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Expand Up @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Some of those theories about monetary and fiscal policies still interest us toda

* mathematics involving compound interest governed French government debt dynamics in the decades preceding 1789; according to leading historians, that arithmetic set the stage for the French Revolution

* a **real bills** theory of the effects of government open market operations in which the government *backs* new issues of paper money with government holdings of valuable real property or financial assets that holders of money can purchase from the government in exchange for their money.
* a *real bills* theory of the effects of government open market operations in which the government *backs* new issues of paper money with government holdings of valuable real property or financial assets that holders of money can purchase from the government in exchange for their money.

* The Revolutionaries learned about this theory from Adam Smith's 1776 book The Wealth of Nations
{cite}`smith2010wealth` and other contemporary sources
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ Figure {numref}`fr_fig2` indicates that

Eighteenth-century British fiscal policy portrayed Figure {numref}`fr_fig2` thus looks very much like a text-book example of a *tax-smoothing* model like Robert Barro's {cite}`Barro1979`.

A striking feature of the graph is what we'll lagel a *law of gravity* between tax collections and government expenditures.
A striking feature of the graph is what we'll label a *law of gravity* between tax collections and government expenditures.

* levels of government expenditures at taxes attract each other
* while they can temporarily differ -- as they do during wars -- they come back together when peace returns
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -366,10 +366,10 @@ This coincidence fostered a three step plan for servicing the French government
* sell the church lands
* use the proceeds from those sales to service or even retire French government debt

The monetary theory underlying this plan had been set out by Adam Smith in his analysis of what he called **real bills** in his 1776 book
The monetary theory underlying this plan had been set out by Adam Smith in his analysis of what he called *real bills* in his 1776 book
**The Wealth of Nations** {cite}`smith2010wealth`, which many of the revolutionaries had read.

Adam Smith defined a **real bill** as a paper money note that is backed by a claims on a real asset like productive capital or inventories.
Adam Smith defined a *real bill* as a paper money note that is backed by a claims on a real asset like productive capital or inventories.

The National Assembly put together an ingenious institutional arrangement to implement this plan.

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ of our episodes, in which real balances decline and prices rise rapidly.
We interpret
these three episodes in terms of distinct theories

* a **backing** or **real bills** theory (the classic text for this theory is Adam Smith {cite}`smith2010wealth`)
* a *backing* or *real bills* theory (the classic text for this theory is Adam Smith {cite}`smith2010wealth`)
* a legal restrictions theory ( {cite}`keynes1940pay`, {cite}`bryant1984price` )
* a classical hyperinflation theory ({cite}`Cagan`)
*
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ hyperinflations.



* subperiod 1: ("**real bills** period): January 1791 to July 1793
* subperiod 1: ("*real bills* period): January 1791 to July 1793

* subperiod 2: ("terror"): August 1793 - July 1794

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -815,7 +815,7 @@ plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
```

Now let's regress inflation on real balances during the **real bills** period and plot the regression
Now let's regress inflation on real balances during the *real bills* period and plot the regression
line.

```{code-cell} ipython3
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ plt.show()

The regression line in {numref}`fr_fig104c` shows that large increases in real balances of
assignats (paper money) were accompanied by only modest rises in the price level, an outcome in line
with the **real bills** theory.
with the *real bills* theory.

During this period, assignats were claims on church lands.

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