and Padovezi, Aurelio and Benini, Rubens de M. and Chaves, Rafael B. and Metzker, Thiago and Fernandes, Rafael B. and Scarano, Fabio R. and Schmitt, Jair and Lui, Gabriel and Christ, Pedro and Vieira, Rodrigo M. and Senta, Mateus M.D. and Malaguti, Gustavo A. and Strassburg, Bernardo B.N. and Pinto, Severino},
doi = {10.1016/j.pecon.2019.04.003},
file = {::;::},
issn = {25300644},
journal = {Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation},
keywords = {Atlantic Forest Restoration Pact,Bonn Challenge,Forest Landscape Restoration,Natural regeneration,Restoration accountability,Restoration monitoring},
title = {{There is hope for achieving ambitious Atlantic Forest restoration commitments}},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Crouzeilles2017a,
abstract = {Is active restoration the best approach to achieve ecological restoration success (the return to a reference condition, that is, old-growth forest) when compared to natural regeneration in tropical forests? Our meta-analysis of 133 studies demonstrated that natural regeneration surpasses active restoration in achieving tropical forest restoration success for all three biodiversity groups (plants, birds, and invertebrates) and five measures of vegetation structure (cover, density, litter, biomass, and height) tested. Restoration success for biodiversity and vegetation structure was 34 to 56{\%} and 19 to 56{\%} higher in natural regeneration than in active restoration systems, respectively, after controlling for key biotic and abiotic factors (forest cover, precipitation, time elapsed since restoration started, and past disturbance). Biodiversity responses were based primarily on ecological metrics of abundance and species richness (74{\%}), both of which take far less time to achieve restoration success than similarity and composition. This finding challenges the widely held notion that natural forest regeneration has limited conservation value and that active restoration should be the default ecological restoration strategy. The proposition that active restoration achieves greater restoration success than natural regeneration may have arisen because previous comparisons lacked controls for biotic and abiotic factors; we also did not find any difference between active restoration and natural regeneration outcomes for vegetation structure when we did not control for these factors. Future policy priorities should align the identified patterns of biophysical and ecological conditions where each or both restoration approaches are more successful, cost-effective, and compatible with socioeconomic incentives for tropical forest restoration.},
author = {Crouzeilles, Renato and Ferreira, Mariana S. and Chazdon, Robin L. and Lindenmayer, David B. and Sansevero, Jer{\^{o}}nimo B.B. and Monteiro, Lara and Iribarrem, Alvaro and Latawiec, Agnieszka E. and Strassburg, Bernardo B.N.},
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1701345},
file = {::},
issn = {23752548},
journal = {Science Advances},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {e1701345},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
title = {{Ecological restoration success is higher for natural regeneration than for active restoration in tropical forests}},
volume = {3},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Brancalion2019b,
abstract = {Over 140 Mha of restoration commitments have been pledged across the global tropics, yet guidance is needed to identify those landscapes where implementation is likely to provide the greatest potential benefits and cost-effective outcomes. By overlaying seven recent, peer-reviewed spatial datasets as proxies for socioenvironmental benefits and feasibility of restoration, we identified restoration opportunities (areas with higher potential return of benefits and feasibility) in lowland tropical rainforest landscapes. We found restoration opportunities throughout the tropics. Areas scoring in the top 10{\%} (i.e., restoration hotspots) are located largely within conservation hotspots (88{\%}) and in countries committed to the Bonn Challenge (73{\%}), a global effort to restore 350 Mha by 2030. However, restoration hotspots represented only a small portion (19.1{\%}) of the Key Biodiversity Area network. Concentrating restoration investments in landscapes with high benefits and feasibility would maximize the potential to mitigate anthropogenic impacts and improve human well-being.},
author = {Brancalion, Pedro H.S. and Niamir, Aidin and Broadbent, Eben and Crouzeilles, Renato and Barros, Felipe S.M. and {Almeyda Zambrano}, Angelica M. and Baccini, Alessandro and Aronson, James and Goetz, Scott and {Leighton Reid}, J. and Strassburg, Bernardo B.N. and Wilson, Sarah and Chazdon, Robin L.},
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aav3223},
file = {::},
issn = {23752548},
journal = {Science Advances},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {eaav3223},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
title = {{Global restoration opportunities in tropical rainforest landscapes}},
url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aav3223},
volume = {5},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Soares-Filho2014,
author = {Soares-Filho, Britaldo and Raj{\~{a}}o, Raoni and Macedo, Marcia and Carneiro, Arnaldo and Costa, William and Coe, Michael and Rodrigues, Hermann and Alencar, Ane},
file = {::},
journal = {Science},
number = {6182},
pages = {363 LP  -- 364},
title = {{Cracking Brazil{\&}{\#}039;s Forest Code}},
volume = {344},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Barbier2010,
abstract = {Building on the contributions of Mather and others, this paper offers an approach for developing a more comprehensive theory of the forest transition. We argue that long-run changes in forest cover in a country or region cannot be separated from the overall pattern of land use changes. Moreover, this pattern is determined by relative land values; forest cover changes over time as the value of one land use relative to the value of its competing use changes over time. However, the actual values that are used to allocate land may be far from optimal; that is, the presence of market, policy and institutional failures can distort economic and political incentives that can lead to bias in favour of one type of land use over the other, and may ultimately explain why a forest transition may be delayed unnecessarily in some countries and regions. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Barbier, Edward B. and Burgess, Joanne C. and Grainger, Alan},
doi = {10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.02.001},
file = {::},
issn = {02648377},
journal = {Land Use Policy},
keywords = {Deforestation,Forest transition,Land use,Land use policy,Land values},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {98--107},
title = {{The forest transition: Towards a more comprehensive theoretical framework}},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264837709000131},
volume = {27},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Chazdon2019,
abstract = {AbstractConservation and restoration interventions can be mutually reinforcing and are converg‐ing through an increased focus on social dimensions. This paper examines how to more effectively integrate the complementary goals of conservation and restoration of tropical forests.  Forest  conservation  and  restoration  interventions  are  integral  components  of  a  broad  approach  to  forest  ecosystem  and  landscape  management  that  aims  to  maintain  and restore key ecological processes and enhance human well‐being, while minimizing bi‐odiversity loss. The forest transition model provides a useful framework for understanding the relative importance of forest conservation and restoration interventions in different regions. Harmonizing conservation and restoration presents serious challenges for forest policy in tropical countries, particularly regarding the use and management of secondary forests,  fallow  vegetation,  and  forests  degraded  by  logging  and  fire.  Research  to  imple‐ment  restoration  more  effectively  in  tropical  regions  can  be  stimulated  by  transforming  questions that initially focused on conservation issues. Examination of papers published in Biotropica from 2000–2018 shows that most studies relevant to tropical forest conser‐vation  do  not  address  forest  restoration  issues.  Forest  restoration  studies,  on  the  other  hand, show a consistent association with conservation issues. There is much scope for fur‐ther integration of conservation and restoration in research, practice, and policy. Securing a sustainable future for tropical forests requires developing and applying integrated ap‐proaches to landscape management that effectively combine knowledge and tools from multiple disciplines with practical experience and engagement of local stakeholders.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.KEYWORDSbiodiversity, conservation biology, ecosystem services, forest restoration, forest transition, human‐modified landscapes, stakeholders},
author = {Chazdon, Robin L},
doi = {10.1111/btp.12678},
file = {::},
keywords = {biology,department of ecology and,evolutionary,storrs,university of connecticut},
number = {May},
pages = {463--472},
title = {{Towards more effective integration of tropical forest restoration and conservation}},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Meli2019,
author = {Meli, Paula and Rey-benayas, Jos{\'{e}} Mar{\'{i}}a and Brancalion, Pedro H S},
doi = {10.1016/j.pecon.2019.09.002},
file = {::},
issn = {2530-0644},
journal = {Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation},
number = {4},
pages = {201--205},
publisher = {Associa{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Brasileira de Ci{\^{e}}ncia Ecol{\'{o}}gica e Conserva{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o},
title = {{Balancing land sharing and sparing approaches to promote forest and landscape restoration in agricultural landscapes : Land approaches for forest landscape restoration}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2019.09.002},
volume = {17},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Crouzeilles2019a,
author = {Crouzeilles, Renato and Santiami, Edson and Rosa, Marcos and Pugliese, Ludmila and Brancalion, Pedro H S and Rodrigues, Ricardo R and Metzger, Jean P and Calmon, Miguel and Scaramuzza, Carlos A De M and Matsumoto, Marcelo H and Padovezi, Aurelio and Benini, Rubens De M and Chaves, Rafael B and Metzker, Thiago and Fernandes, Rafael B and Scarano, Fabio R and Schmitt, Jair and Lui, Gabriel and Christ, Pedro and Vieira, Rodrigo M and Senta, Mateus M D and Malaguti, Gustavo A and Strassburg, Bernardo B N},
doi = {10.1016/j.pecon.2019.04.003},
issn = {2530-0644},
journal = {Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation},
keywords = {atlantic forest restoration pact},
number = {2},
pages = {80--83},
publisher = {Associa{\&}ccedil;{\&}atilde;o Brasileira de Ci{\&}ecirc;ncia Ecol{\&}oacute;gica e Conserva{\&}ccedil;{\&}atilde;o},
title = {{There is hope for achieving ambitious Atlantic Forest restoration commitments}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2019.04.003},
volume = {17},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Metzger,
author = {Metzger, Jean Paul and Esler, Karen and Krug, Cornelia and Arias, Melissa and Tambosi, Leandro and Crouzeilles, Renato and Acosta, Luis and Brancalion, Pedro H S and Albertas, Francisco D and Garcia, Couto and Duarte, Gabriela Teixeira and Jardim, Vitor Fleuri and Grytnes, John-arvid and Hagen, Dagmar and Kamiyama, Chiho and Latawiec, Agnieszka Ewa and Rodrigues, Ricardo Ribeiro and Ruggiero, Patricia G C and Sparovek, Gerd and Strassburg, Bernardo and Saraiva, Antonio Mauro and Joly, Carlos},
doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2017.10.004},
file = {::},
title = {{ScienceDirect Best practice for the use of scenarios for restoration planning}}
}