python.html

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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE, GENERAL</h2>
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<p>Import python module</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import math</code></pre>
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<p>Import specific function of a module</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from math import ceil</code></pre>
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<p>Import a module with abbreviation</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import numpy as np</code></pre>
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<p>Program execution starts from here</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if __name__ == '__main__':</code></pre>
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<p>Check which python version is installed</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>python --version</code></pre>
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<p>Use modules / functions from other folder<br>(not working with eg. yahoocrawler.py and rapidtechtools.py - all modules, wether they are needed or not have to imported in the program...)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import sys, os<br># Create Path to module<br>sys.path.append(os.path.join('C:/', 'Users\path_to_module'))<br># Import Module RapidTechTools<br>import RapidTechTools as rtt</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">VIRTUALENV</h2>
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<p>Install virtualenv</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install virtualenv</code></pre>
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<p>Global packages installed</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip list</code></pre>
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<p>Shows where the python-file is (Windows)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>where python</code></pre>
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<p>Shows where the python-file is (Linux)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>which python</code></pre>
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<p>Create new virtual environment env</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>python -m virtualenv env</code></pre>
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<p>Create new virtual environment env (for python3 eg. on MacOS)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>python3 -m venv env</code></pre>
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<p>Extracts all the modules / dependencies to a txt-file</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip freeze --local > requirements.txt</code></pre>
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<p>Go back to the global environment</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>deactivate</code></pre>
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<p>Create new virtual env with specific python-version</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>virtualenv -p C:\..path to..\Python37\python.exe py37_env</code></pre>
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<p>Activate new virtual env named py37_env</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>py37_env\Scripts\activate</code></pre>
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<p>Shows the used python version in the virtual env</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>python --version</code></pre>
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<p>Install all the packages from requirements.txt</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install -r requirements.txt</code></pre>
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<p>Windows: Show all installed python-versions + paths</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>py -0p</code></pre>
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<p>Activate environment</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>venv\Scripts\activate<br>    when activated: pip list    #  Now only shows the installed modules for the virtual environment<br>    pip install package         #  Only installs in the activated virtual environment</code></pre>
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<p>install virtual environment with specific python-version</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>download and install the python-version - Important: remember the path to the python.exe<br>create a venv with: virtualenv envName -p path\to\new_python.exe</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">PIP</h2>
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<p>install module</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install moduleXY</code></pre>
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<p>upgrade module</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install moduleXY --upgrade</code></pre>
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<p>Install specific version</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install -Iv pyinstaller==4.8</code></pre>
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<p>uninstall module XY</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip uninstall module XY</code></pre>
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<p>show installed modules in actual environment</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip list</code></pre>
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<p>output modules in requirements.txt</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip freeze > requirements.txt</code></pre>
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<p>install modules from requirements.txt</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install -r requirements.txt</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">PYINSTALLER, INNO SETUP COMPILER - generate python programs to executables</h2>
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<p>Installation</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install pyinstaller</code></pre>
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<p>Install specific version</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install -Iv pyinstaller==4.8</code></pre>
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<p>Generate the bundle in a subdirectory called dist.</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pyinstaller prg.py</code></pre>
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<p>Generate only one file</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pyinstaller --onefile prg.py</code></pre>
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<p>Generate only one file (to get for sure the pyinstaller from the actual env)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>python -m Pyinstaller --onefile prg.py</code></pre>
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<p>Collect data for specific python module</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>--collect-data moduleXY</code></pre>
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<p>add this when some modules are not found</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>--copy-metadata pandas_ta</code></pre>
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<p>When some modules are making problems - sometimes this helps</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>--hidden-import=pymssql</code></pre>
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<p><frozen importlib._bootstrap> error when using yfinance</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pyinstaller --onefile --collect-data frozendict stockma3.py</code></pre>
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<p>when there is a depreciating warning from matlib</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>--exclude-module matplotlib</code></pre>
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<p>Generate file with icon</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>--icon=app.ico</code></pre>
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<p>Generating under mac os sometimes only work with this params</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>--hidden-import=pkg_resources.py2_warn</code></pre>
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<p>Generating under mac os sometimes only work with this params</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>--hidden-import=cmath</code></pre>
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<p>Open this file to start the python-program</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>prg.exe</code></pre>
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<p>only working with import yfinance (not with import yfinance as yf)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>yfinance module</code></pre>
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<p>Problems with some added python modules (eg. pycountry)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><a href='https://groups.google.com/g/pyinstaller/c/OYhJdeZ9010/m/32g3-T8XBAAJ' target='_blank'>https://groups.google.com/g/pyinstaller/c/OYhJdeZ9010/m/32g3-T8XBAAJ</a><br>Create hook-file hook-pycountry.py with content:<br>	from PyInstaller.utils.hooks import copy_metadata, collect_data_files<br>	datas = copy_metadata("pycountry") + collect_data_files("pycountry")<br>Compile Program with<br>	pyinstaller --onefile --exclude-module matplotlib --additional-hooks-dir=. TestPyCountry.py</code></pre>
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<p>Problems with path when executing from py and exe</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>config_name = 'creds.json'                                    # Define the config file name</code></pre>
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<p>Determine if application is a script file or frozen exe</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if getattr(sys, 'frozen', False):                             # Get path when starting as executable<br>    application_path = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)<br>elif __file__:                                                # Get path when running from IDE as py-file<br>    application_path = os.path.dirname(__file__)<br>config_path = os.path.join(application_path, config_name)     # Final Config Path</code></pre>
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<p>Using Inno Setup Compiler for creating a setup.exe for all files</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><a href='https://jrsoftware.org/isdl.php' target='_blank'>https://jrsoftware.org/isdl.php</a><br>- Application Information => provide application informations (appName, appVersion, publisher, website)<br>- Application Files => select application main executable file and add all necessary folder and files<br>- Application File Association => no selection<br>- Application Documentation => select files which should be shown before / after the installation<br>- Setup Languages => select which languages should be included during installation<br>- Save installation script<br>- Final setup.exe is stored in the "Output"-folder</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">SHORTCUTS VSCODE</h2>
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<p>Comment / Uncomment selected lines ("/" on numblock) (commenting in VS Code)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl K Ctrl C</code></pre>
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<p>Comment / Uncomment selected lines ("/" on numblock) (commenting in VS Code)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl K Ctrl U</code></pre>
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<p>Find in File</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl F</code></pre>
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<p>Replace in File</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl H</code></pre>
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<p>Selects whole line</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl L</code></pre>
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<p>Search in all files</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl Shift F</code></pre>
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<p>Replace in Path (in all Files)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl Shift H</code></pre>
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<p>Jump to this Grouping Window</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl 1/2/3</code></pre>
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<p>Find next</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>F3</code></pre>
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<p>Goto line</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl G</code></pre>
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<p>Copy / Duplicate lines</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Shift Alt Up/Down</code></pre>
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<p>Expand / Shrink selection</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Shift Alt Left/Rigth</code></pre>
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<p>Move line</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Alt Up/Down</code></pre>
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<p>Suggestions for fix error, function informations</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Alt Enter</code></pre>
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<p>Open the project windows (on the left side)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Alt 1</code></pre>
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<p>Show usage of the variable, function, class</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Alt F7</code></pre>
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<p>Focus back on the editor window</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Esc</code></pre>
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<p>Collapse everything</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl K Ctrl 0</code></pre>
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<p>Expands everything</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl K Ctrl J</code></pre>
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<p>Collapse block ("-" on numblock)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl K Ctrl L</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Expand block ("+" on numblock)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl K Ctrl L</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Select whole file</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl A</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Undo (backwards) / Redo (forwards)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl (Shift) Z</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Select word to the beginning</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl Shift Left</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Select word to the end</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl Shift Right</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Go one word left</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl Left / Right</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete current line</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl Shift K</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete to end of word</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl Del</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete to beginning of word</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl Backspace</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Hide/Show sidebar</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl B</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Hide/Show terminal</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl J</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show command line (eg. open a file where the name is known)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl P</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Open the the command panel</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl Shift P</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Toggle through the open files in the editor</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl TAB</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Close File</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl W</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>MultiCursor - Select more cursors in rows for multiple change in rows</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl Alt Up/Down</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>MultiCursor - Select Cursor at multiple positions for the same name</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl D</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Select all occurences of this word in the document and change all with one change</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl Shift L</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Select whole word</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl D</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Jump to the function definition</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl Click</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Close Tab</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl W</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show suggestions for the actual code function / method</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl Space</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">SHORTCUTS INTELLIJ IDEA IDE, CHROME, WINDOWS</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p><a href='https://www.shortcutfoo.com/app/dojos/intellij-idea-win/cheatsheet' target='_blank'>https://www.shortcutfoo.com/app/dojos/intellij-idea-win/cheatsheet</a></p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Ctrl / 				      # Comment / Uncomment selected lines ("/" on numblock) (commenting in VS Code)<br>Ctrl / 				      # Comment / Uncomment selected lines ("/" on numblock) (commenting in VS Code)<br>Ctrl Alt F7 	      # Find usages<br>Ctrl F    		      # Find in File<br>Ctrl R         	    # Replace in File<br>Ctrl Shift R 		    # Replace in Path (in all Files)<br>F2            	    # jump to the next error<br>F3        			    # Find next<br>Ctrl G      		    # Goto line<br>Ctrl D 			        # Copy / Duplicate lines<br>Ctrl X              # Cut line (when nothing selected)<br>Ctrl C              # Copy line (when nothing selected)<br>Alt Shift Down/Up 	# Move line<br>Ctrl E       		    # Recent opened files<br>Ctrl TAB            # Switch windows in IDE<br>Ctrl (Shift) W      # Select / deselect parts of the code step by step<br>Alt Enter			      # Suggestions for fix error, function informations<br>Alt 1				        # Open the project windows (on the left side)<br>Alt F7				      # Show usage of the variable, function, class<br>Esc					        # Focus back on the editor window<br>Ctrl Shift -    	  # Collapse everything<br>Ctrl Shift +        # Exapnds everything<br>Ctrl - 				      # Collapse block ("-" on numblock)<br>Ctrl + 				      # Expand block ("+" on numblock)<br>Ctrl A         		  # Select whole file<br>Ctrl (Shift) Z 		  # Undo (backwards) / Redo (forwards)<br>Ctrl Shift Left 	  # Select word to the beginning<br>Ctrl Shift Right 	  # Select word to the end<br>Ctrl Left / Right 	# Go one word left<br>Ctrl Y              # Delete current line<br>Ctrl Del            # Delete to end of word<br>Ctrl Backspace      # Delete to beginning of word<br>lorem + TAB         # Create lorem text for html-code<br>p>lorem + TAB       # Create lorem text inside <p>-tags</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shortcuts Chrome<br><a href='https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/google-chrome-shortcuts-pdf/' target='_blank'>https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/google-chrome-shortcuts-pdf/</a></p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>F5                  # Refresh site<br>Ctrl Tab            # Go tab right<br>Ctrl Shift Tab      # Go tab left<br>Ctrl F5             # Clear Cache and reload page</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shortcuts Win10<br><a href='https://fossbytes.com/windows-keyboard-shortcuts-cheat-sheet-for-windows-10/' target='_blank'>https://fossbytes.com/windows-keyboard-shortcuts-cheat-sheet-for-windows-10/</a></p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Alt Tab         # Focus on other window<br>Ctrl C          # Copy<br>Ctrl X          # Cut<br>Ctrl V          # Paste</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Enable pushing with ssh-key in Idea and VSCode</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Enable open ssh agent: https://dev.to/aka_anoop/how-to-enable-openssh-agent-to-access-your-github-repositories-on-windows-powershell-1ab8<br>Run commands: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56490194/vs-code-bitbucket-ssh-permission-denied-publickey</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">OPERATORS, INPUTS, OUTPUTS, ARGUMENTS, STATISTICS</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import module for math calculations</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import math</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import module for reading arguments from the command line</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import sys</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Using some statistics functions</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import statistics as stat</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Result without Decimals (=> 2)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>5 // 2</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Modulo / Reamainder of the division (=> 1)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>7 % 2</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Assigment of several varaibles</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d,e,f = 4,5,6</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change / swap 2 values</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a,b = b,a</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Increase value by one</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a += 1</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>For better readability - "_" are possible using long num-values (will be ignored)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>i = 1_000_000</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Value is rounded to two decimal places => 77.23</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>round (77.2321, 2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Round to tens place</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>int(v - v%10)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Conversion to String / Float / Int</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>str(5), float("5"), int("5")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs absolute value => 2</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>abs(-2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Wait for pressing ENTER (or a keyboard stroke) to follow along</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>input("ENTER to continue")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Input age and change to int</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>int(input("Age?":))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns the type of a variable</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>type(var)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shows all available methods and attributes for the object as list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dir(var)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if x has type format float (others: str,int,list,tuple,range,dict,set,bool)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>isinstance(x,float)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Set var to max-value (float infinite)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>x = float("inf")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Calculates the sqrt of the value => i3</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>math.sqrt(9)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if a variable exists</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if "myVar" in locals():</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check for argument which is given when starting the program</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sys.argv[1:]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Print "Text" (with a linebreak \n at the end)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print("Text")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Print with end-statement (next print will be in the same line</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print("Text", end="-")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Print text with special characters like \n,\t etc</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print(repr("xyz\n"))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>example for starting a program with 3 parameters / arguments</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>python test.py arg1 arg2 arg3</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Len of the arguments - eg. 4 (program test.py itself and 3 arguments following)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>len(sys.argv)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find the minimum value => 3</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>min(3,5,7)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find the maximum value => 7</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>max(3,5,7)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find the mean value => 5 (with statistic-module - input must be given as list)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>stat.mean([3,5,7])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Stop program at this point (helpful in test-situations)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sys.exit()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Calculate the change from an old value to a new value in percent</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>(newVal-oldVal)/oldVal * 100</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import pretty print functionality</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import pprint as pp</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>pretty print dict line by line</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pp.pprint(dict)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>pretty print with max line-length 30</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pp.pprint(dict, width=30)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>pretty print only level 1 of nested list eg. ['level1', [...]]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pp.pprint(nestedList,depth=1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>pretty print only level 2 of nested list eg. ['level1', ['level2', [...]]]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pp.pprint(nestedList,depth=2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>convert binary value to decimal</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>int("1010",2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">RANDOM, SECRETS</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>General</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>random: unsecure, reproducable with seeds<br>secret: secure, not reproducable</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import random module - fast, but not very secure</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import random</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Random int number between 1 and 6 like a cube</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>random.randint(1,6)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Random float number between 1 and 3</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>random.uniform(1,3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Random value between 0 and 1 in float format - eg. 0.16394553</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>random.random()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Random float in the range from 1 to 10</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>random.uniform(1,10)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Random value for standard deviation</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>random.normal(0,1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Choose random entry from a list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>random.choice(list)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Choose 3 random (unique) entries from the list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>random.sample(list,3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Choose 3 random entries from the list (possible to be the same)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>random.choices(list,k=3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shuffle the content of a list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>random.shuffle(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Can reproduce the same results (unsecure)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>random.seed(1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>generate a random uppercase 6-char string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>"".join(random.choices(string.ascii_uppercase, k=6))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import secrets module - for security reasons (is slower)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import secrets</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Random int in the range from 0-10 (10 excluded)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>secrets.randbelow(10)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Random int with 4 bits (highest possible value is 15 - 1111)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>secrets.randbits(4)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Random choice (which is not reproducable)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>secrets.choice(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">STRING</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>General</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ordered, immutable, text representation</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define a string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = "this is a test"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>String with linebreak \n</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = "this \n text"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>String with tab between the words</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = "this \t text"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define string over more lines in editor with</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = '''this \<br>	and this'''</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>first char of a string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c = s[0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>last char of a string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c = s[-1]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert variable in string oldest method (%s for string, %i for int, %f for float, %.2f for 2 decimals)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = "text %s bla" % var</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert variable in string old method (:.2f for 2 decimals)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = "text {} bla".format(var)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert variable in string new method</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = f"text {var} bla"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Format int with allways 2 digits</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = f"{var:02d}"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Format float with allways 2 decimal places</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = f"{float:0.2f}</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Format float with 2 decmial places and overall 9 chars with leading 0</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = f"{float:09.2f}</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Multiple use</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>"{0} like, {0} especially {0} but {1}".format("Joe", "noodles")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns the index where the text is found</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.find ("ist")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Counts the occurrence of a text</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.count ("i")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Counts several chars in a text</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>re.findall('[.,’]', s)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Return all index of the char "/" in the string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>[i for i, c in enumerate(s) if c == "/"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns all index as a list (needs import re)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>[x.start() for x in re.finditer('ist', s)]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Lowercase the whole string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = s.lower()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Capitalize the whole string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = s.upper()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Capitalize the first char</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = s.capitalize()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Capitalize the first char of all words</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = s.title()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if string is starting with char "H"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.startswith("H")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if string starts with several chars</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.startswith(("H","F","L"))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if string is ending with char "H"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.endswith("H")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if string ends with several chars</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.endwith(("H","F","L"))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Split the words in a list which are seperated by " "</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.split(" ")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Split for several chars (eg. " " and "\n" and " ,")</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>re.split(" |\n| ,", s)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>', 1)[0]								              => Split till the first occurence of "=>"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.split('</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Split sentences after line breaks</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.splitlines()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete all whitespaces at the beginning and the end</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = s.strip()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Remove all duplicate spaces in a string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = " ".join(s.split())</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Replacement of two strings</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = s.replace("e","X")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Replace several chars in a string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = re.sub("[e0fi]", "X", s)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Replace several chars in a string (get back a tupple: 1st changed string, 2nd: count of changed chars)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = re.subn("[e0fi]", "X", s)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>True if the whole string are digits</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.isdigit()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>True if the whole string contains only letters</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.isalpha()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>TRUE if string2 is in strings1</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s2 in s</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change string to list with all single chars</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = list(s)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert char to ASCII value</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ord(char)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert ASCII value to char (eg. 65=A, 97=a)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>chr(ascii)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs hashvalue oif the string (needs import hashlib)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>hashlib.md5(s).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Gives the value of an expression => 4 (dangerous - can used for sql-injections)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>eval("2+2")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Reverse a string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>my_string[::-1]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Print string with special characters</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>repr(s)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>check if any string is in another string or all strings are in another string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = "A string is more than its parts!"<br>l = ["more", "blabla", "nothing"]<br>if any(x in s for x in l):                    # check if any elems from checks in string s<br>if not any(x in s for x in l):                # check if any elems from checks are NOT in string s<br>if all(x in s for x in l):                    # check if all elems from checks are in string s</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">REGEX</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>import regex module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import re</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Information about regex handling</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://medium.com/factory-mind/regex-tutorial-a-simple-cheatsheet-by-examples-649dc1c3f285</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>test regex strings</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://regex101.com/</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find str with 4xdigits + "-"char + 2xdigits</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pattern = re.compile("^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}$")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if pattern matches - <> None when matches</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pattern.match(s)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find str with 4xdigits + "-"char + 2xdigits</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pattern2 = re.compile("[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find str with 3 to 4 xdigits + "-"char + 2xdigits</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pattern2 = re.compile("[0-9]{3,4}-[0-9]{2}")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check with fullmatch (^ and $ not necessary) - <> None when matches</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pattern.fullmatch(s)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Char "." has to cherck with "\n" (is a wildcard letter in regex)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pattern3 = re.compile ("[0-9]{1}\.[0-9]{3}")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Replace all digits in string with blank</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>re.sub("\d","",s)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert blank before every capitalized word eg. "CostOfRevenue" => "Cost Of Revenue"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>re.sub(r'([a-z](?=[A-Z])|[A-Z](?=[A-Z][a-z]))', r'\1 ', "txt")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>count all words which start and ends with a char from cL</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>len(re.findall(f'[{cL}"]{w}[{cL}"]', l))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>count all words which start with w and ends with a char from cL</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>len(re.findall(f'^{w}[{charList}"]', l))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>count all words which start with a char from cL and ends w</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>len(re.findall(f'[{charList}"]{w}$', l))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>count all words which have w in the middle of anything else</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>len(re.findall(f'(.*?){w}(.*?)', l))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define pattern => as many digits (endless) + " " + one lowercase cahr + ":" + as many digits (endless)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pattern = "([0-9]+) ([a-z]:([a-z]+)"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if elem fits the pattern => returns <re.Match object; span=(0, 19), match="3 n: nnnlncrnnnnn"></p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>match = re.search(pattern, elem)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Assign the value of the first group => 3</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>value = match.group(1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show the full string => "3 n: nnnlncrnnnnn"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>all = match.group(0)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">LIST</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define several empty lists (NOT use l1=l=l3=[] => this would be the SAME list)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l1,l2,l3,l4 = ([] for i in range(4))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>check for True if list has an element</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if l</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>check for False if list is empty (same would be if l == []</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if not l</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define list with content</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = [4,5,6]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define list - content is list from 0 to 19</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = list(range(20))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define list with 8 empyt strings</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = ["" for x in range(8)]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Uppercase the whole list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>[x.upper() for x in l]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define a nested list with 5x5</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = [["" for x in range(5)] for x in range(5)]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Add both lists together (to a new list)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l1 + l2</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Add 1 element to the list at the back</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.append(1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Add several elements to the list at the back</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.extend([6,5,4])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert an element at the index-position 3</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.insert(3, "xyz")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns first index position of element "xyz"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.index("xzy")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete last element from list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.pop()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete first element from list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.pop(0)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort list ascending</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.sort()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort list descending</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.sort(reverse=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort list and store it in a different independent list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l_sort = sorted(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort list descending and store it in a different independent list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l_sort = sorted(l, reverse=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort the same way as the operating system (need: from natsort import os_sorted)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l_sort = os_sorted(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if a list is sorted (by ascending)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if sorted(l) == l</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if a list is sorted by descending</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if sorted(l, reverse=True) == l</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort list by len of elements</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.sort(key=len)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define nested list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = [[1,4,3], [2,2,4], [3,1,5]]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort nested list for the 2nd element ascending</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.sort(key=lambda x: x[1])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort nested list for the 2nd element descending</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort nested list 1st for the 1st elem, then for the 2nd elem</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.sort(key=lambda x: (x[0], x[1]))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort nested list 1st for the 1st elem, then for the 2nd elem descending</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.sort(key=lambda x: (x[0], x[1]), reverse=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Reverse the complete list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.reverse()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Reverse complete list and store it in different independent list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l_reverse = list(reversed(l))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete element at index position 2</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>del l[2]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete first element with this value from the list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.remove("abc")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete complete content of the list (same as l = [])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.clear()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find smallest element in the list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>min(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find greatest element in the list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>max(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find longest string in the list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>max(mylist, key=len)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find lenght of longest string in the list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>len(max(mylist, key=len))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sum of all elements in the list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sum(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Pair Sorting from 2 lists (1 with 1, 2 with 2, 3 mit 3, aso.)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>[sum(pair) for pair in zip(l1, l2)]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Count of elements in list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>len(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Count of occurence of the element "a" in the list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l.count("a")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>No seperate copy of the list (updates in both lists)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l2 = l1</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Separate individual copy of the list (no updates in both lists)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l2 = l.copy()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Separate individual copy of the list - 2nd variant</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l2 = l[:]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Separate individual copy of the list - 3rd variant</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l2 = list(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Seperate copying a nested list - import copy necessary</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l2 = copy.deepcopy(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>First element</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l[0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Last element</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l[-1]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Last 3 elements</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l[-3:]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Elements from index position 2 to 3</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l[2:4]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Elements from 0 to 1 (exclusive index position 2)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l[:2]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Elements from index position 2 to the end of the list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l[2:]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Every second element [start:end:step]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l[::2]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if element is in list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>9 in l</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if any elements from the list are in the string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if any(x in st for x in ["ab","cd","de"]):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if all elements from the list are in the string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if all(x in st for x in ["ab","cd","de"]):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if all elements from the list are NOT in the string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if all(x not in str for x in ["ab","cd"]):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate through list content</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for i in l:</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate through list with index</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for i in range(len(l)):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate through list with index and content</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for idx, cont in enumerate(l):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate through 2 lists pair-wise (stops when the shorter list is reached)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for x,y in zip(l1,l2):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create string with elements joined together with ", " eg. ["a","b","c"] => a, b, c</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>', '.join(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a = [1,2,3,4,5]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>List is mapped with the lambda function => [2,4,6,8,10]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>list(map(lambda x: x*2, [1,2,3,4,5]))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Also possible with list comprehension => [2,4,6,8,10]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l=[x*2 for x in l]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Also possible with list comprehension => [2,4]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l=[x for x in l if x%2==0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>List comprehension with if and else</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l=[x*2 if x.isdigit() else x for x in l]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>List is filtered with lambda for even numbers => [2,4]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>list(filter(lambda x: x%2==0, [1,2,3,4,5]))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Build paris as tuple => (1,4),(2,5),(3,6)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>zip([1,2,3],[4,5,6])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Remove duplicates from a list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>list(set(l))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Remove duplicates from a list and keep existing order</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>list(dict.fromkeys(l))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change elements in list to int</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>list(map(int,l))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Transpose nested list (change rows and columns)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>[[x[i] for x in l] for i in range(len(l[0]))]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read string an try to match with groups<br>ordered, mutable, allows duplicate elements<br>rotate list for n places</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def rotate(l, n):<br>    return l[-n:] + l[:-n]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate over 2 lists at the same time using zip</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>animal = ['Cat', 'Dog', 'Fish', 'Goat']<br>age = [1, 2, 2, 6]<br>z = zip(animal, age)<br>for animal, age in z: ...</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Adjust nested list to the same length</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>maxLen = max(map(len, l))<br>for row in l:<br>  while len(row) < maxLen:<br>    row.append(None)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">TUPLE</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create a tuple</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>t = (4,5,6)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create a tuple from a list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>t = tuple([3,4,4])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Selection / slicing of elements - same as with lists</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>t[]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change tuple to list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = list(t)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change list to tuples</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>t = tuple(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Assigning vars to tuple-elements (a=0, b=1, c=2)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a,b,c = (0,1,2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Assigning to tuple-values (f=0, m=[1,2,3], l=4)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>f,*m,l = (0,1,2,3,4)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">DICTIONARY</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define empty dict</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d = {}</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define dict with content</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>2nd way to defince a dict with content</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d = dict(one=1,two=2,three=3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define dict with content (with dupels)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d = dict([("one",1),("two",2),("three",3)])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define dict with content (with pairs in nested list)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d = dict([["one",1],["two",2],["three",3]])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define dict with 2 different lists (1x keys and 1x values)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d = dict(zip(["one","two","three"], [1,2,3]))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Access value with key element (error when the key is not in the dict)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d["two"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>BETTER: Acesss value with get for key element (no error when the key is not in the dict - returns second parameter instead)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d.get("two","N/A")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Access value - same as get - but also initialize the key when it is not in the dict - with the second parameter)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d.setdefault("two","N/A")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find key for specific value (v) in dict</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>key = list(d.keys())[list(d.values()).index(v)]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read keys from dict to list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>list(d.keys())</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read values from dict to list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>list(d.values())</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Count of entries in dict</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>len(d)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if key is in dict (true / false)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>"three" in d</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>New entry for dict (key = "four", value = 4)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d["four"] = 4</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete specific key in dict</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>del d["one"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Rename dict-keyname</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mydict[new_key] = mydict.pop(old_key)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Combine 2 dicts (if key is in both dicts - the second value will be taken)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>combined_dict = {**d1, **d2}</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if key is in dict</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if "xyz" in d:</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Copying a dict (all changes will be made in BOTH dicts)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d2 = d</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Copying a dict (NOT WORKING with nested lists in the dict - use deepcopy!)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d2 = d.copy()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Copying a dict (NOT WORKING with nested lists in the dict - use deepcopy!)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d2 = dict(d)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Copying a dict (dicts will be handled seperate) - import copy necessary</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d2 = copy.deepcopy(d)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Dict d get updated with d2 (all existing keys are overwritten - and new added)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d.update(d2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate through dict keys</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for key in d.keys():</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate through sorted dict keys ascending</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for key in sorted(d.keys()):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate through sorted dict keys descending</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for key in sorted(d.keys(),reverse=True):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate through dict values</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for val in d.values():</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate through keys and values of the dict</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for key, val in d.items():</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>built dict with dict-comprehension</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d = {x[0]: x[1:] for x in l}</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort dict descending according to values (=item[1])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d = {k: v for k, v in sorted(d.items(), key=lambda item: item[1], reverse=True)}</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort dict ascending according to keys (=item[0])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d = {k: v for k, v in sorted(d.items(), key=lambda item: item[0])}</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Dict sorted: 1st value-desc (x[0]) - 2nd key-ascnd (-x[0])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d = {k: v for k, v in sorted(d.items(), key=lambda x: (-x[1],x[0]))}</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort dict and output list, sorted according to the 3rd element of the list in the dict</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = sorted(d.items(), key=lambda e: e[1][2])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort dict and output list, sorted according to the 3rd element of the list in the dict - descending</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = sorted(d.items(), key=lambda e: e[1][2], reverse=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Merge 2 dictionaries</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d3 = {key: d1.get(key,0)+d2.get(key,0) for key in set(d1)|set(d2)}</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>ordered, immutable, allows duplicate elements<br>working can be more efficient than with lists - especially with big data - regarding space and runtime<br>key-value pairs, unordered (till version 3.7), mutable<br>save dict to pkl-file</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import pickle<br>with open("fn.pkl", "wb") as f:<br>  pickle.dump(dict, f)</code></pre>
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<p>read dict from pkl-file</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import pickle<br>with open('fn.pkl', 'rb') as f:<br>  d = pickle.load(f)</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">SETS</h2>
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<p>Define empty set - {} would define a dict and not a set</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s=set()</code></pre>
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<p>Define set with content</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = {1,1,2,2,3,4}</code></pre>
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<p>Define empty set - returns: {"o","l","H","e"}</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = set("Hello")</code></pre>
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<p>Define second set</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s2 = {1,7,8}</code></pre>
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<p>Add element in set1</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.add(5)</code></pre>
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<p>Add several elements to set1</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.update([10,11,12])</code></pre>
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<p>Intersection of 2 sets (same as: s.intersection(s2))</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s & s2</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Untion of 2 sets (same as: s.union(s2))</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s | s2</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Difference of 2 sets (same as: s.difference(s2))</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s - s2</code></pre>
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<p>True if s is subset from s2 (same as: s.issubset(s2))</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s <= s2</code></pre>
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<p>Check if element is in set</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>3 in s</code></pre>
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<p>Clear the set</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.clear()</code></pre>
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<p>Delete lowest elmeent in set</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.pop()</code></pre>
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<p>Delete element 5 from set - but key error possible</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.remove(5)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete element 5 from set - NO key error possible</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.discard(5)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate through set content</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for i in s:</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Copying a set (all changes will be made in BOTH sets)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s2 = s1</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Copying a set (set will be handled seperate)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s2 = s.copy()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Copying a set 2nd method (set will be handled seperate)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s2 = set(s)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define a frozenset - no changes are possible in the set - union, intersection aso. will work</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = frozenset(1,2,3)</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">CONTROL STRUCTURES and ITERATIONS</h2>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>unordered, mutable, no duplicates<br>If / elif / else</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if x > 10: pass<br>elif x > 10: pass<br>else: pass</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Use 2 conditions in one line (instead of (a>10 and a<20)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if (10 < a < 20)...</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Connecting different control structures with logical and &</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if a<10 & b>10 & c==4...</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>5 iterations from 0 to 4</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for i in range(5):</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>5 iterations from 0 to 4 (start, end, step)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for i in range(0, 5, 1)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterations descending from 4 to 0</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for i in range(4, -1, -1)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>While loop with break condition</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>while x < 4:</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Endless while loop - has to be exited with break</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>while True:</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Break loop completely</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>break</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Break actual loop run - continue with next loop run</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>continue</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">FUNCTIONS, DECORATORS</h2>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>description of the function in form of a docstring</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def printNumAbbr(value):<br>'''<br>eg. Make abbreviaton for numeric value in thousands (K), millions (M), billions (B) or trillions (T)<br>:param value: numeric value which should be abbreviated<br>:return: string value with maximum possible abbreviation<br>'''</code></pre>
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<p>Define function - with default value 0 if no input is given</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def add(x=0,y=0):<br>    erg = x+y                   	# Calculation in function<br>    return erg                  	# Return value from the function</code></pre>
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<p>Optional argument in the funtction (first element is must - second optional)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def pet (animal,n1=None,n2="x")<br>pet("Cat")                      	# Calling function with n1=None and n2 = "x"<br>pet("Cat","name")					# Calling function with n1=name and n2 = "X"<br>pet("Cat",n2="xyz") 				# Calling function with n1=None and n2 = "xyz" (third parameter has to be named when calling)</code></pre>
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<p>Function with infinite arguments</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def varargs(*args): print(args)<br>varargs(1,2,3)                  	# Outputs (1,2,3)<br><br>def keyword_args(**kwargs):<br>    print(kwargs)<br>keyword_args("a"=3, "b"=4)      	# Outputs {"a":3, "b":4}</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>decorator template</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def my_decorator(func):				# Define decorator<br>  @functools.wraps(func)<br>  def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):		# Decorator with * arguments<br>	  #Do...					 	# Do something before the functions<br>	  result=func(*args,**kwargs)	# Run the function<br>	  #Do...					 	# Do something after the functions<br>	  return result					# Return the results from the function<br>  return wrapper</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>decorator</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>extend behaviour of a function with a decorators<br>def start_end_decorator(func):		# Define the decorator with function "func" as input-parameter<br>	def wrapper():					# Inside the decorator a wrapper function has to be defined<br>		print("Start")				# Decorated code which is executed before the core code from the function<br>		func()						# Calling the function itself<br>		print("End")				# Decorated code which is executed after the core code from the function<br>	return wrapper					# Results from the decorator have to be given back<br>@start_end_decorator				# Defines this decorator for the following function "print_name"<br>def print_name():					# Normal content of the function<br>	print("xyz")					# Core functionality of the function<br>print_name()						# Now when the function is executed - outputs not only "xyz" - also "Start" before and "End" after</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>decorator with function arguments</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def start_end_decorator(func):		# Define the decorator with function "func" as input-parameter<br>	def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):	# Inside the decorator a wrapper function has to be defined<br>		print("Start")				# Decorated code which is executed before the core code from the function<br>		result = (*args,**kwargs)	# Calling the function itself<br>		print("End ")				# Decorated code which is executed after the core code from the function<br>		return result<br>	return wrapper					# Results from the decorator have to be given back<br>@start_end_decorator				# Defines this decorator for the following function "add5"<br>def add5(x):						# Normal content of the function with one argument<br>	return x + 5					# Core functionality of the function<br>result = add5(10)					# Outputs "Start" => "End" => 15<br>print(result)</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">GENERATORS, YIELD</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>very memory efficient<br>Defines the generator with 3 yield statements</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def mygenerator():<br>	yield 3<br>	yield 2<br>	yield 1</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creates the generator and stores in g (=generator type)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>g = mygenerator()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs 3,2,1</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for i in g: print(i)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs 3</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print(next(g))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs 2</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print(next(g))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sum-Function can also use a generator => result is 6</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sum(g)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sorted-Function can use generator => returns list with sorted elements [1,2,3]</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sorted(g)</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">EXCEPTIONS</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>try / except</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>try:<br>	a = 5 / 0<br>except Exception as e:<br>	print("Exception: ",e)						# Prints exception "division by zero"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>assert / raise</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>x = -5<br>assert (x>=0), "x is not positive"				# Checks / Assert some condition => prints "x is not positive"<br>if x<0: raise Exception("x should positive")	# Raises an exception => prints "Exception: x should be positive"</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">LAMBDA, MAP, FILTER</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>functions with one argument - add10(5) => 15</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>add10 = lambda x: x+10</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>functions with two arguments for multiplying - mult(2,7) => 14</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mult = lambda x,y: x*y</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>output is sorted with first element then second element => [(1,2),(5,-1),(10,4),(15,1)]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sorted(p)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>output is sorted by the second element => [(5,-1),(15,1),(1,2),(10,4)]</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sorted(p,key=lambda x:x[1])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>output is sorted by the sum of both => [(1,2),(5,-1),(10,4),(15,1)]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sorted(p,key=lambda x:x[0]+x[1])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>list is mapped with the lambda function => [2,4,6,8,10]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>list(map(lambda x: x*2,a))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>also possible with list comprehension => [2,4,6,8,10]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c=[x*2 for x in a]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>list is filtered with lambda for even numbers => [2,4]</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>list(filter(lambda x: x%2==0,a))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>also possible with list comprehension => [2,4]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c=[x for x in a if x%2==0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">CLASSES, DATACLASSES</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>p = [(1,2),(15,1),(5,-1),(10,4)]<br>a = [1,2,3,4,5]<br>Define a class</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>class Human(object):<br>  species = "Homo Sapiens"    # Fix variable / class variable for all instances of the class<br>  def __init__(self,name):    # Constructor - automatically applied when an instance is created<br>      self.name = name		  # Name is assigned to the instance of the classe (self.)<br>	  self.tresor = []		  # Tresor is assigned as list to the instance of the class (self.)<br>  def say(self, msg):         # Methode of the class<br>      return "{name}: {message}".format(name=self.name, message=msg)<br>	  elf.tresor.append(msg)  # Tesor of the instance gets a new value in the list<br>  @classmethod                # Class methode - is used by all instances<br>  def get_species(cls):<br>      return cls.species<br>  @staticmethod               # Static methode - is called without class or method<br>  def grunt():<br>      return "*grunt*"</code></pre>
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<p>Create instance of the class</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>i = Human(name="Ian")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Call the methode of the class (output: "Ian: Hi")</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print(i.say("Hi"))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create additonal instance of the class</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>j = Human(name="Joel")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Call the methode of the class (output: "Joel: Hallo")</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print(i.say("Hallo"))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Output "Homo Sapiens"</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>i.get_species()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Same output  "Homo Sapiens"</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>j.get_species()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change of the class variable - applies for all instances</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Human.species = "Was Neues"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Aufruf der statischen Methode => Ausgabe: "*grunt*"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Human.grunt()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Dataclasses</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from dataclasses import dataclass		# import dataclass necessary<br>@dataclass								# define a dataclass<br>class Coordinate:						# class is defined an need NO __init__, __repr__, __eq__<br>    x: int								# __init__ no necessary - values get assigned automatically<br>    y: int = 10							# __repr__ print for the string-represantion is automatic => Coordinate(x=4, y=5)<br>a = Coordinate(4, 5)<br>@dataclass (frozen=True)				# defines a unmutable instance<br>asdict(dc)								# converts the dataclass to a dict<br>astuple(dc)								# converts the dataclass to a tuple</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">TXT FILES</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read textfile - and print it</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>with open ("fn.txt","r") as f: print(f.read()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Open File for Read and Write</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>with open ("fn.txt","r+") as f: print(f.read()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read textfile - stored in list per line</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>with open(fn, encoding="utf8", errors="ignore") as f:<br>  lines = f.readlines()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Writing in textfile</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>with open("fn.txt","w") as obj: obj.write("Ein neuer Text")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Append text in the next line</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>with open("fn.txt","a") as obj: obj.write("\nNoch ein Text")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if file allready exists</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if os.path.exists(fn) == False:</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create and initialize file when not exisiting</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>with open (fn,"a") as f: f.write("init")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read content to string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>f.read()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Set the current postion in the file to beginning</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>f.seek(0)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Write s to the f-file opened</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>f.write(s)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Try/Except - checks if file can be saved</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>while True:<br>try:                         							# otherwise outputs a error message<br>  writer.save ()<br>  break<br>except Exception as e:<br>  print(f"Error happened: {e}")<br>	traceback.print_exc()                               # Outputs the detailed error message<br>    input ("File Open not possible - pls close and press <Enter>")</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">JSON FORMAT</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import json-module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import json</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Assign JSON-filename</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>fn = "numbers.json"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Reading informations in json-format</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>with open(fn) as data: info = json.loads(data)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert / Encode a dict to a json-file (with indent for better reading)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>json_format = json.dumps(d,indent=2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert / Encode a dict to a json-file (with sorting the keys)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>json_format = json.dumps(d,sort_keys=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert / Decode a json-file to a dict</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>person = json.loads(json_format)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Reading information in json-format</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>with open(fn.json,"r") as data: d=json.load(file)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Pretty-Print formatted json-file</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print(json.dumps(erg, indent=4, sort_keys=True))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>UTF8-errors<br>when there are utf-8 errors pls try to set the system variables</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import sys<br>sys.stdin.reconfigure(encoding='utf-8')<br>sys.stdout.reconfigure(encoding='utf-8')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>read JSON from file<br>ignoring errors and handles multiple json-objects</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>with open(fnJSON, errors="ignore") as f:<br>  data = [json.loads(line) for line in f]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>read JSON from website<br>ignoring errors and handles multiple json-objects</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>r = requests.get(url)<br>jsonList = [json.loads(r.text, errors="ignore") for j in jsonStrList if j != '']</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>write JSON to txt-file</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>with open('dataDetail.json', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:<br>  json.dump(ergDetail, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=4)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Example for json-file</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>{<br>	"firstName" : "Chuck",<br>	"lastName" : "Doe",<br>	"hobbies": ["running","swimming","singing"],<br>	"age": 28,<br>	"hasChildren": true<br>	"children" = [<br>		{<br>			"firstName" : "Alex"<br>			"age" : 5<br>		},<br>		{<br>			"firstName" : "Bob"<br>			"age" : 7<br>		}<br>	]<br>}</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read name value => "Chuck"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>info["firstName"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate trough the json-file (eg. many children)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for item in children:</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">XML FORMAT</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import xml-module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Example for xml-file</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><persons><br>	<person><br>		<name>Chuck</name><br>		<phone type="int1"> +1 734 555"</phone><br>		<email hide="yes"/><br>	</person><br>	...<br></persons></code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read xml-file into tree</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>tree = ET.fromstring(data)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read name text => "Chuck"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>tree.find("name").text</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read hide value from email => yes</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>tree.find("email".get("hide"))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate trough xml-file (eg. many persons)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>lst = persons.findall("persons/person")<br>for item in lst:</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">URLLIB</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import Module for URL parsing</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import urllib.parse</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import Module for request</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import urllib.request</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Encode url</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>link = urllib.parse.quote_plus(link)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Uncode url</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>link = urllib.parse.unquote_plus(link)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Parse HTML-link1</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>u = urlparse("http://google.com/search")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns "http"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>u.scheme</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns "/search"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>u.path</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns "google.com"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>u.netloc</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p><a href='https://pymotw.com/2/urlparse/' target='_blank'>https://pymotw.com/2/urlparse/</a><br><a href='https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.request' target='_blank'>https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.request</a><br>Download picture from a url</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>  opener = urllib.request.URLopener()<br>  opener.addheader('User-Agent', "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/83.0.4103.106 Safari/537.36")<br>  filename, headers = opener.retrieve(url, 'Test.jpg')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Download xlsx/csv from a url</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>  from urllib.request import urlopen, urlretrieve<br>  urlretrieve(hrefLink, filename)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - CSV</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read csv-file to nested-list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>fn = os.path.join(path, "inp.csv")<br>with open(fn, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:<br>  csvRead = csv.reader(f, delimiter=";")<br>  inpData = [x for x in csvRead]<br><br># when this error happens: _csv.Error: line contains NULL<br>with open(workFN, "r", encoding="utf-16") as f:<br>  ...<br><br># when this error happens: UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0x96<br>with open(workFN, "r", encoding="mac_roman") as f:<br>  ...</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create an empty csv-file</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>  with open(fnName, "w") as f:<br>    pass</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Write csv-file from nested list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>FN = os.path.join(path, "output.csv")<br>with open(FN, 'w', newline='', encoding="utf-8") as f:<br>  writer = csv.writer(f, delimiter=";")<br>  writer.writerows(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read csv-file to a dictionary for every line</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>with open ("products.csv", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:<br>  dictReader = csv.DictReader(f)<br>  for item in dictReader:<br>    for k,v in item.items():<br>      print(k,v)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read csv-data from a HTML-link</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import urllib.request<br>import codecs<br>url = link                                                      # direct link to a csv html file<br>ftpstream = urllib.request.urlopen(url)<br>csvfile = csv.reader(codecs.iterdecode(ftpstream, 'utf-8'))     # output is nested list</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MOUDLE - ZIPFILE - handling ZIP files</h2>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import zip module</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import zipfile</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read Zip-File</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>zf = zipfile.ZipFile('example.zip', 'r')</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>List of string with the names of the files in the Zip-File</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>zf.namelist()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Open file vom Zip-File (eg. CSV-File which is in the Zip-File)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>zf.open (file_name)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - GSPREAD - API for Google Sheets</h2>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>API for GoogleSheets / Tutorial explaining handling<br><a href='https://techwithtim.net/tutorials/google-sheets-python-api-tutorial/' target='_blank'>https://techwithtim.net/tutorials/google-sheets-python-api-tutorial/</a></p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># Create a project on https://console.cloud.google.com/<br># select name + click create + select project<br># 3 lines upper/left - API/Services - Library<br># search for google drive API + enable it<br># search for google sheets api + enable it<br># 3 lines upper/left - API/Services - Credentials<br># create credentials for Service Accounts + define name + press Continue<br># choose role "editor" + press Continue + press Done<br># press on created service account + press keys + Add Key + Create New Key<br># select json + and store json-file with name creds.json<br># copy client_email entry from the json-file<br># in google sheets - got to share in the document<br># paste the email from above + press send</code></pre>
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<p>Hosting and Scheduling on Google Cloud Platform groupcollide<br><a href='https://jrizmal.medium.com/deploying-a-python-web-scraper-on-google-cloud-platform-12fe24e57bb0' target='_blank'>https://jrizmal.medium.com/deploying-a-python-web-scraper-on-google-cloud-platform-12fe24e57bb0</a></p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># select project  (in titlebar right from Google Cloud Platform)<br># create a function (search for cloud functions)<br># set trigger (Cloud Pub/Sub) and create/select topic<br># files needed for hosting: main.py (inside def hello_pubsub), requirements.txt, creds.json<br># create schedule (search for cloud scheduler)</code></pre>
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<p>See further setup in tutorial</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import gspread                                                      # import module<br>import oauth2client                                                 # import module<br>from oauth2client.service_account import ServiceAccountCredentials  # import module for account credentials<br>from pprint import pprint                                           # import module for better output formatting<br>scope = ["https://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds",<br>         'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spreadsheets',<br>         "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive.file",<br>         "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive"]<br>creds = ServiceAccountCredentials.from_json_keyfile_name<br>    ("creds.json", scope)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Credentials Mgmt for GoogleSheets</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>gc = gspread.authorize(creds)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Open the Google Sheet</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb1 = gc.open("NameOfSheet)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Open the first worksheet in the Google Sheet</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws1 = wb1.get_worksheet(0)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get all worksheets as worksheet-objects</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>listWS = wb1.worksheets()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get all worksheets by n</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>listWS = [x.title for x in wb1.worksheets()]</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Open the spreadhseet</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sheet = client.open("testpython").sheet1</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get a list of all records</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataList = ws1.get_all_values()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get specific area</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>data = ws1.get('B5:K8')</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get formula of a cell</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws1.acell('B1', value_render_option='FORMULA').value</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Update cell range with nested list</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws1.update('A1:Z10', [[1, 2], [3, 4]])</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert new row at row number 2</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws1.insert_row(["new1","new2","new3"],2)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Append new row at the end</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws1.append_row(["new1","new2","new3"])</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sorting the sheet (Range + col1 asc + col2 desc)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws1.sort((1, 'asc'), (2, 'des'), range='A2:G20')</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get row 3 (starts counting from 1 - not 0)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>row = sheet.row_values(3)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get col E (starts counting from 1 - not 0)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>col = sheet.col_values(5)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get values from col B rows 4 and 5</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>col = sheet.col_values(2)[3:5]</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get the value from row 1 and col B</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>cell = sheet.cell(1,2).value</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Update cell from row 2 and col B</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws1.update_cell(2,2, "CHANGED")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define cell area / cell row</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>cell_list = worksheet.range('A1:G1')</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define new values for area / row</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>new_values = [1,2,3,4,5]</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Gspread Formatting<br><a href='https://pypi.org/project/gspread-formatting/' target='_blank'>https://pypi.org/project/gspread-formatting/</a></p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># Set format for area:<br>	from gspread_formatting import *<br>	fmt = cellFormat(<br>		backgroundColor=color(1, 0.9, 0.9),<br>		textFormat=textFormat(bold=True, foregroundColor=color(1, 0, 1)),<br>		horizontalAlignment='CENTER'<br>		)<br>	format_cell_range(worksheet, 'A1:J1', fmt)<br># Conditional formatting<br>	from gspread_formatting import *<br>	worksheet = some_spreadsheet.worksheet('My Worksheet')<br>	rule = ConditionalFormatRule(<br>		ranges=[GridRange.from_a1_range('A1:A2000', worksheet)],<br>		booleanRule=BooleanRule(<br>			condition=BooleanCondition('NUMBER_GREATER', ['100']),<br>			format=CellFormat(textFormat=textFormat(bold=True), backgroundColor=Color(1,0,0))<br>		)<br>	)<br>	rules = get_conditional_format_rules(worksheet)<br>	rules.append(rule)<br>	rules.save()<br><br>	# or, to replace any existing rules with just your single rule:<br>	rules.clear()<br>	rules.append(rule)<br>	rules.save()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - OPENPYXL - working with excel worksheets</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>https://openpyxl.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api/openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.html#openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksheet.PAPERSIZE_A3</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Documentation:</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read xlsx</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb = ox.load_workbook("test.xlsx")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read worksheetnames to list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = wb.sheetnames</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Select specific worksheet in workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws = wb["sheet1"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Select first worksheet</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws = wb[wb.sheetnames[0]]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Select active worksheet from workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws = wb.active</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Value from specific cell</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>val = ws["A1"].value</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import module for loading a workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from openpyxl import load_workbook</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import module for creating a workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from openpyxl import Workbook</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Load xlsx</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb = load_workbook(("Test.xlsx"))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Load xlsm</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb = load_workbook(filename="Test.xlsm",</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create new workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb = openpyxl.Workbook()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create new worksheet (at the end)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.create_sheet("ws")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create new worksheet (at the beginning)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.create_sheet("ws",0)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create new worksheet (at the second last position)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.create_sheet("ws",-2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change worksheet name</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.title = "xyz"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Value from specific cell (other method)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.cell(row=1, column=1).value</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Assign value to specific cell</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws["A1"] = 97</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Assign formula to specific cell (only english names for function and arguments must be sepearted by "," and not ";")</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws["A1"] = "=SUBTOTAL(1,I6:I10000)"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Save workbook to xlsx</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.save("Test2.xlsx")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort worksheets in workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb._sheets.sort(key=lambda ws: ws.title)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Copy worksheet in workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.copy_worksheet(ws)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Copy part of the worksheet</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws1.range('A1:Z20').copy(wb2.sheets[0].range('A1:Z20'))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Loop trough specific area and print the cell values</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for row in ws["A1":"C3"]:<br>    for cell in row: print(cell.value)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Loop trough specific column and print the cell values</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for cell in ws["C"]: print(cell.value)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert column before col 3</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.insert_cols(3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert 2 columns before col 3</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.insert_cols(3,2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert row before row 7</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.insert_rows(7)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert 5 rows before row 10</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.insert_rows(10,5)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete column C</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.delete_cols(3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete column F to H</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.delete_cols(6,3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete row 5</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.delete_rows(5)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete row 5 to 7</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.delete_rows(5,3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Move the cells from D4:F10 up one row and right two columns</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.move_range("D4:F10", rows=-1, cols=2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Append the values at the bottom of the sheet</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.append([1,"A",2,"C"])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns dimension of the worksheet eg. "A1:M24"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.dimensions</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns max column / row count of the worksheet</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.max_column / ws.max_row</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns min column / row count of the worksheet (which contains data)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.min_column / ws.min_row</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Rows 1:3 to be printed at the top of every page</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.print_title_rows(1:3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete worksheet in workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>del wb["sheet4"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define filters in columns A5 to Q5</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.auto_filter.ref = "A5:Q5"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Set filter to values "X","Y","Z" in column 2</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.auto_filter.add_filter_column(2,["X","Y","Z"])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort elements in filter for columsn B2 to B15</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.auto_filter.add_sort_condition("B2:B15")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Close workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.close()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate trough worksheet row by row</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for row in ws.iter_rows():<br>    for cell in row: print(cell.value)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate trough worksheet row by row (from A1 to C6 - 6 lines)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for row in ws.iter_rows<br>	(min_row=1,min_col=1,max_row=6,max_col=3):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate trough worksheet col by col</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for col in sheet.iter_cols():<br>    for cell in col: print(cell.value)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate trough worksheet col by col (from A1 to C6 - 3 lines)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for col in ws.iter_cols<br>	(min_row=1,min_col=1,max_row=6,max_col=3):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read whole worksheet to a nested list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>data_list = []<br>for row in ws.iter_rows ():<br>    zeile = []<br>    for cell in row:<br>        if cell.value is None:<br>            zeile.append ('')<br>        else:<br>            zeile.append (cell.value)<br>    data_list.append (zeile)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Saving a nested list in XLSX</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import pandas as pd<br>from openpyxl import load_workbook<br>cont = [[row1_cell1, row1_cell2], [row2.cell1,row3_cell3]]      # Nested list for saving<br>book = load_workbook ("fn.xlsx")                                # load existing XLSX - skip when overwriting<br>writer = pd.ExcelWriter ("fn.xlsx", engine='openpyxl',          # Define writer from pandas<br>                         options={'strings_to_numbers': True})<br>pd.DataFrame (cont).to_excel (writer, sheet_name="WS1",			# Prepare Data for XLSX and worksheet1<br>                              header=False, index=False)<br>pd.DataFrame (cont).to_excel (writer, sheet_name="WS2",			# Prepare Data for XLSX and worksheet2<br>                              header=False, index=False)<br>writer.save()                                                   # Save XLSX with the new worksheets<br>writer.close()													# Close writer</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Checking if xlsx is open while trying to save</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>while True:<br>    try:<br>        writer.save ()<br>        writer.close ()<br>        break<br>    except Exception as e:<br>        print ("Error: ", e)<br>		traceback.print_exc()<br>        input ("Datei kann nicht geöffnet werden - bitte schließen und <Enter> drücken!")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read column to a list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mylist = []<br>for col in ws['A']:<br>     mylist.append(col.value)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Automatic adjustment of the columns accoring to best fit</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>column_widths = []<br>ws = writer.sheets[stock]<br>for row in content:                                    # Determination of the longest value per column<br>    for i, cell in enumerate (row):<br>        if len (column_widths) > i:<br>            if len (str (cell)) > column_widths[i]:<br>                column_widths[i] = len (str (cell))<br>        else:<br>            column_widths += [len (str (cell))]<br>    for i, column_width in enumerate (column_widths):  # Col 0 and 1 with fixed length - rest according to longest value in col<br>        if i == 0:<br>            ws.column_dimensions[get_column_letter (i + 1)].width = 35<br>        elif i == 1:<br>            ws.column_dimensions[get_column_letter (i + 1)].width = 32<br>        else:<br>            ws.column_dimensions[get_column_letter (i + 1)].width = column_width + 2</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>import openpyxl.styles</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from openpyxl.styles import Font, PatternFill, Border, Side, Alignment</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>import formatting, styles</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from openpyxl import formatting, styles</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>bold font</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>bold = Font (bold=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>yellow background (use color picker)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>bg_yellow = PatternFill (fill_type="solid", start_color='fbfce1', end_color='fbfce1')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>grey background (use color picker)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>bg_grey = PatternFill (fill_type="solid", start_color='babab6', end_color='babab6')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>blue background (use color picker)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>bg_green = PatternFill (fill_type="solid", start_color='8af542', end_color='8af542')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Formating the xlsx<br>when a cell is formated 2 times - it gets overwritten)<br>define border on very side</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>frame_all = Border (left=Side (style='thin'), right=Side (style='thin'),<br>                    top=Side (style='thin'), bottom=Side (style='thin'))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>border only on top and bottom</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>frame_upanddown = Border (top=Side (style='thin'), bottom=Side (style='thin'))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>font size 14</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>size14 = Font (bold=True, size="14")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>define left alignment</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>left_allign = Alignment (horizontal="left")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>define right alignment</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>right_allign = Alignment (horizontal="right")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>define right alignment for area</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for row in ws["D1":"G34"]:<br>    for cell in row: cell.alignment = right_allign</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>define full border for several areas</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>areas = ["A7:G19","A27:G31"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>format area</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for area in areas:<br>    for row in ws[area]:<br>        for cell in row:<br>			cell.border = frame_all<br>			cell.number_format = "0"															=> define number format without decimals<br>			cell.number_format = "0.000E+00"													=> define number format with 3 decimals</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>set background and size for several specific cells</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for i in ["A6","D6","E6","A26","D26","E26"]:<br>    ws[i].fill = bg_green<br>    ws[i].font = size12</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>freeze worksheet at cell B2 for right and down scrolling</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>freeze = ws["B2"]<br>ws.freeze_panes = freeze</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>fit xlsx to one page for printing - 1st part</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.sheet_properties.pageSetUpPr.fitToPage = True</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>fit xlsx to one page for printing - 2nd part</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.page_setup.fitToHeight = False</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>set page to landscape horizontal</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.set_printer_settings(paper_size=1, orientation = 'landscape')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>set page to landscape horizontal</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.set_printer_settings(paper_size=1, orientation = 'portrait')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define red color background</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>red_color = 'ffc7ce'</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define red color font</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>red_color_font = '9c0103'</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define red_font with size / bold / red color</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>red_font = styles.Font (size=14, bold=True, color=red_color_font)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define red_fill with color red / fill type solid</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>red_fill = styles.PatternFill (start_color=red_color, end_color=red_color, fill_type='solid')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define conditional formating for area, <0,  fill with red background</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.conditional_formatting.add ('A1:Z100',<br>	formatting.rule.CellIsRule (operator='lessThan',formula=['0'],fill=red_fill))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define conditional formating for area, <0,  use red font</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.conditional_formatting.add ('A1:G25',<br>	formatting.rule.CellIsRule (operator='lessThan',formula=['0'],fill=red_fill,font=red_font))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Conditional formating for more than one area</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for area in ["B1:B100","C2:G100"]:<br>	ws.conditional_formatting.add (area, ...)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Conditional formating according to a formula</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.conditional_formatting.add('E1:E10',<br>	FormulaRule(formula=['ISBLANK(E1)'], stopIfTrue=True, fill=redFill))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Conditional formating according to a formula</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.conditional_formatting.add('D2:D10',<br>	FormulaRule(formula=['E1=0'], font=myFont, border=myBorder, fill=redFill))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Color Scale formating</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># Define rule<br>ruleBottomGreen = ColorScaleRule(<br>                        start_type='percentile', start_value=10, start_color="63BE7B", # green<br>                        mid_type='percentile', mid_value=50, mid_color= "FFFB84", # yellow<br>                        end_type='percentile', end_value=90, end_color="F8696B") # red<br># Apply rule<br>ws2.conditional_formatting.add(f"K4:K12", ruleBottomGreen)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - XLWINGS - working on the fly with open excel worksheets</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import xlwings as xw</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Use xlwings with hidden excel-worksheets</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>app = xw.App(visible=False)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create a new workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb = xw.Book()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read XLSX</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb = xw.Book ("name.xlsx")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read XLSX with password protection</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb = xw.Book ("name.xlsx", password("xyz"))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read specific worksheet</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws = wb.sheets["name_sheet"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read first worksheet</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws = wb.sheets[0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Add worksheet in workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.sheets.add("NewWS")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Reads the formula of a cell (not the value)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>f = ws["A1"].formula</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Assign formula to a cell</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws["A1"].formula = string</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate trough cells an set them to "" / None</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for i in ws.range("A3:A7"): i.value = ""</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sort worksheet in the first col (function see below)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>xl_col_sort(ws,1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Reads the color of a cell and returns a rgb-tuple eg. (146, 208, 80)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws["C8"].color</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Set value for cell</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws["C8"].value</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read hyperlink of cell</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range ("A2").hyperlink</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Set values for specific cell</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("A1:C3").value</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Remove background from a cell</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws["C8"].color = None</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>White: Assigns background color for a range of cells</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("A1:C3").color = (255,255,255)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Green: Assigns background color</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("A1:C3").color = (149,237,173)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Red: Assigns background color</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("A1:C3").color = (237,149,149)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Yellow: Assigns background color</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("A1:C3").color = (240,232,146)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Orange: Assigns background color</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("A1:C3").color = (230,172,80)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Blue: Assigns background color</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("A1:C3").color = (143,157,235)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Assign numeric format with 2 decimals</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("A1:C3").number_format = "0,00"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Assign percentage format with 2 decimals</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("A1:C3").number_format = "0%"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Set cell to bold</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("B1").api.Font.Bold = True</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Windows: Black: Set font color to black (see codes: https://access-excel.tips/excel-vba-color-code-list/)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("B2").api.Font.ColorIndex = 1</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Windows: Red: Set font color to red (see codes: https://access-excel.tips/excel-vba-color-code-list/)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("B2").api.Font.ColorIndex = 3</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Windows: Set font size to 16</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("A1").api.Font.Size = 16</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Windwos: Set specific font</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("A1").api.Font.Name = "Arial"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Mac: Set font color to dark grey</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("B2").api.font_object.color.set((105,105,105))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Autofit the columns</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws2.autofit(axis="columns")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Autofit the columns and rows</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws2.autofit()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Set wrap text to False</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws2.range(f"A2:Z10000").api.WrapText = False</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert a hyperlink and define which text should be shown in the cell</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws["D5"].add_hyperlink(link, text_to_display = "Chart")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>add an image at a specific cell</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wsInp.pictures.add(imgFN, left=wsInp.range("D20").left, top=wsInp.range("D20").top, height=100)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get all the pictures of a worksheet in a list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.pictures</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete the first picture in the worksheet</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.pictures[0].delete()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete the first picture with the name "xyz"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.pictures["xyz"].delete()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Disable auto filter in worksheet</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.api.AutoFilterMode = False</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Clears the content and formatting of the whole sheet</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.clear()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Clears the content but leaves formatting</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.clear_contents()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read worksheetnames to list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = [x.name for x in wb.sheets]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete worksheet in workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.sheets["OldWS"].delete()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Hide worksheet in workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.sheets["WS"].api.Visible = False</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Copy worksheet</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.copy(name='copied')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Save workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.save()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Close workbook</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.close()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Quit App when opened at the beginning</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.quit()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Bring workbook to the front of the screen</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.activate(steal_focus=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Load elements in list from range which are not None</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>[x for x in ws.range("A3:A2000").value if x != None]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>copy range from one sheet to another</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.range("A1:A10").value = ws2.range("A1:A10").options(ndim=2).value</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Move worksheet at the beginning</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws1.api.Move(Before=wsWork.api)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Move worksheet at the end</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws1.api.Move(After=wsWork.api)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Update XLSX in reealtime<br>Get address and subaddress from hyperlinks</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for l in ws1['H18'].api._inner.Hyperlinks:<br>  wAddr = l.address         # brings results for http-links<br>  wSubAddr = l.SubAddress   # brings results for internal file-links</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Hide worksheet in windows</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>app = xw.App()<br>wb = app.books.open(FN)<br>app.visible = False<br>ws = wb.sheets[0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Make border / frame for cells<br>Definiton for linestyles see: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-US/dotnet/api/microsoft.office.interop.excel.xllinestyle?view=excel-pia<br>Definiton for border-sites see: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/excel.xlbordersindex</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for e in ws.range("B3:D3"):<br>  for site in [7,8,9,10]:<br>    e.api.Borders(site).LineStyle = 1</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Update row / change whole row</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = ws.range("A2:A6").value         # Read specific cells to list (eg. [2,4,6,7,8])<br>l = [0,1,2,3,4]											# Change list<br>ws.range("A2:A100").value = l       # Writeback the updates to cells</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Update cell area / change 3 elements</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>v = ws.range("A2:F9").value<br>v[3][2] = 9999999<br>v[5][1] = 8888888<br>v[7][5] = 5555555<br>ws.range("A2:F9").value = v</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sorting workssheet in given col</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def xl_col_sort(sheet,col_num):<br>    sheet.range((2,col_num)).api.Sort(Key1=sheet.range((2,col_num)).api, Order1=1)<br>    return</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete several rows / columns</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from xlwings.constants import DeleteShiftDirection<br>ws.range('2:4').api.Delete(DeleteShiftDirection.xlShiftUp)      # delete rows 2 to 4<br>ws.range('A:C').api.Delete(DeleteShiftDirection.xlShiftUp)      # delete cols A to C</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - PYTHON-DOCX - working with word docx</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import the module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import python-docx</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import the library</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from docx import Document</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read file</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>doc = Document('file.docx')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Save file</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>doc.save('file.docx')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read all tables</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>t = doc.tables</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Access specific element in table</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>t[0].rows[0].cells[0].paragraphs[0].text</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Assign style to specific paragraph</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>t[0].rows[0].cells[1].paragraphs[0].style</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read all paragraphs</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>p = doc.paragrapsh</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Set the Normal style to specific font and size</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>(assigning it to specific paragraph see above)<br>from docx.shared import Pt<br>style = document.styles['Normal']<br>font = style.font<br>font.name = 'Arial'<br>font.size = Pt(10)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Replace text and keep the previous style</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>(iteration over runs necessary)<br>for para in doc.paragraphs:<br>  for run in para.runs:<br>    run.text = "New Text"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - WIN32COM - creating worksheets as pdf from xlsx</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import Win32 Module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import win32com.client</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import OS Module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import os</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define Input-XLSX</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>inp = os.getcwd() + "\\" +"excel.xlsx"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define Output-PDF</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>out = os.getcwd() + "\\" +"ws.pdf"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Initialize Excel Application</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>o = win32com.client.Dispatch("Excel.Application")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Do everything hidden</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>o.Visible = False</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Open XLSX</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb = o.Workbooks.Open(inp)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create PDF from the active worksheet in the xlsx</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.ActiveSheet.ExportAsFixedFormat (0, out)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Close XLSX</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.Close(True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Number of Worksheets</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.Sheets.Count</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Select 3 different worksheets by number (for exporting afterwards)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>wb.WorkSheets ([3,4,8]).Select()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Assign worksheet 4</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws = wb.Worksheets[4]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>No Zooming</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.PageSetup.Zoom = False</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Fit to 1 height</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.PageSetup.FitToPagesTall = 1</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Fit to 1 width</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.PageSetup.FitToPagesWide = 1</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Select specific print area</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ws.PageSetup.PrintArea = "A1:G50"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - PyPDF2 - working with pdfs</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create Worksheets as PDF from XLSX<br>Working with PDFs<br>Read PDF informations / metadata</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from PyPDF2 import PdfFileReader        # Import Module for PDF Reading<br>with open (fn, 'rb') as f:<br>    pdf = PdfFileReader (f)				# Read PDF informations<br>    info = pdf.getDocumentInfo ()		# Read PDF infos^<br>    number_of_pages = pdf.getNumPages ()    # Read number of pages<br>	print(info)							# Outputs all informations<br>	print(info.title)					# Outputs title of the pdf<br>	print(info.author)					# Outputs author of the pdf</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read Text from Pdf</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>page = pdf.getPage (7)		# Select page 8<br>text = page.extractText ()	# Extract text<br>print (text)				# print (text</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Split PDFs</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from PyPDF2 import PdfFileWriter		    # Import Module for PDF Writing<br>pdf_writer = PdfFileWriter()				# Create new instance of PDF writer<br>pdf_writer.addPage(page)                    # Add Page to writer<br>with open(output_filename, 'wb') as out:	# Write splitted PDF<br>	pdf_writer.write(out)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Merge PDFs</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from PyPDF2 import PdfFileMerger		    # Import Module for PDF Merging<br>pdf_merger = PdfFileMerger()				# Create new instance of PDF merger<br>pdf_merger.append(path)                     # Append Page for merging<br>with open(output_path, 'wb') as fileobj:	# Write merged PDF<br>	pdf_merger.write(fileobj)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Rotate clockwise</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>page.rotateClockwise(90)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Rotate counter clockwise</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>page.rotateCounterClockwise(90)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Overlaying / Watermarking two pages</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>page.mergePage(watermark_page)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>import the module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import pyodbc</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define connection and cursor for access-db</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>FN = "dataOdd.accdb"<br>path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0]))<br>fn = path + "/" + FN<br>msAccess = r"{Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb, *.accdb)}"<br>connPath = f'Driver={msAccess};DBQ={fn};'<br>conn = pyodbc.connect(connPath)<br>cursor = conn.cursor()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read data</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>cursor.execute('select * from dataOdds')<br>for row in cursor.fetchall():<br>    print (row)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert data</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "INSERT INTO dataOdds (" \<br>      "[Date]," \<br>      "Name," \<br>      "Links," \<br>      "Fixture) " \<br>      "VALUES (?,?,?,?)"<br>cont = [<br>        datetime.today().date(),<br>        "datetime",<br>        "ichbineinlink.html",<br>        "01:  -  Race Test Race"<br>       ]<br>cursor.execute(sql, cont)<br>conn.commit()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Update data</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "UPDATE dataOdds " \<br>      "SET Links = ? " \<br>      "WHERE Date = ? " \<br>      "AND Name = ? " \<br>      "AND Fixture = ?"<br>cont = [<br>        "ABC",<br>        "2022-03-24",<br>        "Albury",<br>        "02:35  -  Race 1 Trackpix maiden showcase plate"<br>       ]<br>cursor.execute(sql, cont)<br>conn.commit()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete data</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>### delete data<br>sql = "DELETE FROM dataOdds " \<br>      "WHERE Date = ? " \<br>      "AND Name = ? " \<br>      "AND Fixture = ?"<br>cont = [<br>        "2022-04-22",<br>        "ABCDEFGH",<br>        "01:  -  Race Test Race"<br>       ]<br>cursor.execute(sql, cont)<br>conn.commit()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MYSQL - MARIADB - HEIDISQL</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Data where the MariaDB-database is stored</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>C:\Program Files\MariaDB 10.3\data</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Data where the MySQL-database is stored</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>C:\ProgramData\MySQL\MYSQL Server 8.0\data</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shows the database-version in the column header</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>HeidiSQL - Datei / Verbindungsmanager</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Transfer whole table from local db to hosted db</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>right click on database / table to transfer and select "export database as sql"<br>for "output" select eg. "Server: A2Hosting" (connection to the hosted server)<br>for "database" select eg. "xyztec_stockdb" (name from the db on the hosted server)<br>for "data" select "replace existing data"<br>when format of table should be changed also select checkbox "Drop" at table (not database!)<br>press "export" (wait till the rows-column shows 100%)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Backup MySQL / MariaDB with HeidiSQL<br>see: https://manjaro.site/backup-mysql-database-using-heidisql/</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>select DB - <Tools>, <Export Database as SQL><br>select Drop-Checkboxes and Create-Checkboxes<br>Data: Delete + insert (truncate existing data)<br>Output: single .sql file<br>Filename: choose destination file and folder</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MYSQL - MARIADB - SQL</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Both modules have to be installed</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install mysql, mysql.connector</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import module for mysql access</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import mysql.connector</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define connection</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mydb = mysql.connector.connect (host="localhost",user="root",passwd="pwd")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Set Cursor on mySQL</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mycursor = mydb.cursor()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creates database "db"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mycursor.execute("CREATE DATABASE db")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show databases and informations</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mycursor.execute("SHOW DATABASES")<br>    for db in mycursor: print(db)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create new table with 2 cols</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mycursor.execute("CREATE TABLE students (name VARCHAR(255),age INTEGER(10))")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show tables and informations</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mycursor.execute("SHOW TABLES") for tb in mycursor: print(tb)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert row in table with the 2 values using sql injection</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sqlFormula = "INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES (%s, %s)"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define a row with values to insert</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>student1 = ("Rachel", 22)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Execute the sql statement to add one row</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mycursor.execute(sqlFormula,student1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Commit the change (otherwise no update will be saved to db)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mydb.commit()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define more rows with values</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>students = [("Tom", 22),("Mark", 29),("Clara", 52)]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Execute the sql statement to add more row (from list / tuple)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mycursor.executemany(sqlFormula,students)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Select col "age" from table "students"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mycursor.execute("SELECT age FROM students")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read all rows according the above select statement</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myresult = mycursor.fetchall()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read one / first row according the above select statement</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myresult = mycursor.fetchone()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Output the read row / table informations</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for row in myresult: print(row)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define select (greater than)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "SELECT * FROM students WHERE age > 25"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define select (with like clausel)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "SELECT * FROM students WHERE name LIKE 'M%'"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Execute SQL</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mycursor.execute(sql)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define select (with sql injection)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "SELECT * FROM students WHERE name = %s"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Execute SQL with parameters</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mycursor.execute(sql, ("Mike", ))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Update row where name = "xyz"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "UPDATE students SET age = 82 WHERE name='xyz'"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Limit the output to 5 rows</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "SELECT * FROM students LIMIT 5"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Limit the output toi 5 rows and starting with element 2</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "SELECT * FROM students LIMIT 5 OFFSET 2</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Output content - ascending order</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY name"</code></pre>
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<p>Output content - descending order</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY name DESC"</code></pre>
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<p>Delete row with name "xyz"</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "DELETE FROM students WHERE name = 'xyz'"</code></pre>
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<p>Drop whole table (if exists helps if there no table anymore)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS students"</code></pre>
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<p>Reset auto-increment in a table</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ALTER TABLE mytable AUTO_INCREMENT=0</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete the data inside a table</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>TRUNCATE TABLE tablename</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete the data AND the whole table-structure itself</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>DROP TABLE tablename</code></pre>
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<p>SELECT ticker name for specific ticker</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "SELECT tickerName FROM stock_main WHERE ticker=%s"   # Or Select * to get all values from the table<br>var = [(stockTicker)]<br>c.execute(sql,var)<br>data = c.fetchall()</code></pre>
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<p>SELECT maximum calcDate for specific ticker</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "SELECT max(calcDate) FROM scores WHERE ticker = %s"<br>var = [(stock)]<br>c.execute (sql, var)<br>lastCalcDate = c.fetchone()</code></pre>
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<p>INSERT new row in a table</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "INSERT INTO scores (" \<br>    "ticker," \<br>    "calcDate," \<br>    "stockName," \<br>    "profitGrowth)" \<br>    " VALUES (%s,%s,%s,%s)"  # as many %s necessary as insert attributes<br>cont = [inputList]          # list with 4 elements<br>c.execute (sql, cont)<br>mydb.commit ()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>UPDATE row in a table</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "UPDATE stock_statistics " \<br>        "SET " \<br>        "marketCap=%s," \<br>        "EV=%s," \<br>        "Ebitda=%s" \<br>        " WHERE ticker=%s AND ultimo=%s"<br>cont = [(valMarketCap,<br>        valEV,<br>        valEbitda,<br>        stockTicker,<br>        ultimo)]<br>c.executemany (sql, cont)<br>mydb.commit ()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>DELETE row in a table</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "DELETE FROM scores" \<br>    " WHERE ticker = %s and calcDate = %s"<br>cont = [stock,dateElem]<br>c.execute (sql, cont)<br>mydb.commit ()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>DELETE everything in a table</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sql = "DELETE FROM scores"<br>c.execute (sql)<br>mydb.commit ()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">SQL ALCHEMY</h2>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import MODULE</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from sqlalchemy import create_engine</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>necessary to install - otherwise problems eg. with api-accesses to the db</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install pymysql</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define access to the MySQL-DB (username, pw, dbname)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql: //user:pw@localhost/dbname?host=localhost?port=3306")</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Establish connection</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>conn = engine.connect()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read all existing tables from the databasen - returns list</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>engine.table_names()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read data from db - returns list with tuples as rows</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>conn.execute("SELECT * FROM actor").fetchall()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Close connection at the end</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>conn.close()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Close sql engine at the end</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>engine.dispose()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define object / table</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Integer, String, Float, MetaData<br>meta = MetaData()<br>students = Table(<br>   'students',<br>   meta,<br>   Column('id', Integer, primary_key = True),<br>   Column('name', String(45)),<br>   Column('lastname', String(45)),<br>)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create the table(s) according to the metadata-definition</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>meta.create_all(engine)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>name of the table => students</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>user_table.c.name</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>all column-names / keys as list => ['id', 'name', 'lastname']</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>user_table.c.keys()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>shows the primary key of the object</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>user_table.primary_key</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE / SELECT statements</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>students.insert()                                           # Creates INSERT Statement according due the whole students structure<br>	=> shows: INSERT INTO students (id, name, lastname, floatvar) VALUES (:id, :name, :lastname, :floatvar)<br>students.insert().values(name = 'Karan')                    # Creates INSERT Statement for specific attribute<br>	=> shows: INSERT INTO students (name) VALUES (:name)<br>students.update()                                           # Creates UPDATE Statement<br>	=> shows: UPDATE students SET id=:id, name=:name, lastname=:lastname, floatvar=:floatvar<br>students.delete()                                           # Creates DELETE Statement<br>	=> shows: DELETE FROM students<br>students.select()                                           # Creates SELECT Statement<br>	=> shows: SELECT students.id, students.name, students.lastname, students.floatvar  FROM students</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Execute SQL command - INSERT</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>conn = engine.connect()                                     # Insert one row<br>ins = students.insert().values (name = 'Brauneder', lastname = 'Karl')<br>result = conn.execute(ins)<br>result.inserted_primary_key                                 # Shows the inserted primary key<br>conn.execute(students.insert(), [                           # Insert more rows<br>   {'name':'Krankl', 'lastname' : 'Hans'},<br>   {'name':'Herzog','lastname' : 'Andreas'},<br>])</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Execute SQL command - SELECT</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = students.select()                                       # Creates select statement for SELECT *<br>result = conn.execute(s)                                    # Excenute select statement<br>for row in result: print(row)                               # Outputs the result rows for select<br>s = students.select().where(students.c.id > 10)             # Creates select statement with WHERE clausel</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Execute SQL with Textual SQL</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from sqlalchemy.sql import text<br>t = text("SELECT name FROM students")<br>result = conn.execute(t)<br>for row in result: print(row)<br>t = text("select students.name, students.lastname from students where students.name between :x and :y")<br>result = conn.execute(t, x = 'A', y = 'L')                  # Select statement with where-parameters</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Using Aliases</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from sqlalchemy.sql import alias, select<br>st = students.alias("a")<br>s = select([st]).where(st.c.id > 2)<br>conn.execute(s).fetchall()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Execute UPDATE statement</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>conn = engine.connect()<br>stmt=students.update().where(students.c.lastname=='Khanna').values(lastname='Kapoor')<br>conn.execute(stmt)<br>s = students.select()<br>conn.execute(s).fetchall()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Execute DELETE statementconn = engine.connect()</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>stmt = students.delete().where(students.c.lastname == 'Khanna')<br>conn.execute(stmt)<br>s = students.select()<br>conn.execute(s).fetchall()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">SQLITE3 SQL</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import sqlite3</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create / Connet to a database</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>conn = sqlite3.connect("address_book.db")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create a cursor (for working with the db)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c = conn.cursor()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create a table in the database (if it not exists)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code></code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p></p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code></code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert rows into database</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c.execute("INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (:attr1,:attr2,:attr3)",<br>		{<br>			"attr1": field1.get(),<br>			"attr2": field2.get(),<br>			"attr3": field3.get()<br>		})</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Select rows from database</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c.execute("SELECT * FROM adresses")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete row from database - get key from delete_box widget (eg. tkinter-module)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c.execute("DELETE from addresses WHERE oid = "idVal"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Fetch all rows</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>records = c.fetchall()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Fetch only one row</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c.fetchone()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Fetch the first 50 rows</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>records = c.fetchmany(50)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Commit Changes</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>conn.commit()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Close Connection</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>conn.close()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULES - DATES, DATETIME, CALENDAR, TIMEIT, TIME, SYS, CTYPES</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import module datetime and timedelta</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from datetime import datetime, timedelta</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import module dat</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from datetime import date</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Conversion string to datetime in format yyyy-mm-dd</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>datetime.strptime("2021-06-01", "%Y-%m-%d")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Conversion for date format eg. "Apr 21, 2020"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>datetime.strptime("Apr 21, 2020", "%b %d. %Y")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Conversion for utc format eg. "14:42:46 UTC 2021-12-15</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>datetime.strptime(s, "%H:%M:%S UTC %Y-%m-%d")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Conversion for time format hh:mm:ss</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>datetime.strptime("05:20:25","%H:%M:%S")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Conversion datetime to string in format  yyyy-mm-dd</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>datetime.strftime(dt, "%Y-%m-%d")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert dateformat from string in one line (1st from - 2nd to)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dt.strftime((dt.strptime(tmp,"%m/%d/%Y")),"%Y-%m-%d")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if variable is of type datetime.date or datetime.datetime</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>isinstance(x, date)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if variable is of type datetime.datetime</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>isinstance(x, datetime)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define date as "2020-07-24"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>date = date(2020,7,24)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define date+time as "2020-03-05 19:27:23"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dt = datetime(2020,3,5,19,27,23)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Actual date+time in format 2020-06-09 20:11:13</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>now = datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Actual date in format 2020-06-09</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>now = datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Actual date in datetime format</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>tday = datetime.today()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Actual date as date format</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>tday = datetime.today().date()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Actual date as string format</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>tday = str(datetime.today().date())</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert datetime to date</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>date = dt.date()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Year / month / day / hour / minute from the datetime</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dt.year, dt.month, dt.day, dt.hour, dt.minute</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns weekday (monday=1, sunday=7)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>tday.isoweekday()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Return the calendar week-number</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dt.isocalendar().week</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Calculates last friday (+2 for FR, +1 SA, 0 SU, -1 MO, -2 TU, -3 WE, -4 TH)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>last_friday = day - timedelta(days=tday.isoweekday() + 2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creates timedelta for 7 days</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>tdelta = timedelta(days=7)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creates timedelta for 1 minute</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>tdelta = timedelta(seconds=60)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>7 days are added to the actual day</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>tday + tdelta</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Previous 1-day-back-date for date</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>newdate = date - timedelta(days=1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Timedelta for two dates</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>date2-date1</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Difference in days</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>daysDiff = abs(dt2-dt1).days</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Difference in minutes</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>minDiff = (date2-date1).total_seconds() / 60</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Generate UNIX/ISO-format from datetime</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>datetime.fromisoformat('2020-07-10 02:00:00').timestamp()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Generate UNIX/ISO-format from actual date</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>iso_dt = datetime.fromisoformat(str(datetime.now())).timestamp()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Generate Datetime from UNIXISO-format</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>date = datetime.fromtimestamp(ts)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shows size of the list / tuple in bytes</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sys.getsizeof(l) or sys.getsizeof(t)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert float to hh:mm:ss datetime.timedelta</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>t = timedelta(days=0.786331018518518)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert datetime.timedelta to float</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>f = t.total_seconds() / 86400</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Standardmodules from python no pip install necessary<br>Overview % parsing commands<br>Using german names / deutsche namen for month- and day-names</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import locale<br>locale.setlocale(category=locale.LC_ALL,locale="German")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check last day of month & first weekday of month</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import calendar<br>calendar.monthrange(year,month)                         # return tuple - 1st: weekday first day - 2nd: ultimo day</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if date and timezone has summmer time / daylight time</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import pytz<br>def is_dst(dt=None, timezone="UTC"):<br>    if dt is None:<br>        dt = datetime.utcnow()<br>    timezone = pytz.timezone(timezone)<br>    timezone_aware_date = timezone.localize(dt, is_dst=None)<br>    return timezone_aware_date.tzinfo._dst.seconds != 0<br>is_dst()													# False => UTC has no daylight time<br>is_dst(datetime(2019, 1, 1), timezone="US/Eastern")			# False => at this date US/Eastern has no daylight time<br>is_dst(datetime(2019, 4, 1), timezone="US/Eastern")			# True => at this date US/Eastern has daylight time<br>is_dst(datetime(2019, 1, 1), timezone="CET")				# False => at this date CET has no daylight time<br>is_dst(datetime(2019, 4, 1), timezone="CET")				# True => at this date CET has daylight time</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Timing a specific activity</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import timeit<br>start = timeit.default_timer()                          # Start timer<br>stop = timeit.default_timer()                           # Stop timer<br>round(stop-start,2)										# Stopped time in seconds and rounded to 2 decimals<br>round((stop-start)/60,2)                                # Stopped time in minutes and rounded to 2 decimals<br>timeit.timeit(stmt="[0,1,2]",number=1000000)     		# Checking the time for creating the list for 1mio times</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Countdown while waiting</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import time, import sys<br>time.sleep(3)                                           # Delay for 3 seconds<br>for i in range (30, 0, -1):                             # Delay for 30 seconds - countdown in one row<br>    sys.stdout.write (str (i) + ' ')                    # Countdown output<br>    sys.stdout.flush ()<br>    time.sleep (1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check which os system running</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from sys import platform<br>if platform == "linux"                                  # Program is excecuting from Linux<br>if platform == "win32":                                 # Program ix excecuting from Windows<br>if platform == "darwin":                                # Program is excecuting from Mac</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read monitor resolution</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import ctypes<br>user32 = ctypes.windll.user32<br>screensize = user32.GetSystemMetrics(0),                # 1st parameter is width, 2nd parameter is height<br>    user32.GetSystemMetrics(1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Wait for keystroke or x seconds</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>TIMEOUT = 10                # time / seconds for waiting<br>startTime = time.time()<br>inp = None<br>print(f"Program finished - pls press <enter> to close the window or wait {round(TIMEOUT / 60, 2)} minutes...")<br>while True:<br>    if msvcrt.kbhit():                          # continue when pressing a key<br>        inp = msvcrt.getch()<br>        break<br>    elif time.time() - startTime > TIMEOUT:     # continue when the time is running out<br>        break</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - CURRENCYCONVERTER - currency conversion</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import Module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from currency_converter import CurrencyConverter</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import Module for rate-checks for specific date</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from datetime import date</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read Function CurrencyConverter</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c = CurrencyConverter()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert 100 USD to AUD with for actual date</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c.convert(100, 'USD', 'AUD')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert 100 USD to AUD for date 2013-03-21</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c.convert(100, 'USD', 'AUD', date=date(2013, 3, 21))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check begin and end-date for all rates for BGN</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>first_date, last_date = c.bounds['BGN']</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read all possible currencies in a set</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c.currencies</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - PYCOUNTRY - Countries, Currency, Language</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Description about the module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://pypi.org/project/pycountry/</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Install moduel</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import pycountry</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>List of all countries with several informations</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>list(pycountry.countries)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Searching for country-informatns for "DE"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c = pycountry.countries.get(alpha_2='DE')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs => DE</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c.alpha_2</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs => DEU</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c.alpha_3</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs number of the coutnry => 276</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c.numeric</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs full name of the country => Germany</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c.name</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs the official name => "Federal Republic of Germany!</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c.official_name</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>List of all currencies</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>list(pycountry.currencies)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>List of all languages</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>list(pycountry.languages)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>List of all historic countries which not more exists</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>list(pycountry.historic_countries)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>List of all subdivided countries</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>list(pycountry.subdivisiones)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULES - SMTPLIB, MIMEText - sending emails</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import smtplib</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import smtplib</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import MIMEText</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from email.mime.text import MIMEText</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>SMTP-Server and port number from the mail provider (e.g. GMail)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com', 587)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Response 250 means connection is ok</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print(s.ehlo())</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Response 250 means connection is ok</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print(s.starttls())</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Not the real pw - only the app-generated pw from gmail</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print(s.login('sender@gmail.com', 'xyz123'))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Message of the email</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>msg = MIMEText("This is the text of the mail")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>One recipient</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>sender = ['sender@gmail.com']</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>One or more recipient</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>recipients = ['recip1@gmail.com']</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Or more recipients</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>recipients = ['recip1@gmail.com','recip2@r-software.at']</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Subject</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>msg['Subject'] = "Subject of Mail"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>From</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>msg['From'] = sender</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>One or more recipients</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>msg['To'] = ", ".join(recipients)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sending email</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.sendmail(sender, recipients, msg.as_string())</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Closing connection</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.quit()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - PATHLIB - interacting with the operating system</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from pathlib import Path</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Current working directory</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Path.cwd()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creates new folder (no error message if folder allready exists with exist_ok=True)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Path("folder").mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>define some folder</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>path = Path("some_folder")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>add some subfolders (eg. some_folder/sub_folder/sub_sub_folder)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>path = path / "sub_folder" / "sub_sub_folder"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>make path absolute</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>path = path.resolve()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Problems with some added python modules (eg. pycountry) with pyinstaller  see pyinstaller description<br>sending emails<br>if you have 2-Factor-Authentification you must generate a App-Password for GMail<br>get mac-adress from the actual pc</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from uuid import getnode as get_mac<br>mac = get_mac()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - OS, SHUTIL, FILECMP, DIRCMP, Send2Trash - interacting with the operating system</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import os</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get the actual path</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0]))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Put all filenames to a list from the actual path</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.listdir(path)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shows alls attributs and methods of the library</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print(dir(os))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change the directory</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.chdir("C:/temp")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Current working directory</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.getcwd()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get actual user name</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.getlogin()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs the entire content of the current working dir</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for f in os.listdir(): print(f)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs the elements seperated in name + extension</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for f in os.listdir(): fn, ext = os.path.splitext(f)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change the filenmae</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.rename(filename, new_name)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Cut and paste file from path1 to path2</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.rename(src, dst)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Copy file from source to destination</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>shutil.copyfile("src","dst")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creates new folder (also possible with makedirs => is prefered)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.mkdir("folder")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creates new folder and subfolders</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.makedirs("folder/subfolder")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete file</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.remove (file)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete folder (prefered cause deleting is dangerous)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.rmdir ("folder")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete folder and subfolders</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.removedirs ("folder/subfolder")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs the statistics of the file (size, modification time,...)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.stat("file")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs dirpath - all the dirs - and all the files</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for dirpath,dir,files in os.walk(os.getcwd())</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get home dir of the actual user</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.environ.get("HOME")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs only the filename => file.txt</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.path.basename("temp/file.txt")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs only the dir => temp/</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.path.dirname("temp/file.txt")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs filename and dir as a tuple => ("temp/","file.txt")</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.path.split("temp/file.txt")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Checks if filename exists in the filesystem</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.path.exists("temp/file.txt")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Checks if folder exists / element is a directory (in the actual dir)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.path.isdir("xyz")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Checks if files exists / element is a file (in the actual dir)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.path.isfile("xyz")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Join path together on every os-system (win,mac,linux)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.path.join(path, "URLS", link)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Put all sub-folders to a list from the actual working dir</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>[x[0] for x in os.walk(path)][1:]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change file to hidden</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.popen('attrib +h ' + fn).read().close()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Send file to trash (needs:)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>send2trash(filename)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Put all files with path in a list from actual directory with all subdirs and Filtering</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>listExtensions=["jpg","jpeg","png"]<br>listImages = []<br>for dirpath,dir,files in os.walk(os.getcwd()):<br>  for f in files:<br>    if any(x in f.lower() for x in listExtensions):<br>      wFN = os.path.join(dirpath, f)<br>      listImages.append(wFN)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find home-directory for the actual user</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from os.path import expanduser<br>home = expanduser("~")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if 2 folders are different</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from filecmp import dircmp<br>ergDiff = dircmp(path, toPath)          # compare 2 directories<br>if ergDiff.left_only: ...               # see all changed files on the left side</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - LOGGING</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>importing module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import logging</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create & Config - w overwrites every time</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>logging.basicConfig(filename="fn.log",format='%(asctime)s %(message)s', filemode='w')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Level every log > INFO possible (but not DEBUG)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>logging.basicConfig(filename="fn.log",level=logging.INFO)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>getLogger-Name / Level / Time / Message</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>...format="%(name)"s-%(levelname)s:%(asctime)s-%(message)s</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creating an object with specific name</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>logger=logging.getLogger(logname)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Setting the threshold of logger to DEBUG</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Debug message</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>logger.debug("Harmless debug Message")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Info message</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>logger.info("Just an information")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Warning message</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>logger.warning("Its a Warning")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Error message</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>logger.error("Did you try to divide by zero")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Critical error message</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>logger.critical("Internet is down")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>general Logging Layers: debug  info  warning  error  critical<br>Example with 2 logging levels</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>logger=logging.getLogger(__name__)							 # Creating an object with the name of the py-file<br>stream_h = logging.StreamHandler()							 # Defining a handler for streamdata in the console<br>file_h = logging FileHandler("file.log"						 # Defining a handler for logging to a file<br>stream_h.setLevel(logging.WARNING)							 # Set Stream-Logging to Warning-Level<br>file_h.setLevel(logging.ERROR)								 # Set File-Logging to Error-Level<br>	=> Error-Messages will go to both stream and file - Warning-Messages only to stream and not to file<br>formatter = logging.formatter								 # Defining the format for outputting<br>	"%(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s")<br>stream_h.setFormatter(formatter)							 # Setting format for stream-logging<br>file_h.setFormatter(formatter)								 # Setting format for file-logging<br>logger.addHandler(stream_h)									 # Adding Stream-handler to logger<br>logger.addHandler(file_h)									 # Adding File-handler to logger</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>logging using RotatingFileHandler<br><a href='https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24505145/how-to-limit-log-file-size-in-python	# Explanation about handling' target='_blank'>https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24505145/how-to-limit-log-file-size-in-python	# Explanation about handling</a></p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from logging.handlers import RotatingFileHandler             # importing file handler<br>log_formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s               # Define format for output in logfile<br>    %(levelname)s %(funcName)s(%(lineno)d) %(message)s')<br>my_handler = RotatingFileHandler(logFile, mode='a',          # Define handler with maxBytes and backupCount<br>    maxBytes=5*1024*1024, backupCount=2, encoding=None,      # When the log grows more then maxBytes...<br>    delay=0)                                                 # ...itgenerates a new logfile-version<br>my_handler.setFormatter(log_formatter)                       # Setting the format<br>my_handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)                            # Setting the threshold of logger to INFO<br>logger = logging.getLogger('root')                           # Creating an object with name<br>logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)                                # Setting the threshold of logger to INFO<br>logger.addHandler(my_handler)                                # Define handler with definition above</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - UNITTEST</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Importing module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import unittest</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import the function which will be tested</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from prg import func</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define the class for testing the function</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>class TestFunc(unittest.TestCase):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define the first testcase - must begin with test*</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def testcase1(self):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>call the function</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>erg = func("x",3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>check if result is ok</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>self.assertEqual("3x")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>starting the unittest</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if equal</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>self.assertEqual(a,b)</code></pre>
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<p>Check if not equal</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>self.assertNotEquale(a,b)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if true</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>self.assertTrue(x)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if false</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>self.assertFalse(x)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if i in list</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>self.assertIn(i,list)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if i not in list</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>self.assertNotIn(i,list)</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - DOTENV - hide environment informations</h2>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>many methods: https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html<br>Installation: pip install python-dotenv<br>create .env file and store sensible data in the form TOKEN=xyz123<br>and hide the *.env files in the .gitignore</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install python-dotenv<br>from dotenv import load_dotenv, find_dotenv<br>import os<br>load_dotenv(find_dotenv())<br>GMAIL_TOKEN = os.environ.get("GMAIL_TOKEN")</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - COLLECTIONS - counter, defaultdic</h2>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Counter, namedtuple, OrderedDict, defaultdict, deque<br>COUNTER</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from collections import Counter<br>colors = ['blue', 'blue', 'red', 'red', "red"]<br>counter = Counter(colors)									# Creates dict with counts => {'red': 3, 'blue': 2} in ordered form<br>counter.most_common(1) 		                           		# Outputs the element with the most counts as tuple<br>counter["red"})            		                            # Outputs the occurence of the value "red" => 3</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>NAMEDTUPLE</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from collections import namedtuple<br>Point = namedtuple("Point","x,y")							# Creates class with tumple<br>pt = Point(1,-4)											# Creates Point(x=1,y=-4)<br>print(pt.x, pt.y)											# Shows 1 and -4</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>ORDEREDDICT</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>not necessary anymore in the newer python versions<br>is allready implemented in the regular dict-type)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>DEFAULTDIC</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d = defaultdict(int)	# Create defaultdict and define default-type<br>d["xyz"]				# No key error when when key not in the dict => default-type value 0 is outputed</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>DEQUE</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from collections import deque      # import collections deque module<br>d = deque()				# Create deque (optimized for working with elements at the end or beginning of the list)<br>d.append(1)				# Add element at the end<br>d.appendleft(2)			# Add element at the beginning<br>d.extend([1,2]			# Add list of elements at the end<br>d.extendleft([1,2])		# Add list of elements at the beginning (in reversed order so 2,1)<br>d.pop()					# Delete element at the end<br>d.popleft()				# Delete element at the beginning<br>d.clear()				# Clear entire list<br>d.rotate(2)				# Shift all elements 2 places to the right<br>d.rotateleft(-1)			# Shift all elements 1 place to the left</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - ITERTOOLS - products, combinations</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>necessary for the func-operator</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import operator</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>all combis for carthesian product => [(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4)]</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>product([1,2],[3,4])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>all with 3 elements => (0,0,0),(0,0,1),(0,1,0),(0,1,1), aso.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>product([0, 1], repeat=3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>all combis of this 2 strings => [("a","1"),("a","2"),("b","1"),("b","2")]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>product('ab', '12')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>all different orderings => [(1,2,3),(1,3,2),(2,1,3),(2,3,1),(3,1,2),(3,2,1)]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>permutations ([1,2,3])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>all different orderings with 2 elements => [(1,2),(1,3),(2,1),(2,3),(3,1),(3,2)]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>permutations([1,2,3],2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>all possible combis for a defined length => [(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4),(3,4)]</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>combinations([1,2,3,4],2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>all combis also with itself => [(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(2,2),(2,3),(3,3)]</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>combinations_with_replacement([1,2,3],2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>accumulates every number with the next => [1,3,6,10]</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>accumulate([1,2,3,4])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>using operator .mul for multiplication every number the next => [1,2,6,24]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>accumulate([1,2,3,4], func=operator.mul)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>compares every entry to the maximum => [1,2,5,5,5]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>accumulate([1,2,5,3,4], func=max)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>gives interabel - groups by the func => True[1,2], False[3]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>groupby([1,2,3],key=func_smaller3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>same thing - with a lambda operation => True[1,2], False[3]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>grougpy([1,2,3],key=lambda x: x<3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>infinite loop starting at 10 (has to be ended with break sometimes)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for i in count(10)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>infinite cycle through the list (has to be ended with break sometimes)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for i in cycle([1,2,3])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>infinite loop with 1</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for i in repeat(1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>loop with 1 for 4 times</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for i in repeat(1,4)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>fastest way to change an column in a dataframe (over 400x faster then iterrows)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = df['col'].apply(lambda x: x.strip())</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - NUMPY - basis for different other modules</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import numpy module with np abbreviation</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import numpy as np</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define a numpy array (automatically with type int)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a = np.array([1,2,3,4])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Multiindexing in arrays possible => gives array/[0.,1.,2.])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[[0,2,-1]]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Defines a numpy array with datatype float (and not int)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.array([1,2,3,4]),dtype=np.float)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Defines a 2d numpy array</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns dimension shape => (3,3)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a.shape</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns number of dimensions => 2</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a.ndim</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns total number of elements => 9</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a.size</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Gives / slices the second row => [4,5,6]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[1]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Gives / slices the second row and first element => 4</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[1,0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Slices the first 2 rows => array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[0:2]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Slices all row with first 2 elements => array([[1,2],[4,5],[7,8]])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[:,:2]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Slices first 2 rows and first 2 elements => array([[1,2],[4,5]])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[:2,:2]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Slices first 2 rows and last element => array([[3],[6]])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[:2,2:]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Changes content of second row => array([[1,2,3],[9,9,9],[7,8,9])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[1] = np.array([9,9,9])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Changes content of third row (for all elements) => array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[8,8,8])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[2] = 8</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Builds the sum of all elements => 45</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a.sum()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>=> 5.0</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a.mean()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Return standard deviation => 2.58198889774344</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a.std()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Builds sum per columns => array([12,15,18])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a.sum(axis=0)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Builds sum per rows => array([6,15,24])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a.sum(axis=1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Initialize numpy array with 5 zeros => array([0.,0.,0.,0.,0.])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.zeroes(5)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Initialize numpy array with 2x3 ones with int32 => array([[0,0,0],[0,0,0]])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.ones((2,3),dtype="int32")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Initialize np array with 2x2 with the value 99 => array([[99,99],[99,99]])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.full((2,2,),99)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Initialize a square matrix with len 3 => array([[1.,0.,0.],[0.,1.,0.],[0.,0.,1.]])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.identity(3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Separate individual copy of the numpy array (no updates in both arrays)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>arr_b = arr_a.copy()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define 2d numpy array with 2,4 dimension</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c = np.array([[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Reshape the numpy array to 4,2 dimension => [[1,2],[3,4],[5,6],[7,8]]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c.reshape((4,2))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Reshape the numpy array to 3d with 2,2,2 dimension => [[[1,2],[3,4]],[5,6],[7,8]]]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>c.reshape((2,2,2))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert numpy datetime64 to str (can afterwards be converted with strptime to datetime</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dt = str(dt64).split("T")[0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Build array with this range => array([0,1,2,3])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a = np.array(4)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Changes +10 to each element => array([10,11,12,13]) (creates new array - no changing a)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a + 10</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Changes *10 to each element => array([0,10,20,30]) (creates new array - no changing a)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a * 10</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Changes the existing array a => array([100,101,102,103])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a += 100</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Defines second array babab6</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>b = np.array([10,10,10,10])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sums the 2 arrays to new array => array([10,11,12,13)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a + b</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Multiplicates the 2 arrays to new array => array([0,10,20,30)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a * b</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Make sinus of all entries</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.sin(b)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Make cosinus of all entries</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.cos(b)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Build array with this range => array([0,1,2,3])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a = np.array(4)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Selecting items with boolean expressions - returns first and last element => array([0,3])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[True,False,False,True]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Use operation on the array => array([False,False,True,True])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a >= 2</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Using operation for slicing => array([2,3])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[a >= 2]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Gives back all elements which are greater than the mean => array([2,3])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[a > a.mean()]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Gives back all elements which are NOT greater than the mean => array([0,1])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[~(a > a.mean())]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Gives back all elements which are equal to 0 OR 1 => array([0,1])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[(a==0) | (a==1)]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Gives back all elements which are <=2 and have no rest divided by 2 => array([0,2])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>a[(a <= 2) & (a % 2 == 0)]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Random 1d float array with 3 entries => eg. (0.8377, 0.8720, 0,7784)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.random.rand(3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Random 2d array 3 entries => [[0.27,0.91,0.54],[0.68,0.87,0.36],[0.05,0.64,0.16]]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.random.rand(3,3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Random 1d int array 3 entries => [0,8,8]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.random.randint(0,10,3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Random 2d int array 3x4 entries => [[2,6,4,5],[7,6,7,3],[7,0,4,0]]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.random.randint(0,10,(3,4))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Random 2d int array 3x3 entries with values from 0 to 99</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.random.randint(100, size(3,3))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Random 2d int array 3x3 entries with values from -4 to 7</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.random.randint(-4,8,size(3,3))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shuffeling a 2d list but only the first axes</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.random.shuffle(lst)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Can reproduce the same results</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>np.random.seed(1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - PANDAS - analyzing and working with data</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>examples</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://gist.github.com/why-not/4582705</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import Module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import pandas as pd</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Also importing numpy-module necessary</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import numpy as np</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Necessary for supressing performance warnings see below</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import warnings</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show more information - count of the shown columns</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pd.set_option('display.max_columns',11)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show more information - show all columns</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pd.set_option('display.max_columns',None)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show more information - None is using the maximum width of the IDE</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pd.set_option('display.width', None)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Supress Performance Warnings</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>warnings.simplefilter(action='ignore', category=pd.errors.PerformanceWarning)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define a series</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = pd.Series([35,63,81,61,127,65,319])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shows default-index in 1 row / values in 2 row - also the dtype: int64 at the bottom</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print(s)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Name the series (shows the name also when series i printed at the bottom</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.name = "G7 population in millions"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shows the dtype of the series => dtype("int64")</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.dtype</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Values of the series => array([35,63,81,61,127,65,319])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.values</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Slicing element => 35</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s[0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shows the index of the series => RangeIndex(start=0, stop=7, step=1)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.index</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shows first index-value</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.index[0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change the index of the series from default 0-6 to country-names</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.index=["CAN","FRA","GER","ITA","JPN","UK","USA]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Accessing now with the new index possible => 81</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s["GER"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Access with index still possible using iloc => 35</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.iloc[0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Access with index still possible using iloc => 319</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.iloc[-1]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Multiple selecting possible => GER 81 and JPN 127</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.["GER","JPN"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Multiple selecting with index using iloc possible => CAN 35 and USA 319</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.iloc[0,-1]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Multiple selecting with ":" - upper element is included => CAN 35, FRA 63, GER 81</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.["CAN":"GER"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Add 10 for the every element in the series => ([45,73,91,71,137,75,329])</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s + 10</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Using boolean operation to output every element => GER 81, JPN 127, USA 319</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s[s > 70]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Using boolean operation to output countries > mean => JPN 127, USA 319</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s[s > s.mean()]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>~ for not, | for or, & for and</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>logical operator which can be used</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Changing the value of a series element => CAN 40</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s["CAN"] = 40</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Changing the value of the last element => USA 500</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.iloc[-1] = 500</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Changing the value with a specific operation => CAN,FRA,ITA,UK are changed to 99</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s[s < 70] = 99</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define a series with NaN values</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s = pd.Series([1,np.nan,7]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check for NaN values in the series => False,True,False</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>d.isnull()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check for NOT NaN values in the series => True,False,True</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.notnull()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sum of not NaN values in the series => 2</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.notnull().sum()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sum of NaN values in the series => 1</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.isnull().sum()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs all entries which are not NaN</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.[s.notnull()]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete all entries with NaN</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.dropna()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Replace the NaN-values with 0</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.fillna(0)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Replace the NaN-values with the meanvalue of the serie</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.fillna(s.mean())</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>With forward-fill the NaN-values are replaced with the value before (if the first i gets NaN)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.fillna(method="ffill")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>With backward-fill the NaN-values are replaced with the value after (if the last i gets NaN)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.fillna(method="bfill")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns the duplicates (only the first entry for the same is no duplicate - rest gets True)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.duplicated()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns the duplicates (only the last entry for the same value is no duplicate - rest gets True)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.duplicated(keep="last")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns the duplicates (when there are more than one value - all get flagged as duplicate with True)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.duplicated(keep=False)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Duplicates get dropped (only the first entry remains)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.drop_duplicates()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Duplicates get dropped (only the last entry remains)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.drop_duplicates(keep="last")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Duplicates get dropped (no entry remains if there are duplicate entries for the value)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.drop_duplicates(keep=False)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sorting by value ascending</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.sort_values()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sorting by value descending</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>s.sort_values(ascending=False)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate through pandas series</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for index, value in s.items():</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get element from series - if not found is the result "N/A"</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>erg = s.get("Entry","N/A)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete timezone from timestamp</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.index.tz_localize(None)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert pandas timestamp to datetime</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dt = dt.to_pydatetime()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert datetime to pandas timestamp</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dt = pd.Timestamp(dt)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert pandas timestamp to datetime</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dt = dt.to_pydatetime()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert a dataframe to a nested list (only values, without index)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = df.values.tolist()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert a dataframe to a nested list including index</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = df.reset_index().values.tolist()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read first worksheet to dataframe</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.read_excel(workFN, sheet_name=0)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>get specific row with title in index</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>filt = (tmpDF.index == "Total Assets")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>get specific row with title in index</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>tmpDF = tmpDF[filt]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>get the first entry of a series</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>tmpDF[tmpDF.columns[0]][0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>add new column in dataframe at position 0 (column is name, value is content)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.insert(loc=0, column="A", value="XYZ")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shows all parameters for the reader</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pf.read_csv?</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read csv into dataframe - first line will be col-names of the dataframe</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.read_csv("fn.csv")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read csv into dataframe - no headerline (col names will be default numeric)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.read_csv("fn.csv",header=None)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>")							=> Read csv with sepeartor "=>" instead of the default ";"</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.read_csv("fn.csv",sep="</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Many operations can be directly done when reading the csv-file</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.read_csv("fn.csv",</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>=> no header in the csv available</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>header=None</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>=> name the columns</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>names=["Timestamp","Price"],</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>=> define which column will be the index</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>index_col=0,</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>=> read dates as date - and not as string</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>parse_dates=True,</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>=> treat this chars as NaN-values</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>na_values["?","-",""],</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>=> assign specific datatype to the column "Price"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dtype={"Price":"float"},</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>=> decimal-point is "," (and not ".")</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>decimal=",",</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>=> read also blank lines (as default they are ignored)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>skip_blank_lines=False),</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>=> use only the three columns when reading the csv (by position)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>usecols=[0,1,2],</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>=> use only the three columns when reading the csv (selected by name)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>usecols=["first","last","age"])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Write dataframe to csv</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.to_csv("fn2.csv")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read xlsx (first worksheet) into dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.read_excel("file.xlsx")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read xlsx (first worksheet) into dataframe - without headers</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.read_excel("file.xlsx",header=None)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read xlsx and define the first column as index of the dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.read_excel("file.xlsx",index_col=[0])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read xlsx (worksheet "Prod") into dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.read_excel("file.xlsx",sheet_name="Prod")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read xlsx with the ExcelFile method</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ef = pd.ExcelFile("file.xlsx")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shows alle worksheet-names as a list => eg. ["Prod","Desc"]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ef.sheet_names</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read/Parse the worksheet "Prod" in a dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = ef.parse("Prod")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>- product, permutations, combinations, accumulate, groupby, infinite iterators<br>- from itertools import product, permutations, combinations, combinations_with_replacement, accumulate, groupby<br>- from itertools import count, cycle, repeat<br>- memory efficient, working in the background used by other modules<br>- using only the bits which are necessary for each column (1 is stored in python with 24bytes - in numpy with 1byte or lesser)<br>- shape of array has to be consistent - otherwise it just fall back to regular python objects eg. [[12,11],[13]]<br>Using arrays, types and slicing<br>Vector handling<br>Boolean Array Operations<br>Creating random arrays<br>SERIES<br>DATAFRAMES<br>are immutable, column is a series, dataframe = combination of multiple series<br>reading data<br>possible reader: read_csv,read_excel,read_json,read_html,read_sql<br>possible writer: to_csv,to_excel,to_json,to_html,to_sql<br>Important<br>CSV<br>XLSX<br>Write several dataframes to excel</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># Create a Pandas Excel writer using XlsxWriter as the engine.<br>writer = pd.ExcelWriter('basisReadData.xlsx', engine='xlsxwriter')<br><br># Write each dataframe to a different worksheet.<br>quandlMain.to_excel(writer, sheet_name="quandlMain"),<br>quandlMain2.to_excel(writer, sheet_name="quandlMain_From2018_MRT")<br><br># Write also in this form<br>with pd.ExcelWriter("example.xlsx") as writer:<br>    df.to_excel(writer, sheet_name="coinPrices")<br><br># Close the Pandas Excel writer and output the Excel file.<br>writer.save()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Establish connection to the sql-db</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>conn = sqlite3.connect("data.db")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read data from sql-db into dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.read_sql("SELECT * FROM empl;",conn)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>SQL<br>Many operations can be directly done when reading the sql-db</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.read_sql("SELECT * FROM empl;",conn,<br>	index_col="EmplID",										    # define which column will be the index<br>	parse_dates["BirthDate","HireDate"])			# read this columns as date</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>It is easier to read a complete table using sqlalechmy</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from sqlalchemy import create_engine</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create SQL Alchemy engine</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>engine = create_engine("data.db")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Establish connection with SQL Alchemy</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>connection = engine.connect()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read whole table with SQL-Alechmy (many things are auto-done - e.g. Indexing,Parsing)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.read_sql_table("empl",con=connection)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Writes dataframe to the sql-db (breaks when table allready exists)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.to_sql("data.db",conn)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Writes dataframe to the sql-db (with droping the table before inserting)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.to_sql("Dadata.db",conn,if_exists="replace")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Writes dataframe to the sql-db (with inserting new values to existing table)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.to_sql("data.db",conn,if_exists="append")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read html into dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.read_html(html_string)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Assign html-varialbe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>html_url"https://www.xyz.com"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read html-link to dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.read_html(html_url)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creates a dataframe from a list of dicts => [{...},{...},{...}]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.DateFrame(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create a dataframe for a dict</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(d, orient="index")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>HTML<br>DICT, LIST<br>EXAMPLE</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><a href='https://www.freecodecamp.org/learn/data-analysis-with-python/data-analysis-with-python-course/pandas-condtitional-selection-and-modifying-dataframes' target='_blank'>https://www.freecodecamp.org/learn/data-analysis-with-python/data-analysis-with-python-course/pandas-condtitional-selection-and-modifying-dataframes</a><br>    Popl	HDI		Continent<br>CAN	35		0,913	America<br>FRA	64		0,888	Europe<br>GER	81		0,916	Europe<br>ITA 61		0,873	Europe<br>JPN 127		0,891	Asia<br>UK  65		0,907	Europe<br>USA 319		0,915	America</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Initialize a dataframe with random ints with 5 rows and 2 columns</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(0,5,size=(5, 2)), columns=list('AB'))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create an empty dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.DataFrame()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creates a dataframe from a list of dicts => [{...},{...},{...}]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.DateFrame(l)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create a dataframe for a dict</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(d, orient="index")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if datafram is empty</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if df.empty:</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show the shape of the dataframe (rows, columns) => (7,3)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.shape</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Info for columns (index,name,dtype) also count of NaN-values per column</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.info()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shows datatype of every column</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.dtypes()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Several statistic for the dataframe (median,max,min,std,...)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.describe()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Output of the first 5 rows per default</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.head()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Output of the first 22 rows</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.head(22)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Output of the last 5 rows per default</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.tail()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Output of the last 22 rows</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.tail(22)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Output of all column names</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.columns</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs the index</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.index</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Set index to column "name"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.index = df["name"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs the size of the dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.size</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Resets the index to numeric (previous index exists as column)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.reset_index(drop=False)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Resets the index to numeric (previous index is deleted)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.reset_index(drop=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define "Popl" as new index - with inplace it is permanently saved</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.set_index("Popl", inplace=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Selecting Rows by index - showing the row with the index = "CAN"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.loc["CAN"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Selecting Rows by position - showing the last row</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.iloc[-1]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Selecting Columns by title - showing the whole column "Population" for all rows</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["Popl"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Output of alle values with their count</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dfMCI["ReceivedTime"]= dfMCI["ReceivedTime"].astype(str)    counts()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Output of alle values with their count in percent</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["Continent"].value_counts(normalize=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Showing cols Popl,Continent for all rows</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df[["Popl","Continent"]]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Showing cols Popl,Continent for all rows - values divided by 100</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df[["Popl","Continent"]] / 100</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show the rows from index CAN to ITA</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.loc["CAN":"ITA"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show the rows from index CAN to ITA - only with the column1</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.loc["CAN":"ITA","Popl"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show the rows from index CAN to ITA - only with the column1 + column3</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.loc["CAN":"ITA",["Popl","Continent"]]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show the columns col1 to col4 for all rows</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.loc[:,"col1":"col4"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show the columns col1 to col4 for 3 rows from index 0 to 2 (2 included)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.loc[0:2,"col1":"col4"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show the columns cols 1 and 3 for the rows from index 0 to 2 (2 included)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.loc[0:2,["col1","col3"]]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show the 1st and last row => CAN,USA</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.iloc[0,-1]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show 2nd and 3rd row for all cols => FRA,GER / Popl,HDI,Continent</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.iloc[1:3]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show 2nd and 3rd row for 2nd col => FRA,GER / HDI</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.iloc[1:3,1]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show 2nd and 3rd row for 1st and 3rd column => FRA,GER / Popl,Continent</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.iloc[1:3,[0,2]}</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show 2nd and 3rd row for the 2nd and 3rd col => FRA,GER / HDI,Continent</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.iloc[1:3,1:3]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns GER,JPN,USA for all cols</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.loc[(df["Popl"] > 70	)]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns GER,JPN,USA for col "Popl"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.loc[df["Popl"] > 70, "Popl"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Returns GER,JPN,USA for cols "Popl" and "Continent"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.loc[df["Popl"] > 70, ["Popl","Continent"]]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Output of 2 columns for the column slice</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df[["Open","Close"]]["2010":"2020"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Output specific rows and slice of columns</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df[df.index.isin(["2020","2019"])][hist.columns[0:4]]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Output specific rows and columns</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df[df.index.isin(["2020","2019"])][["Open","Close"]]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Drops the row CAN</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.drop("CAN")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Drops the rows CAN,JPN</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.drop(["CAN","JPN"])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Drops the rows CAN,JPN (2nd method)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.drop(["CAN","JPN"],axis=0)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Drops the rows CAN,JPN (3rd method)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.drop(["CAN","JPN"],axis="rows")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Drops the cols Popl,Continent</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.drop(columns=["Popl","Continent"])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Drops the cols</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.drop(df.columns[1,2,5,9],axis=1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Drops the cols Popl,Continent (2nd method)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.drop(["Popl","Continent"],axis=1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Drops the cols Popl,Continent (3rd method)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.drop(["Popl","Continent"],axis="columns")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Drops the whole dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.drop(df.index, inplace=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define series with same col-names as in the dataframe - with some correction values</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>crisis = pd.Series([-10,-0,3],index=["Popl","HDI"])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Comines crisis-series to the df => all values in "Popl" -10 and "HDI" -0,3 in the df</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df[["Popl","HDI"]] + crisis</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define new series for new column in dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>langs = pd.Series(<br>	["FR","DE","IT"],           # values of new column<br>	index=["FRA","GER","ITA"],  # existing index in dataframe<br>	name= "lang")               # name of the new column</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creates new column in the dataframe according to the series "langs" - other rows will get "NaN"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["lang"] = langs</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Values of all rows in the column "lang" will be changed to "GB"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["lang"] = "GB"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Renames column names</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.rename(columns={"Popl":"POPL","Continent":"CONT"})</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Renames index names</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.rename(index={"UK":"UnKi","USA":"US"})</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creates new column by dividing col "Popl" with col "HDI"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["Popl_HDI"] = df["Popl"] / df["HDI"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Different operations for the column in the dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["Popl"].median().max().min().sum().mean().qunatile()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Changes Timestamp-String to Timestamp-Type (eg. read from csv-file before)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["Timestamp"]=pd.to_datetime(df["Timestamp"])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Plotting the dataframe using the mathlib-module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.plot()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Plot the dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.plot(figsize=(12,6))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Plot the dataframe for the specific timeframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.loc["2017-12-01":"2019-12-01"].plot(figsize=(12,6)))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check for NaN values in the Dataframe => Matrix with True / False</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.isnull()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check for NOT NaN values in the Series => Matrix with True / False</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.notnull()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sum of NaN values per column</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.isnull().sum()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Deleting all rows with at least one NaN value in it</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.dropna()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Deleting all columns with at least one NaN value in it</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.dropna(axis=1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Deleting all rows where all columns are NaN</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.dropna(how="all")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Deleting all rows where at least 3 columns are NOT NaN</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.dropna(thresh=3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Replace NaN values with text</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.fillna("missing")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Replace NaN values with 0</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.fillna(0)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>With forward-fill NaN-values are replaced with the value before (axis=0 means vertical / per column)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.fillna(method="ffill",axis=0)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>With forward-fill NaN-values are replaced with the value before (axis=0 means horizontal / per row)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.fillna(method="ffill",axis=1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shows the existing values for the column => eg: "M","F","D","?" (M/F is correct and D/? is wrong)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["Sex"].unique()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shows the count of each existing value in the column => eg. "M" 175, "F" 132, "D" 5, "?", 3 => so 8 wrong entries</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["Sex"].value_counts()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change all "D" values in the column to "F"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["Sex"].replace("D","F")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change all "D" to "F" and "N" to "M" in the column</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["Sex"].replace({"D":"F","N":"M"})</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find all the invalid values in the age-column => eg. greater than 100 is invalid entry</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df[df["Age"] > 100]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Fixing the invalid values for age by dividing it to 100</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.loc[df["Age"]>100,"Age"]=df.loc[df["Age"]>100,"Age"]/100</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Defines new filter</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>filt = (df["col1"] == "col1_val1")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Defines new filter with several values</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>filt2 = (df["col1"].isin(["val1","val2","val3"]))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Defines new filter NOT with several values</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>filt3 = (~df["col1"].isin(["val1","val2","val3"]))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Defines new filter with a > operator</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>filt4 = (df["col1"] > 123)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs the result for the above filter</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df[filt]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs the result for the above filter with only col2</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df[filt]["col2"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Use 2 filters</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df[filt1 & filt2]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Filter the elements for the top 2.5% of the dataset (quantile)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df= df[(df['value'] >= df['value'].quantile (0.025))]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Filter the elements for the bottom 2.5% of the dataset (quantile)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df= df[(df['value'] < df['value'].quantile (0.975))]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check duplicates for all rows (only first entry is not flagged as True)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.duplicated()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check duplicates for all rows (only last entry is not flagged as True)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.duplicated(keep="last")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check duplicates for all rows (every entry is flagged as True)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.duplicated(keep=False)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check duplicates only for subset-col (only first entry is not flagged as True)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.duplicated(subset=["Name"])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check duplicates only for subset-col (only last entry is not flagged as True)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.duplicated(subset=["Name"],keep="last")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check duplicates only for subset-col (every entry is flagged as True)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.duplicated(subset=["Name"],keep=False)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Split all the strings in the column at the blank-char "_" => eg. results [1987, M, US, 1]</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["Data"].str.split("_")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Split all the strings in the column at the blank-char and build seperate new columsn in the dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["Data"].str.split("_",expand=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check column if there exists an "U" in the string-values (True / False output as series) - also regex possible</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["Data"].str.contains("U")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Eliminate the whitespaces at the beginning and end for the string-values</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["Data"].str.strip()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Replace / Deletes blanks " " in the string-values</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>de["Data"].str.replace(" ","")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Function lower is used for the whole dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.apply(lambda x: x.lower())</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Function lower is used for the first 3 columns</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.apply(lambda x: x.lower(), axis="columns")[0:3]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sorting the new index ascending</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.sort_index(inplace=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sorting the columns in dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.reindex(sorted(df.columns), axis=1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sorting by column ascending</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.sort_values(by="co1")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sorting by column descending</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.sort_values(by="co2",ascending=False)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sorting by 2 columns descending - first col1 and then col2</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.sort_values(by=["col1","col2"],ascending=False)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sorting a series for one specific col descending</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["col1"].sort_value(ascending=False)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change the column titles to uppercase</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.columns =) [x.upper() for x in df.columns]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Function lower is used for the whole column</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["c1"] = df["c1"].apply(lambda x: x.lower())</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change the names of the values - all others become NaN</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["c1"].map({"val1":"val1new","val2":"val2new"})</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change the names of the values - all others are not touched</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["c1"].replace({"val1":"val1new","val2":"val2new"})</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>New column at the end</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["cnew1"] = df["c1"] + df["c2"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>New column at the end</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["cnew1"] = df["c1"] + df["c2"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Deleting 2 columns</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.drop(columns=["c1","c2"], inplace=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Add new row (all other cols are defined as NaN for the row)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = df.append({"c1":"val1"},ignore_index=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs the 5 highest values in the column - only col1</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["col1"].nlargest(5)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs the 5 highest values in the column - all columns</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.nlargest(5,"col1")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs the 5 lowest values in the column - all columns</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.nsmallest(5,"col1")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Grouping according to col1</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>col1_grp = df.groupby("col1")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Access to one value from the group</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>col1_grp.get_group("col1_value")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Grouping col1 and output median for col2</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>col1_grp["col2"].median()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Grouping col1 and output median for col2 only for 3 group-values</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>col1_grp["col2"].median().loc[["A","B","C"]]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Filtering all Values with 0</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>non_zero = df[df["col1"]!=0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Add new column with Y/N depending if the value in col "Sales" is > 50</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["newcol"]=["Y" if x > 50 else "N" for x in df["Sales"]]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change existing column with Y/N depending if the value in col is > 50</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["col"]=["Y" if x > 50 else "N" for x in df["col"]]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Add/change column with 0/1 depending of calc of the variables x/y from 2 cols</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["c"]=[1 if (x/y>9) else 0 for x,y in zip(df["c1"],df["c2])]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete duplicate index entries in the dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = df[~df.index.duplicated(keep='first')]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert a dataframe to a dict (https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26716616/convert-a-pandas-dataframe-to-a-dictionary)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.set_index('timestamp').T.to_dict('list')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Select every 5th row</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.iloc[::5, :]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Reset index form a dataframe with a new column from 0 to x</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = df.reset_index()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get the first row of the dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = df.iloc[:,0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate trough dataframe with index and content / row</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for index, row in df.iterrows():</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show all rows of the dataframe when printed</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pd.set_option('display.max_rows', None)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change datetime64 column to datetime</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["col1"] = df["col1"].dt.date</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert datetime to pandas timestamp</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dt = pd.Timestamp(dt)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Get the maximum from the 3 different columns and put it in the column "max"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df["max"]=df[["high-low","high-pc","low-pc"]].max(axis=1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Changing a column with this lambda function (over 400x faster then using iterrows)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>temp = df['name'].apply(lambda x: x.strip())</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Add empty line to dataframe</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df.append(pd.Series(np.nan), ignore_index=True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete rows where col1 = nan</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = df[df["col1"].notna()]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete rows where col1 < 10</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>df = df[df["col1"] < 10]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Merge 2 dataframes where the column order-id is ident</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dfFinal = df1.merge(df2, on='order-id')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Convert a dataframe to a nested list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>l = df.values.tolist()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>When there is some warning like "A value is trying to be set on a copy of a slice from a DataFrame"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>change the access from eg.: df["upperband"][current] = df["upperband"][previous]<br>to: df.loc[current, "upperband"] = df.loc[previous, "upperband"]<br>(then there will be no more warning)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - MATPLOTLIB - working with charts</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import module as plotter plt</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import matplotlib.pyplot as plt</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Plot a line</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.plot(x, x **2 )</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Plot another line (in the other direction)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.plot(x, -1 * (x ** 2))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define x values</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>x_values = list(range(1000))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define y values / squares</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>squares = [x**2 for x in x_values]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Plot diagram with x- and y-axes</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.plot(x_values, squares)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Plot 1st row, 2nd col in the 2nd diagram (any line after that will only access the 2nd diagram)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.subplot(1,2,2)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sscatter diagram with x- and y-axes and line strenght = 5</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.scatter(x_values, squares, s=5)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Title with fontsize = 24</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.title("Title", fontsize=24)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>X-Axe title with fontsize = 18</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.xlabel("X-Axe", fontsize=18)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Y-Axe title with fontsize = 18</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.ylabel("Y-Axe", fontsize=18)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Params describtion with fontsize = 10</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.tick_params(axis="both", which="major", labelsize=10)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define scaling of axes</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.axis([0,1100,0,1100000])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Colors from one shade to another with different params</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.scatter(x,y,c=squares,cmap=plt.cm.Blues,edgecolor="none", s=10)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Expoit the first point larger in green</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.scatter(x[0],y[0],c="green",edgecolor="none", s=100)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Expoit the last point larger in red</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.scatter(x[-1],y[-1],c="red",edgecolor="none", s=100)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Hide the complete x-axis description</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.axes().get_xaxis().set_visible(False)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Hide the complete y-axis description</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.axes().get_yaxis().set_visible(False)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define custom figure size</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.figure(dpi=128, figsize=(10,6))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show diagram</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.show()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Save diagram as png-picture-file</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>plt.savefig("example.png",bbox_inches="tight")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - SELENIUM - browser automatization</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Python specific documentation for selenium</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/locating-elements.html</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import WebDriver for url access</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from selenium import webdriver</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import Options</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import Service</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import WebDriverWait (explizit waiting time)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import EC (for expected conditions with waiting logic)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import By (for finding elements with By-logic)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import Keys (for keystroke handling)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import Time-Library when there are delays needed</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import time</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import Keys to send key-strokes</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define chrome driver - with actual folder os.getcwd</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver = webdriver.Chrome(os.getcwd() + '/chromedriver')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Throws exception when time for read is over 10 seconds</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.set_timeout(10)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Somtimes necessary to delay some work in progress</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>time.sleep(1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Encode url</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>link = urllib.parse.quote_plus(link)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Open link</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.get(link)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>get full unparsed html-code</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.page_source</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find element (input-element with id = "passwd-id")</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@id='passwd-id']")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Click on element by xpath (investigate - copy xpath)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='button']/input").click()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Fill field "name" with content "x"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='name']").send_keys("x")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Other method to find element per xpath ()</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//button[text()='Some text']")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find Element according to a specific element eg. "aria-label" with text "Post" in a "div"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//div[@aria-label='Post']").click()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Clear / delete input field</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.find_element("q").clear()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Fill text in field and press enter</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.find_element("q").send_keys("txt" + u'\ue007')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Set text of element to xyz</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.execute_script('arguments[0].innerHTML = "xyz";', elem)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Fill text in field (use css-selector to find element => input element with id "myID" in it)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>drv.find_element_by_css_selector("input#myID").send_keys("txt")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Search field for class</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, "cl")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Search field for tag</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.find_elements_by_tag_name("tag")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Search by (exact) link-text in an anchor-tag</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.find_element_by_link_text('Continue')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Search by (partial) link-text in an ancor-tag</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Conti')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Send single keyboard-elements <> chars (needs import keys)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.send_keys(Keys.Backspace,Keys.ARROW_LEFT,Keys.ENTER)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Send a PageDown-keystroke (eg. for scrolling to the very bottom of a page)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.send_keys (Keys.PAGE_DOWN)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Send an Return-keystroke (eg. for enter after data entries in fields)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.send_keys (u'\ue007')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Press enter and submit site</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>field.submit()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Close driver (otherwise the windows will not close)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.quit()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Close the actual window</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.close()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Title of the html-site</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.title</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Back-Function in browser-history</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.back()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Forward-Function in browser-history</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.forward()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Refresh website</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.refresh()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define an individual cookie</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>cookie = {"name": "token", "value": "23874kljdsjhfaökldjs"}</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Use Cookie</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.add_cookie(cookie)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs a specific cookie</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.get_cookie("token")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs all cookies</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.get_cookies())</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read current, actual url</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.current_url</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Switch to a frame-id (eg. a PopUp)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.switch_to.frame ("frame_id")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read active window name</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>act_window = driver.current_window_handle</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Switch (back) to active window (eg. after working on the popup-frame or popup-window)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.switch_to.window(act_window)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Set window size to 600 wide and 1000 height</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.set_window_size(600,1000)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Minmize window</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.minimize_window()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>ScrollDown in the window (maybe to the bottom of the site)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, 10000)")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Open a new tab</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.execute_script("window.open('');")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Swich to first tab</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[0])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>chromedriver.exe in Ordner von py-file speichern<br>Switch between iframes</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>waitWD.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH,"//iframe[@id='mainFrame']")))<br>iframe = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//iframe[@id='mainFrame']")<br>driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)<br>driver.switch_to.default_content()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Wait till a specific element is loaded / clickable</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>=> waiting as long as required - better then time.sleep<br>=> more possible conditions see https://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/waits.html#explicit-waits<br>wait = WebDriverWait (driver, 5)                                        # Define maximum wait time till the element is ready<br>wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.NAME, "agree"))).click()  # Wait till element with name = "agree" is present and click afterwards<br>wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "YDC-Col1")))         # Wait till element with id = "YDC-Col1" is present<br>wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.XPATH, "//div[text()='Total revenues']"))).click()    # Wait till div-element with specific text is pressent and click</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Use Selenium with chrome windows hidden</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>os.environ['WDM_LOG_LEVEL'] = '0'     # with this seeting no output of log / messages using webdriver_manager.chrome<br>import undetected_chromedriver as uc<br>from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options<br>from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager<br>from fake_useragent import UserAgent<br>ua = UserAgent()<br>userAgent = ua.random<br>options = Options()<br>options.add_argument('--headless')<br>options.add_experimental_option ('excludeSwitches', ['enable-logging'])<br>options.add_argument("start-maximized")<br>options.add_argument('window-size=1920x1080')<br>options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')<br>options.add_argument('--disable-gpu')<br>options.add_argument(f'user-agent={userAgent}')<br>srv=Service(ChromeDriverManager().install())<br># driver = webdriver.Chrome (service=srv, options=options)<br>driver = uc.Chrome (service=srv, options=options)<br>waitWebDriver = WebDriverWait (driver, 5)<br>link = "https://www.google.com"<br>driver.get (link)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define Real User Agent Header</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>(avoid being blocked while scraping some data - keep it up to date from time to time)<br>see: https://www.scraperapi.com/blog/5-tips-for-web-scraping/<br>common user agent list: https://www.networkinghowtos.com/howto/common-user-agent-list/<br>latest user agent list: https://www.whatismybrowser.com/guides/the-latest-user-agent/<br>options.add_argument("user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/83.0.4103.106 Safari/537.36")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Use Random User Agent Header</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><a href='https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49565042/way-to-change-google-chrome-user-agent-in-selenium' target='_blank'>https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49565042/way-to-change-google-chrome-user-agent-in-selenium</a><br><br>from fake_useragent import UserAgent<br>options = Options()<br>ua = UserAgent()<br>userAgent = ua.random<br>options.add_argument(f'user-agent={userAgent}')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Using XPath with Selenium</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><a href='https://www.guru99.com/xpath-selenium.html' target='_blank'>https://www.guru99.com/xpath-selenium.html</a><br>Can be used to find the location of any element in a html- or xml document<br><br>Example:<br>wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)<br>tmpElem = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.XPATH, "//span[text()='Top Grossing']")))<br>tmpElem.click()<br><br>Xpath=//tagname[@attribute='value']<br>    // : Select current node<br>    Tagname: Tagname of the particular node.<br>    @: Select attribute.<br>    Attribute: Attribute name of the node.<br>    Value: Value of the attribute.<br><br>//input[@name='uid']                      # input-elem with name = "uid"<br>//input[@type='text']                     # input-elem with type = "text"<br>//label[@id='message23']                  # label-elem with id = "message23"<br>//input[@value='RESET']                   # input-elem with value = "RESET"<br>//*[@class='barone']                      # any elem with class = "barone"<br>//td[text()='UserID']	                    # td-elem which has the text "User-ID"<br>//a[@href='http://demo.guru99.com/']      # anchor with specific link<br>//img[@src='//xyz.com/img/java.png']      # img-elem with specific pic-link<br>(//button)[2]                             # select the second button on the page<br>//button[last()]                          # select the last button<br>(//p[@class='product']/span)[2]           # select the second span in the p-element with class =<br><br>//*[@type='submit' or @name='btnReset']         # any elem which has 2 OR conditions (for type and name)<br>//input[@type='submit' and @name='btnLogin'     # any elem which has 2 AND conditions (for type and name)<br><br>//*[contains(@name,'btn')]              # any elem which has "btn" somewhere in the name<br>//*[contains(@id,'message')]            # any elem which has "message" somewhere in the id<br>//*[contains(text(),'here')]            # any elem which has "here" somewhere in the text<br>//*[contains(@href,'orf')]              # any elem which has "orf" somewhere in the href-link<br>//select[contains(.,'Division')]        # select-element where some child has the text "Division" in it<br>//label[starts-with(@id,'message')]     # elem where id starts with "message"<br><br>//*[@type='text']//following::input[1]              # select all following-elements which have input as tag and select the first elem<br>//*[text()='Enterprise Testing']//ancestor::div[2]  # find ancestor-elements with text and take the second one<br>//*[@id='java_technologies']//child::li[23]         # select all child elements with specific id and select the 23th one<br>//*[@type='submit']//preceding::input[1]            # select preceding (dt.: vorangegangene) input-elements and take the first one<br>//*[@type='submit']//following-sibling::input       # select following sibling which is input<br>//*[@id='rt-feature']//parent::div[5]               # select parent of the elem with id = "rt-feature" and take the 5th div<br>//*[@type='password']//self::input                  # select elem and use itself (only 1 element can be found)<br>//*[@id='rt-feature']//descendant::a[X]             # find all elements below (dt.: Nachfahren) and take the Xth one</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Scroll to the very bottom of a site - eg. Twitter, Facebook, Stocktwits,...</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>lenOfPage = driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);var lenOfPage=document.body.scrollHeight;return lenOfPage;")<br>match=False<br>while(match==False):<br>    lastCount = lenOfPage<br>    time.sleep(1)<br>    lenOfPage = driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);var lenOfPage=document.body.scrollHeight;return lenOfPage;")<br>    if lastCount==lenOfPage:<br>        match=True</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>When there are problems clicking an element on a page</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Method1:<br>element = driver.find_element_by_id('datePickerToggleBtn')<br>webdriver.ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(element ).click(element ).perform()<br><br>Method2:<br>element = driver.find_element_by_css('div[class*="loadingWhiteBox"]')<br>driver.execute_script("arguments[0].click();", element)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Take a screenshot when something fails in headless mode</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>try:<br>    ...<br>    do the whole selenium work...<br>    ...<br>except:<br>    driver.save_screenshot("a.png")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>use locators in this order as suggested by Selenium contributors</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ID<br>name<br>className<br>linkText<br>partialLinkText<br>tagName<br>cssSelector<br>XPath</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Solving some captchas - clicking for 10 seconds</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>  element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//div[@id='px-captcha']")<br>  action = ActionChains(driver)<br>  click = ActionChains(driver)<br>  action.click_and_hold(element)<br>  action.perform()<br>  time.sleep(10)<br>  action.release(element)<br>  action.perform()<br>  time.sleep(0.2)<br>  action.release(element)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Use only newest fake_useragent</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>  # install with<br>  # pip uninstall fake-useragent<br>  # pip install --force-reinstall "git+https://github.com/robertsmd/fake-useragent.git@robertsmd-feature-only-newest-uas"<br>  see: https://github.com/hellysmile/fake-useragent/pull/122<br>  from fake_useragent import UserAgent<br>  userAgent = UserAgent(num_newest_uas=2).random</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Download PDF-File to folder</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>  # create this option-setting when creating the driver<br>  ...<br>  DOCPath = os.path.join(path, "WORK")<br>  options = Options()<br>  options.add_experimental_option('prefs', {<br>    "download.default_directory": DOCPath,<br>    "download.prompt_for_download": False,<br>    "download.directory_upgrade": True,<br>    "plugins.always_open_pdf_externally": True<br>    })<br>  ...<br>  srv=Service(ChromeDriverManager().install())<br>  driver = webdriver.Chrome (service=srv, options=options)<br>  driver.get(workerPDF)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - BEAUTIFUL SOAP - webscraping</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import module for beautiul soap</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from bs4 import BeautifulSoup</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import moduel for fake useragent</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from fake_useragent import UserAgent</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define UserAgent</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ua = UserAgent()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create random useragent</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ua.random								"t</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read url as page</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>page = requests.get("https://www.ariva.de/dax-30")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read url as page with proxy like eg. "https://10.10.1.11:1080"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>page = requests.get(url,headers=headers,proxy=proxy)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read html-page with parser</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup = BeautifulSoup (page.content,"html.parser")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read xml-page with parser</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup = BeautifulSoup (page.content,"xml")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>find first a-tag in body</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup.body.a</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find all td-elements</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup.find_all("td"):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find alle th- and td-elements</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup.find_all(["th","td"])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read all table rows for specific class</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup.find_all("tr", class_="arrow0"):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find all div-elements with specific class</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup.find_all("p", {"class": "payamntp"})</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find element with one of this 2 classes</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup.find_all("div", {'class':['class1', 'class2']})</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read all table data cells with id and content</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for col_id, col_content in enumerate(result.find_all("td")):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read all divs with specific class</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup.find_all("div", class_="col-xs-6")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find div with id "lj_div"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup.find("div", {"id": "lj_div"})</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find (first) p with class "line"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup.find("p", {"class": "line"})</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find element with specific text / string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup.find("dt", string="In-App Purchases")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>General way to find string</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup.find("div", string=re.compile('contributions'))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if string nameSymbol_" is part of the class-element</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup.find("small", class_=re.compile("nameSymbol_"))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Find elements for several tags</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup.find_all(["strong","a","br"])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Found the parent div-element for a specific before find element</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>erg2 = erg.find_parent("div")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if class has specific content</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if row.get("class") == ["ellipsis", "nobr", "new"]:</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read all links from href element</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for e in soup.find_all("a"): e.get("href")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read all number from the field "value"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for e in soup.find_all("a"): e.get("value")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change all linebreak <br> in text to blank</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for lb in soup.findAll("br"): lb.replaceWith(" ")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read url from the image</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>url_i = rows[0].find('img')['src']</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read image as content</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>image = requests.get(f'https:{url_i}').content</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Formated Output with html indentations</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>results.prettify()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if specific text in soup text-output</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if "Kein Zugriff" in soup.text:</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Reads everyting what is in the tbody-tag</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soap.tbody</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return direct child elements of a an element in a list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.contents</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>returns all direct childrens (as a generator object)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.children</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>returns all descendants (nachfolger) as iterable</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.descendants</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return the parent-tag</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.parent</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return all parents (as a generator object)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.parents</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return the next sibling (going sideways / have the same parent)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.next_sibling</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return the previous sibling (going sideways / have the same parent)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.previous_sibling</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>all following siblings as iterable</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.next_siblings</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>all previous siblings as iterable</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.previous_siblings</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return next element</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.next_element</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return next elements (as a generator object)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.next_elements</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return previous element</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.previous_element</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return previous elements (as a generator object)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.previous_elements</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>find the next ul-element</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.find_next("ul")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>find the previous ul-element</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.find_previous("ul")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>find only direct children of an element</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.find_all("div", recursive=False)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>returns the name of the tag</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.name</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>get all strings from a tag in an iterable</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.strings</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>get all (stripped) strings from a tag in an iterable</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.stripped_strings</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>get all text directly below a tag</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>.find_all(text=True, recursive=False)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Using the select selector</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># https://facelessuser.github.io/soupsieve/selectors/<br>soup.select("div.class1.class2")                => divs-elem which have both classes<br>soup.select("div[class='table-container']")     => div-elem which have only this class<br>soup.select('h1, p')                            => all h1- and p-elements<br>soup.select('body p')                           => p-elems in body<br>soup.select('div > p')                          => children p-elems in div<br>soup.select('h1 ~ p')                           => p-elems on the same level as h1<br>soup.select(':any-link')                        => any links which has a href-attribute<br>soup.select(':checked')                         => all checked elements (radio-buttons, checkboxes, option)<br>soup.select('p:first-child')                    => first child in a group<br>soup.select('span:first-of-type')               => firt child of a given type in a group</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define Real User Agent Header</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>(avoid being blocked while scraping some data - keep it up to date from time to time)<br>see: https://www.scraperapi.com/blog/5-tips-for-web-scraping/<br>common user agent list: https://www.networkinghowtos.com/howto/common-user-agent-list/<br>latest user agent list: https://www.whatismybrowser.com/guides/the-latest-user-agent/<br>headers = {<br>    'User-Agent': '<copy from the above link>',<br>}<br>response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read with Selenium when necessary due the specific homepage</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from bs4 import BeautifulSoup<br>from selenium import webdriver<br>link = "https://www.gurufocus.com/stock/" + stock + "/summary"			# define the homepage to be scraped<br>options = Options()<br>options.add_argument('--headless')										# webpage will work in the back<br>options.add_experimental_option ('excludeSwitches', ['enable-logging'])<br>path = os.path.abspath (os.path.dirname (sys.argv[0]))					# works for alle platforms (Win,MacOs,Linux)<br>if platform == "win32":<br>	cd = '/chromedriver.exe'<br>elif platform == "linux":<br>	cd = '/chromedriver_linux'<br>elif platform == "darwin":<br>	cd = '/chromedriver'<br>driver = webdriver.Chrome (path + cd, options=options)					# Use chromedriver.exe to read website with the above options<br>driver.get (link)  														# Read link<br>time.sleep (2)  														# Wait till the full site is loaded</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Wait for the specific element to load</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>element = driver.find_element_by_id("analyst-estimate")<br>driver.execute_script("arguments[0].scrollIntoView();", element)<br><br>driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true);",<br>  WebDriverWait(driver, 20).until(EC.visibility_of_element_located((<br>    By.XPATH, "//div[@class='search-pagination']"))))<br><br><br>time.sleep (1)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read page with html.parser and to the further scraping</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>soup = BeautifulSoup(driver.page_source, 'html.parser')</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Close the chromedriver window</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.quit ()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>all searches also possible for more elements wiht find_elements_*</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>driver.find_element_by id												# Search for a id in html<br>driver.find_element_by_name												# Search for name-field (eg. in input-tag)<br>driver.find_element_by_xpath											# Search by xpath of the element (right mouse blick in Chrome Dev Tools)<br>driver.find_element_by_link_text										# Search for (full) text within the tags<br>driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text								# Search for (part) text within the tags<br>driver.find_element_by_tag_name('h1')									# Search for a tag in html<br>driver.find_element_by_class_name("cont")								# Search for a specific class name in html<br>driver.find_element_by_css_selector('p.content')						# Search for tag and selector</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read the whole text of an article / element</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>  tmpText = soup.find("article", {"itemprop": "description"})<br>  if tmpText != None:<br>    wText = "\n".join(list(tmpText.stripped_strings)[1:])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - REQUESTS - workings with APIs and reading websites</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>import module requests</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import requests</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>import module json</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import json</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Request api from the generated api-link</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>resp = requests.get (url)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p><a href='https://realpython.com/python-api/' target='_blank'>https://realpython.com/python-api/</a><br>GET-request with payload and headers</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>resp = requests.request("GET", url,<br>                        json=payload,<br>                        headers=headers)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Return the statuscode of the response</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>resp.status_code<br>    # 200: ok<br>    # 201: resource created<br>    # 400: bad request (wrong or missing some informations)<br>    # 401: Unauthorized (requires some additonal permissions)<br>    # 404: Not Found (requested resource does not exist)<br>    # 405: Method Not Allowed (wrong HTTP Method - eg. POST instead of GET)<br>    # 500: Internal Server Error: something broken on the server site</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>shows the statuscode in textform (eg. OK, Not Found)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>resp.reasons</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>used headers for the request</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>resp.request.headers</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>header from the response</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>resp.headers</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>show the content-type of the resonse (eg. json, image/jpeg)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>resp.headers["Content-Type"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>response in text-form</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>resp.text</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>response in json-form</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>resp.json()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Pretty-Print formatted json-file</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print(json.dumps(resp,indent=4,sort_keys=True))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read the value for the 1 element and the attribute xyz</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>result = api[0]["xyz"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Using requests_html</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install requests-html                         => Install module<br>from requests_html import HTMLSession             => Import requests_html<br>s = HTMLSession()                                 => Define a html-session<br>r = s.get(url, headers=HEADERS)                   => Define response<br>r.html.find("title", first=True).text             => title of in the html-tag<br>r.html.find("span#wob_tm", first=True).text       => Span-value with id = "wob_tm"<br>r.html.find("div.clX", first=True)                => Div-element with class = "clX"<br>r.html.find("div.clX span.clY",first=True).text   => Span-element with class="clY" ind Div-element with class="clX"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Using request to get the source code or text from a page</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>resp = requests.get("https://api.buyproxies.org/?a=showProxies&pid=175649&key=168281a74e7bb3f0dc0feb4f37ec6de5&port=12345")<br>proxyList = resp.text.split("\n")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Using requests to download a file</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>url = "https://xyz.mp3"<br>doc = requests.get(url)<br>with open('work.mp3', 'wb') as f:<br>  f.write(doc.content)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Using requests for reading websites</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ua = UserAgent(verify_ssl=False)<br>userAgent = ua.random<br>HEADERS = {"User-Agent": userAgent}<br>page = requests.get (link, headers=HEADERS)<br>page = requests.get(site,timeout=5)               => try to read the website for max 5sec<br>soup = BeautifulSoup (page.content, "html.parser")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Using requests to read image from web, save and build hashValue</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>  headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/56.0.2924.76 Safari/537.36'} # This is chrome, you can set whatever browser you like<br>  resp = requests.get(img, headers=headers, stream=True)<br>  print(resp.status_code)<br>  with open(workerPic, 'wb') as f:<br>    shutil.copyfileobj(resp.raw, f)<br>  del resp<br>  img = Image.open(resp.raw)<br>  workihashImg = imagehash.average_hash(img)<br>  print(workihashImg)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - SCRAPY - webscraping using spiders</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>install the scrapy module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install SCRAPY</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>creates the project and folder-structure</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>scrapy startproject indeedScraper</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>create tilesSpider.py with scrapy-template</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>scrapy genspider tilesSpider magnattiles.com</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>scrape a webpage in command line and use the console for further investigations</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>scrapy shell http://quotes.toscrape.com/random</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>fetch a new site from an allready scraped page with "scrapy shell" before</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>fetch("newURL")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>shows the full html-code of the page</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>print(response.text)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>select element "small" with class="author" and shows the html-code</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>response.css("small.author").extract()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return only the text for the element+class for the first element</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>response.css("small.author::text").extract()[0]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return the text for the first element for span + class="text"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>response.css("span.text::text").extract_first()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return all anchor-tag texts in a list</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>response.css("a.tag:lst:text").extract()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>find elems a in li with class "next" and get the content from the href-element</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>response.css("li.next > a::attr(href)").extract_first()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>extract href from all anchor-tags inside div.quote => span => a</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>response.css("div.quote > span > a::attr(href)").extract()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>combine the url from the initial scrapy shell with the string-path</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>response.urljoin("/page/2/")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>read text-data when the response is i a json-format</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>data = json.loads(response.text)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create spider skeleton on command line (quotesName = spider-name, toscrape.com = site to scrape)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>scrapy genspider quotesNAME toscrape.com</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>run spider from command line</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>scrapy runspider quotesNAME.py</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>run spider and store result into items.json</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>scrapy runspider quotesNAME.py -o items.json</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>shows the duplicate elements which are filtered</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>'dupefilter/filtered': 50,</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>open scrapy shell</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>scrapy shell</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>get the first div-element with that class</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>response.css("div.product-item-info").get()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>get the first li-element in the ul-element with class "products"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>response.css("ul.products li")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>assign all div-elements with that class to the variable "products"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>products = response.css("div.product-item-info")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>outputs the number of alle div-elements with that class on the loaded page</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>len(products)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>from the products-variable get the first a-element with this class</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>p.css("a.product-item-link").get()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return the text from the element (first a-element with this class)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>p.css("a.product-item-link::text").get()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return the text from all elements (all a-elements with this class)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>p.css("a.product-item-link::text").getall()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return the text from all elements (all span-elements with this class)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>p.css("span.price::text").getall()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return the text from the element (first span with class "price" and replace the €-symbol)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>p.css("span.price::text").get().replace("€","")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return the link from the element (first href-link with this class)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>p.css("a.product-item-link").attrib["href"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>second way to the the href-value</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>p.css("a.product-item-link::attr(href)").get(</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>return value of attribut "dpsku" in the a-tag with class "button"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>p.css("a.button::attr(dpsku)").get()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>start scrapy with the spider "whisky"</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>scrapy crawl whisky</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>run spider "whisky" and output result to json-file (overwrite the json-file)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>scrapy crawl whisky -O whisky.json</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>same as above (only appending the results and not overwriting)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>scrapy crawl whisky -o whisky.json</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>outputing as csv</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>scrapy crawl whisky -O whisky.csv</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>outputing as xlsx (scrapy-xlsx must be installed + settings.py changed: https://pypi.org/project/scrapy-xlsx/)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>scrapy crawl whisky -O whisky.xlsx</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>find element with class "action  next" (spaces have to be replaced with ".")</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>response.css("a.action.next").get()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>store the link for the next page</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>nextPage = response.css("a.action.next").attrib["href"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>go to next page and do parsing</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>yield response.follow(nextPage, callback=self.parse)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>automatic delay between requests</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>settings.py: AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>The initial download delay</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>settings.py: AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>settings.py: AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>ignore robots.txt</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>settings.py: ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>set download-delay (to prevent site-checkings)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>settings.py: DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Tutorial: https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/tutorial.html<br>Video-Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/c/zytedata/playlists (Playlist - Learn Scrapy)<br>Video-Tutorial2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4jtkzHhLzY (Scrape a Whisky-Shop)<br>from second video-tutorial above<br>when scraping with scrapy_selenium</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {<br>    'scrapy_selenium.SeleniumMiddleware': 800<br>}<br>#Selenium<br>from shutil import which<br>SELENIUM_DRIVER_NAME = 'chrome'<br>SELENIUM_DRIVER_EXECUTABLE_PATH = r"C:\Users\Polzi\Documents\DEV\Python-Private\chromedriver.exe"<br># '--headless' if using chrome instead of firefox<br>SELENIUM_DRIVER_ARGUMENTS = ['--headless']</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>get text (with div and a combination)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>response.xpath("//div[@class='vendor']//ancestor::a/text()").get()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>get href-value (from a element with class)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>response.xpath("//a[@class='next page-numbers']/@href").get()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>get the aria-label-value</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>response.xpath("//a/@aria-label).get()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>get href-element (from a element and existing selector "tmp")</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>tmp.xpath(".//a/@href").get()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Example spider</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import scrapy<br>class QuotesnameSpider(scrapy.Spider):<br>    name = 'quotesNAME'                                 # name of the spider<br>    custom_settings = {                                 # define custom settings - eg. encoding utf-8 for german umlaute<br>        "FEED_EXPORT_ENCODING": "utf-8"<br>    }<br>    allowed_domains = ['toscrape.com']                  # allowed domains (no http in front of the domain)<br>    start_urls = ['http://quotes.toscrape.com/random']  # urls to scrape<br><br>    def parse(self, response):<br>        self.log("I just visited: " + response.url)     # info-output when program is running<br>        yield {                                         # store scraped informations in a dictionary<br>            "author_name": response.css("small.author::text").extract()[0],<br>            "text": response.css("span.text::text").extract_first(),<br>            "tags": response.css("a.tag::text").extract(),<br>        }</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Example spider (with direct api-access on an infinite page)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import scrapy<br>import json<br><br>class QuotesScrollSpider(scrapy.Spider):<br>    name = 'quotesINFINITE'                                     # name of the spider<br>    apiURL = "https://quotes.toscrape.com/api/quotes?page={}"   # standard URL with page variable<br>    start_urls = [apiURL.format(1)]                             # create the start-url with page = 1<br><br>    def parse(self, response):<br>        data = json.loads(response.text)                        # read the json-page<br>        for quote in data["quotes"]:                            # iterate trough all quotes<br>            yield {                                             # return the needed values<br>                "authorName": quote["author"]["name"],<br>                "text": quote["text"],<br>                "tags": quote["tags"]<br>            }<br>        if data["has_next"]:                                    # check if next page has to be read<br>            nextPage = data["page"] + 1<br>            yield scrapy.Request(url=self.apiURL.format(nextPage), callback=self.parse)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import ftplib</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create FTP instance</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ftp = ftplib.FTP()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define encoding</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ftp.encoding = "utf-8"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Connect to ftp-address</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ftp.connect(ADDR)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Login with username and password</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ftp.login(USERNAME, PW)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change working directory eg. to tmp</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ftp.cwd("tmp/")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show actual working directory</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ftp.pwd()</code></pre>
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<p>Show files in actual working directory</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ftp.dir()</code></pre>
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<p>Quit ftp instance</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ftp.quit()</code></pre>
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<p>Upload file with ftp</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>with open(fn, "rb") as file:<br>  ftp.storbinary('STOR test.png', file)</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - PYQT - making GUIs</h2>
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<p>Install Py Qt Designer</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://build-system.fman.io/qt-designer-download</code></pre>
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<p>Installation</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install pyqt5</code></pre>
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<p>see Codemy.com https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFB0dxMudkws1q8w5NJEAmw<br>see Python-Diverses/PyQt<br>QtWidgets / Different Widgets</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import PyQt5.QtWidgets as qtw   # Import QtWidgets<br>qtw.QApplication                # Defines Application<br>qtw.QLabel                      # Defines Label<br>qtw.QWidget                     # Defines Widget<br>qtw.QHBoxLayout                 # Arranges horizontally from left to right<br>qtw.QVBoxLayout                 # Arranges vertically from top to bottom<br>qtw.QGridLayout                 # Arranges in grid from on x and y axes<br>qtw.QFormLayout                 # Field for forms - 1col are titles, 2col are fields,rbs,cb<br>qtw.QPushButton                 # Defines PushButton<br>qtw.QDialog                     # Module for dialog windows<br>qtw.QDialogButtonBox            # Module for button boxes in dialog windows<br>qtw.QLineEdit                   # Defines input field with text<br>qtw.QMainWindow                 # Module for main windows<br>qtw.QStatusBar                  # Module for status bar<br>qtw.QToolBar                    # Module for tool bar<br>qtw.QMessageBox                 # Module for Message Boxes<br>qtw.QCommandLinkButton          # Module for Command Link Button<br>qtw.QCheckBox                   # Module for CheckBox<br>qtw.QDialog                     # Module for Dial Widget<br>qtw.QFileDialog                 # Module for File Dialog</code></pre>
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<p>Main Window</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>app = QApplication(sys.argv)                            # Create an instance of the application<br>w = QWidget()                                           # Initialize a window<br>w.setWindowTitle('Windows Title')                       # Title of the windows<br>w.setGeometry(200, 200, 380, 180)                       # Define windows (1:x-coord,2:y-coord,3:width,4:height)<br>w.move(50, 15)                                          # Place / move windows to coodinates 60,15<br>msg = QLabel('*h1*Hello World!*/h1*', parent=window)    # Define label / message in format h1<br>msg.move(50, 15)                                        # Place / move labe to coordinates 60,15<br>windows.show()                                          # Show the application GUI - schedules a paint event<br>sys.exit(app.exce_())                                   # Start the app and close it with sys.exit</code></pre>
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<p>Layouts</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>qhLayout = QHBoxLayout()                                # Defines horzontal box layout<br>qvLayout = QVBoxLayout()                                # Defines vertical box layout<br>qgLayout = QGridLayout()                                # Defines grid layout<br>qfLayout = QFormLayout()                                # Defines form layout<br>btn1 = qtw.QPushButton(self)                            # Define Push-Button<br>qhLayout.addWidget(btn1)                                # Add Button on Layout<br>qvLayout.addLayout(qhLayout)                            # Add horizontal Box Layout in vertical Layout<br>lbl = qtw.QLabel('Name:', self)                         # Define Label<br>inp = qtw.QLineEdit(self)                               # Define Input-Field<br>qfLayout.addRow(lbl, inp)                               # Add row in form (Label + Input-Field)<br>qgLayout.addWidget(QPushButton('Button1'),1,0)          # Defines one or more buttons and set it to position 1,0<br>qgLayout.addWidget(QPushButton('Button1'),2,1,1,2)      # Set buttons to position 2,1 and span it 1row/2cols<br>w.setLayout(layoutXY)                                   # Sets layout dimensions to window<br><br>=> Button / QPushButton</code></pre>
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<p>2nd method to assign a function (short method)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>btn = qtw.QPushButton(self, clicked = lambda: self.btnPressedCalc())</code></pre>
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<p></p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><br>=> Label / QLabel</code></pre>
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<p></p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><br>=> Input-Field / QLineEdit</code></pre>
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<p></p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><br>=> ComboBox / QComboBox</code></pre>
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<p></p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><br>=> List / QListWidget</code></pre>
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<p></p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><br>=> SpinBoxes / QSpinBox, QDoubleSpinBox</code></pre>
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<p>Add SpinBox to layout</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>layout.addWidget(sp)</code></pre>
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<p>Add SpinBox to form-layout</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>layout.addRow("Name:",sp)</code></pre>
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<p></p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><br>=> Textfield / QTextEdit</code></pre>
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<p></p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><br>=> RadioButtons / QRadioButton</code></pre>
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<p></p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><br>=> CheckBoxes / QCheckBox</code></pre>
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<p></p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><br>=> DialWidget / QDial</code></pre>
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<p></p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><br>=> Statusbar</code></pre>
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<p></p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><br>=> MessageBox</code></pre>
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<p></p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code><br>=> FileDialog / QFileDialog</code></pre>
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<p></p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>  # 3rd parameter: which files can be selected eg. "All Files" for all files<br>  # returning a tuple (name of the file and selected extension)</code></pre>
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<p></p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>  fName[0]    # to get only the choosen filename</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Menu or Icon / QAction</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>  self.menu = qtw.QAction(MainWindow)<br>  self.menu.triggered.connect(self.actPressedOpen)    => Set Function which should run when the menu is clicked</code></pre>
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<p>PyQt5Designer</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install PyQt5Designer                 # Install PyQt5Designer<br>designer.exe                              # Find designer.exe in installed venv<br><Form><Preview>                           # Show preview of the designed window<br>pyuic5 -x filename.ui -o filename.py      # Convert Qt-Designer file to a python-file</code></pre>
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<p>QtGui / Change GUI like font, size</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import PyQt5.QtGui as qtg                               # Import Gui for changing fontsize<br>nameLabel.setFont(qtg.QFont("Helvetica", 18))           # Change font of the label</code></pre>
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<p>Open other Window / Dialog<br>Click button one window to open another window</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>  from Window2from24 import Ui_SubWindow      # import Class / Window from other py-file<br>  from Dialog24 import Ui_Dialog              # import Class / Dialog from other py-file<br>  ...<br>  def openWindow(self):<br>    self.window = QtWidgets.QMainWindow()     # Which widget should be opened QMainWindow / QDialog<br>    self.ui = Ui_SubWindow()                  # Class Name of the window which sould be opened<br>    self.ui.setupUi(self.window)<br>    self.window.show()<br>    self.ui.label.setText("New")              # Access some elements on the opened window<br>  ...<br>  self.pb.clicked.connect(self.openDialog)    # call the function where the window is opened<br>  self.pb2.clicked.connect(self.openWindow)   # call the function where the dialog is opened</code></pre>
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<p>Load ui-file in py-file</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>uic.loadUi("27LoadUIFile.ui",self)            # load the ui-file<br>self.l = self.findChild(qtw.QLabel, "label")  # assign label from ui<br>self.btn = self.findChild(qtw.QPushButton, "pushButton")    # assign push button from ui</code></pre>
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<p>Simplest App</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import PyQt5.QtWidgets as qtw<br>class MainWindow(qtw.QWidget):<br>  def __init__(self):<br>    super().__init__()<br>    self.setWindowTitle("Name XY")<br>if __name__ == '__main__':<br>  app = qtw.QApplication(sys.argv)<br>  mw = MainWindow()<br>  mw.show()<br>  sys.exit(app.exec_())</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - TKINTER - making GUIs</h2>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Tutorial with deep explanation</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXPyB4XeYLA</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import tkinter module</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from tkinter import *</code></pre>
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<p>Create root window</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>root = Tk()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Name of the window in the title</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>root.title("Header Title")</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define icon for the windows (left upper corner)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>root.iconbitmap("pic.ico")</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define size of the window</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>root.geometry("400x400")</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creating a label widget</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myLabel = Label(root,text="Hello World!")</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Showing myLabel on the screen</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myLabel.pack()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Showing myLabel on grid place 0/0 (left upper corner) with 10pixel padding from above</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myLabel.grid(row=0,column=0,pady=10)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creating a status label widget with border (bd=1), sunken relief and anchor position right (east)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>status = Label(root,text="St",bd=1,relief=SUNKEN,anchor=E</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Showing status bar - with using maximum space from left to right (west to east) with sticky</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>status.grid(row=2,column=0,columnspan=3,sticky=W+E)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creating a button widget with a name</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myButton = Button(root,text="Click Me!")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creating a deactivated, greyed button widget with a name</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myButton = Button(root,text="Click Me!",state=DISABLED)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creating a button widget with a name and size 50 * 50</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myButton = Button(root,text="C",padx=50,pady=50)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creating a button which will excute the myfunc-function when its clicked</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myButton = Button(root,text="T",command=myfunc)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creating a button which will excute the func-function with a numeric parameter</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myButton = Button(root,text="T",command=lambda: func(nr))</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creating a button with background blue and foreground white</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myButton = Button(root,text="col",bg="blue",fg="white")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create a quit-button on the window</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>QuitButton = Button(root,text="exit",command=root.quit)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creating a entry field - with width 50 and borderwidth 5 - and showing the field</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myEntry = Entry(root, width=50, borderwidth=5).pack()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Showing myEntry as grid in row/col = 0/0 and spanned over 3 columns</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myEntry.grid(row=0,column=0,columnspan=3)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Showing myEntry as grid in row/col = 0/0 and with pading in x/y-axes</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>e.grid(row=0,column=0,padx=10,pady=10)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read content of the entry field</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myEntry.get()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Shows a default value in the entry field</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myEntry.insert(0,"Default-Text")</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Insert a number into the entry field</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myEntry.insert(0, number)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Delete content of the entry field</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>myEntry.delete(0,END)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Mainloop of the program</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>root.mainloop()</code></pre>
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<p>Close window "wind"</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>...command=wind.destroy</code></pre>
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<p>Pics in Tkinter-Windows</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from PIL import ImageTk,Image								# Additional module Pillow neede (install with <pip install Pillow><br>my_img = ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.open("demo.png"))			# Reads Image wiht Pillow-module (Tkinter can not read png/jpg files)<br>my_label = Label(image=my_img)								# Creating a Label with the image<br>my_label.pack()												# Showing the pic</code></pre>
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<p>Define Frame</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>frame = LabelFrame(root,text="Name_Frame",padx=5,padx=5)	# Creating a frame with padding 5/5 (inside the frame)<br>frame.pack(padx=10,pady=10)									# Showing the frame with padding 10/10 (outside the frame)<br>button = Button(frame,text="Name_Button")					# Creating button in the frame (not root window)<br>button.grid(row=0, column=0)								# Showing the button in the frame as grid (with frames is mixing between pack and grid possible)</code></pre>
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<p>RadioButtons</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>r = IntVar()												# Define variable for radio button - when string use StringVar()<br>r.set("2")													# Choose default radio button<br>Radiobutton(root,text="Opt1",variable=r,value=1).pack()		# Define and show radiobutton 1<br>Radiobutton(root,text="Opt2",variable=r,value=2).pack()		# Define and show radiobutton 2<br>r.get()														# Get value from choosen radio button</code></pre>
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<p>MessageBox</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>messagebox.showinfo("Title of PopUp", "Hello World!")		# Show Messagebox<br>different boxes available: showinfo, showwarning, showerror, askquestion, askokcancel, askyesno<br>response = messagebox.askquestion ("Bla", "BlaBla!")		# Show AskQuestion Box and store response</code></pre>
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<p>Check about response of user in message box</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if response == 1: Label(root, text= "YES").pack()<br>elif response == 0: Label(root, text= "NO").pack()</code></pre>
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<p>More Windows</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def open()													# Function for opening the 2nd window<br>	global my_img											# Global definition necessary - otherwise no pic would be drawn<br>	sec = TopLevel()										# Define 2nd window<br>	sec.title("2nd Window")									# Title for 2nd window<br>    img = ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.open("demo.png"))		# Define image<br>    Label (top, image=img).pack()							# Show image in 2nd window<br>btn=Button(root,text="Open 2nd Window",command=open).pack()	# Button for opening 2nd window per click</code></pre>
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<p>FileDialog</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>root.filename = filedialog.askopenfilename(					# Define filname dialog<br>    initialdir="/Users/Bla/images",							# Define initial dir for the file dialog<br>    title="Select file",									# Title of the file dialog<br>    filetypes=(("png files","*.png"),("all files","*.*")))	# Define filetypes in dialog (first name, second which files, default first entry)<br>my_label = Label(root, text=root.filename).pack()			# After choosing a file - show the filename + filepath</code></pre>
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<p>Slider</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>vertical = Scale(root,from_=0,to=200)						# Define vertical slider<br>vertical.pack()												# Showing vertical slider<br>horizontal = Scale(root,from_=0,to=200,orient=HORIZONTAL)	# Define horizontal slider<br>horizontal.pack()											# Showing horizontal slider</code></pre>
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<p>Checkboxes</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Checkbutton(root,text="Check1",variable=var).pack(			# Define and Show a checkbox<br>c.select() or c.deselect()									# Select or Deselect per default the checkbox</code></pre>
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<p>DropDown</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>options=["Mo","Tu","We","Th","Fr"]							# Define options for dropdown menue<br>var = StringVar()											# Define variable for dropdown menue<br>var.set("Mo")												# Set default for dropdown menue<br>OptionMenu(root,var,*options).pack							# Define dropdown menue</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MOUULE - KIVY - making GUIs</h2>
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<p>https://kivy.org/#home</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Kivy documentation</code></pre>
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<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLgquj0c5_U&list=PLCC34OHNcOtpz7PJQ7Tv7hqFBP_xDDjqg</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Training from</code></pre>
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<p>python -m pip install kivy[base] kivy_examples</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Install kivy</code></pre>
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<p>Use template.spec (create with: pyinstaller *.spec - creation not as onefile possible with pyinstaller)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Create EXE</code></pre>
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<p>Simple Window with Label</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import kivy                         # Import kivy base<br>from kivy.app import App            # Import App<br>from kivy.uix.label import Label    # Import Label class<br><br>class MyApp(App):                   # Define App-Class<br>    def build(self):<br>        return Label(text="Hello", font_size = 72)  # Print label with font_size 72)<br><br>if __name__ == "__main__":          # Start App / draw windows with label<br>    MyApp().run()</code></pre>
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<p>Input fields and button with Grid-Layout</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from kivy.uix.gridlayout import GridLayout      # Import Grid-Layout class<br>from kivy.uix.textinput import TextInput        # Import TextInput class<br>from kivy.uix.button import Button              # Import Button class<br><br>class MyGridLayout(GridLayout):                 # Define Grid Layout<br>    def __init__(self, **kwargs):                       # Initialize infinite keywords<br>        super(MyGridLayout,self).__init__(**kwargs)     # Call grid layout constructor<br>        self.cols = 2                                   # Set columns to 2 (draws all elements in 2 columns)<br><br>        self.add_widget(Label(text="Name: "))           # Add Label-Widget with text="Name" (as one-liner)<br>        self.name = TextInput(multiline=False)          # Add Input Box "name" with only one line (multiline = True would me more input lines)<br>        self.add_widget(self.name)                      # Assigment as two-liner<br><br>        self.submit = Button(text="Submit", font_size=32)   # Add Button-Widget with text="Submit" and font-size 32<br>        self.submit.bind(on_press=self.press)               # Bind the button to a function (when pressed the function press will be called)<br>        self.add_widget(self.submit)<br><br>    def press(self,instance):<br>        print(self.name.text)   # Print the text of the name-input field in the terminal<br>        self.add_widget (Label (text=f"New Label with text {self.name.text}")       # Create new Label and write the text to it</code></pre>
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<p>Combine 2 Grids with 2 columns and 1 column</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>    super(MyGridLayout,self).__init__(**kwargs)<br>    self.cols = 1                                       # define standard grid with 1 column<br><br>    self.secondGrid = GridLayout()<br>    self.secondGrid.cols = 2                            # define second grid with 2 columns<br><br>    self.secondGrid.add_widget(Label(text="Stock: "))   # define content for the secondGrid<br>    self.stock = TextInput(multiline=False)<br>    self.secondGrid.add_widget(self.stock)<br>    self.add_widget (self.topGrid)<br><br>    self.submit = Button(text="Levermann Score", font_size =32)     # define button with only 1 column<br>    self.submit.bind(on_press=self.levermannCalc)<br>    self.add_widget(self.submit)</code></pre>
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<p>Set height and width of the widgets</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>    self.row_force_default=True     # necessary - otherwise no adjustment will be done for the widget<br>    self.row_default_height=120     # sets the height to 120 pixel<br><br>    # set height for the whole widgets in topGrid<br>    self.topGrid = GridLayout(<br>        row_force_default=True,<br>        row_default_height=40<br>    )<br><br>    # set width and heigth for individual widget<br>    self.top_grid.add_widget(Label(text="Name: ",       # set the name of the widget<br>                                   size_hint_y=None,<br>                                   height=10,           # define height<br>                                   size_hint_x=None,<br>                                   width=200))          # define width</code></pre>
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<p>Kivy Design Language<br>Seperate program in python from the gui-design (in a kv-file)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># python-file:<br>from kivy.uix.widget import Widget              # import widget module<br>from kivy.properties import ObjectProperty      # import object property<br>class MyGridLayout(Widget):<br>    inpfield = ObjectProperty(None)             # define an object and initialize empty<br>    def method_function(self):                  # defube a method / function in the the gui (eg. for a button)<br>        print(f"something")<br>class MyApplication(App):                       # define the application class (kv-file must have the same name = MyApplication.kv)<br>    def build(self):<br>        return MyGridLayout()                   # name of the first line in the kv-file<br>if __name__ == "__main__":<br>    MyApplication().run()                       # run the gui<br><br># kv-file (name must be in this case "MyApplication.kv")#<br># intention is here very similar (only tabs - no spaces)<br><MyGridLayout><br>    inpfield : inpfield                         # initialize the input field<br><br>    GridLayout:                                 # define the main grid layout with one column<br>        cols: 1<br>        size: root.width, root.height           # take the root width/height (otherwise the objects will be placed in the very left bottom)<br>        row_force_default: True                 # necessary - otherwise no adjustment will be done for the widget<br>        row_default_height: 120                 # set the height (of the whole grid) to 120 pixel)<br><br>        GridLayout:                             # define second (nested) grid with two columns<br>            cols: 2<br>            row_force_default: True<br>            row_default_height: 40              # set the height (of every object in this grid to 40 pixel)<br><br>            Label:<br>                text: "Stock Ticker"            # name of the label<br>            TextInput:<br>                id: inpfield                    # if of the inputfield<br>                text: blablabla                 # default value for the inputfield<br>                multiline: False                # no multiline input field<br><br>        Button:                                 # define button as part of the first gridlayout (so only 1 column)<br>        text: "Button Text"                     # button text<br>        font_size: 32                           # font-size of the button text<br>        on_press: root.method_function()        # on button press call function "method_function" from the py-file<br>        size_hint_y: None<br>        height: 50                              # set height of the button to 50 pixel</code></pre>
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<p>Kivy Builder</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># link kv-files to python-file<br>from kivy.lang import Builder       # import builder module<br>Builder.load_file("whatever.kv")    # link the kv-file to the python-file (so the App-classname must not be the same as the kv-filename)</code></pre>
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<p>Coloring buttons and input fields</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># using rgb-color for the coloring<br>background_normal: ''                           # necessary to use this - otherwise the color will be mixed with the intial grey default<br>background_color: (1,0,0,1)                     # coloring the element in red<br>background_color: (238/255,250/255,0/255,1)     # using a rgb-color for the coloring<br><br># using hexadecimal coloring<br>#:import utils kivy.utils                               # importing the kivy-utils in the very first line of the kv-file<br>background_color: utils.get_color_from_hex("#eefa00")   # coloring the element with this hex-code</code></pre>
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<p>Box Layout</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>BoxLayout:<br>    orientation: "horizontal"                   # arrange the object horizontal (also vertical possible)<br>    size: root.width, root.height               # use the full place of the window<br>    spacing: 20                                 # 20 pixels between the elements<br>    padding: 50                                 # 50 pixels padding around the elements<br><br>    Button:<br>    text: "blablabla"                           # define button in the box-model<br>    size_hint: (0.5,0.5)                         # make the button the half-size (x- and y-axes) - working also responsive when the windows size is changed<br><br>    size_hint: (None, None)                     # set fixed size for the button (200 pixels width and 50 pixels height)<br>    width: 200<br>    height: 50<br>    pos_hint: {"center_x": 0.5}                 # center the element horizontal</code></pre>
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<p>Inheritance, Widget Properties</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># Define the global settings in sepearte section in the kv-file<br><Button>                            # these settings are used for all buttons in the window<br>    font_size: 32<br>    background_normal: ''<br>    background_color: (0,0,1,1)<br><TextInput>                         # this color is used for all input fields in the window<br>    background_color: (150/255,150/255,150/255,1)<br><br># But when some individual setting for an element is needed this is possible<br><MyLayout><br>    BoxLayout:<br>        TextInput:<br>            background_color: (1,0,0,1)     # background color for this input-field will be different then the global settings aboth</code></pre>
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<p>Color Labels</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># Works a little bit different that the normal coloring of objects like buttons or input fields<br>Label:<br>    background_color: (0,0,1,1)             # choose the color for the label<br>    canvas.before:                          # this whole code-part has to be added - otherwise there will be no label coloring<br>        Color:<br>            rgba: self.background_color<br>        Rectangle:<br>            size: self.size<br>            pos: self.pos<br><br># Normal usage of other properties<br>    text: "Name"                # name of the label<br>    font_size: 45               # font size of the label<br>    color: (0,1,0,1)            # color of the text of the label<br>    bold: True                  # text will be bold written<br>    italic: True                # text will be italic written<br>    outline_color: (0,0,0)      # set the color for the border of the text<br>    outline_width: 2            # width of the border of the text</code></pre>
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<p>Color Background</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># 1st method in kv-file: make a white background color<br><MyLayout><br>    canvas.before:<br>        Color:<br>            rgba: (1,1,1,1)<br>        Rectangle:<br>            pos: self.pos<br>            size: self.size<br><br># 2nd method in py-file<br>from kivy.core.window import Window<br><br>class AwesomeApp(App):<br>    def build(self):<br>        Window.clearcolor = (1,1,1,1)<br>        return MyLayout()</code></pre>
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<p>Set window size</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># set windows size to width 550 and height 300<br>from kivy.core.window import Window<br>class MyLayout(Widget):<br>    Window.size = (550, 300)</code></pre>
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<p>DropDown box with spinner</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>kv-file:<br>    Spinner:<br>        id: spinner_id<br>        text: "Favorite"<br>        values: ["Pepperoni","Cheese","Mushroom","Pineapple"]<br>        on_text: root.spinner_clicked(spinner_id.text)<br><br>py-file:<br>    def spinner_clicked(self,value):<br>        self.ids.click_label.text = f"You selected: {value}"</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - PYGAME - making games</h2>
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<p>Pygame documentation</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>http://pygame.org/docs/</code></pre>
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<p>Import of the pygame module</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import pygame as pg</code></pre>
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<p>Initialize and setup screen</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pg.init()</code></pre>
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<p>Define dimension</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>screen_dim = (1200,800)</code></pre>
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<p>Show screen with the defined dimensions</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>screen = pg.display.set_mode(screen_dim)</code></pre>
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<p>Define background color</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>bg_color = (230,230,230)</code></pre>
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<p>Screen filling with defined background color</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>screen.fill(bg_color)</code></pre>
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<p>Title of the game in the window</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pg.display.set_caption("My Super Game")</code></pre>
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<p>Rectangle infos (left,top,width,height - (0,0,1200,800)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>rect screen.get_rect()</code></pre>
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<p>Center of the Rectangle as tuple - (600,400)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>rect.center</code></pre>
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<p>Size of the Rectangle as tuple - (1200,800)</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>rect-size</code></pre>
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<p>X-Dim left - (0)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>rect.left</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>X-Dim right - (1200)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>rect.right</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Y-Dim top - (0)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>rect.top</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Y-Dim bottom - (800)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>rect.bottom</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Middle of X-Dim - (600)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>rect.centerx</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Middle of Y-Dim - (400)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>rect.centery</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Width of the rectangle - (1200)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>rect.width</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Height of the rectangle - (800)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>rect.height</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define new rectangle</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>small_rect = pg.Rect(100,100,10,150)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Draw small rectangle in screen</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pg.draw.rect(screen,(100,100,100,small_rect)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Loading an image</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>figure = pg.image.load("ship.png")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Getting the rect object from an image</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>figure.get_rect()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Positioning an image in the middle of the bottom screen</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>figure_rect.midbottom = screen_rect.midbottom</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Drawing an image to the screen</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>screen.blit(figure, figure_rect)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if an event has happend (keystroke, mouseclick)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>for event in pg.event.get():</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if key is pressed</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>event.type == pg.KEYDOWN:</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Some action when Right-Key is pressed</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>event.key == pg.K_RIGHT:</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Some action when Space-Key is pressed</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>event.key == pg.K_SPACE:</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if mousebutton is clicked</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>event.type == pg.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Findinig the mouse position</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>mouse_pos = pg.mouse.get_pos()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if mouse-cursor is ofer an object / rectangle</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>button_rect.collidepoint(mouse_pos)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Group class for working with similar objects</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from pygame.sprite import Sprite,Group</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Making and filling a group - must inherit from Sprite</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def Bullet(Sprite):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Method from the new group</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def draw_bullet(self):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Method from the new group</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def update(self):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define group of elements</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>bullet = Group()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define new instance</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>new_bullet = Bullet()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Add new instance to group</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>bullets.add(new_bullet)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Iterate through group instances and draw</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from bullet in bullets.sprites(): bullet.draw_bullet()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Calls the methode update() on each member of the group</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>bullets.update()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Remove instance from group</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>bullets.remove(bullet)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Check if single object is overlapping with groupelements</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>prg.sprite.spritecollideany(obj,group)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Result-Dict with all overlapping elements of both groups</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pg.sprite.groupcollide(group1,group2,True,True)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define message</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>msg = "Play again!"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Defines message color</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>msg_col = (100,100,100)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Defines background color</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>bg_col = (230,230,230)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Defines font from system font</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>font = pg.font.SysFont(None,48)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create an image of the message</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>msg_img = f.render(msg,True,msg_col,bg_col)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read rect from message-image</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>msg_img_rect = msg_image.get_rect()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Pos the message-image in the middle of the window</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>msg_img_rect.center = screen_rect.center</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Display the positioned message-image</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>screen.blit(msg_img, msg_img_rect)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - PYTHONCOM - make new formula in excel with python-function</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import necessary modules</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import pythoncom</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import client</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import win32com.client</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import server</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import win32com.server.register</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Put everything in a class</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>class PythonObjectLibrary:</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>UniqueID for our object to register it with Windows</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>_reg_clsid_ = pythoncom.CreateGuid()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Register the object as an EXE</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>_reg_clsctx = pythoncom.CLSCTX_LOCAL_SERVER</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Register the object as a DLL</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>_reg_clsctx = pythoncom.IMPROC_SERVER</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Name of the project library</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>_reg_progid_ = "Python.ObjectLibrary"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Optional / Description of the library</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>_reg_desc_ = "This is our Python Obj Library"</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Name the functions - this sees the user in excel</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>_public_methods_ = ["f1","f2,"f3"]</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Define the function in the class</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def f1(self, x, y):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Return the result of the function (to excel later)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>return x + y</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Another function - this time wie a range (more cells in excel)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>def f2(self, myRange):</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create an instance of the range object passed trough</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>rng1 = win32com.client.Dispatch(myRange)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Change the object to an numpy-array (or an list)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>rng1val = np.array(list(rng1.Value))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Return the sum of the range (to excel later)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>return rng1val.sum()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Part of the code in the main-section</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if __name__ == "__main__":</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Register the library (when the program is started => the Library is registered in Windows)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>win32com.server.register.UseCommandLine(PythonObjectLibrary)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Pygame groups<br><a href='https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYwn8Pu5eRg&feature=emb_logo' target='_blank'>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYwn8Pu5eRg&feature=emb_logo</a><br>Part in Excel</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>(in the Visual Basic Editor under Development Tools)<br># Definition of the f1-function - now the user can use the function "f1" in excel<br>Function f1(x As Long, y As Long)<br>    f1 = VBA.CreateObject("Python.ObjectLibrary").f1(x, y)<br>End Function<br># Definition of the f2-function - now the user can use the function "f2" in excel<br>Function f2(x As Range)<br>    f2 = VBA.CreateObject("Python.ObjectLibrary").f2(x)<br>End Function</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - FLASK, ZAPPA, AWS - making an API</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>create basic api in flask</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://nordicapis.com/how-to-create-an-api-from-a-dataset-using-python-and-flask/</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>create basic api in flask, deploy to AWS with zappa and setup on Rapidapi</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://pythonforundergradengineers.com/deploy-serverless-web-app-aws-lambda-zappa.html#what-is-zappa</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>create basic api in flask, deploy to AWS with zappa and</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://towardsdatascience.com/develop-and-sell-a-python-api-from-start-to-end-tutorial-9a038e433966</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Import the module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import flask</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Creates a Flask application</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>app = flask.Flask(__name__)</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Runs the program in debug mode (no reset necessary when changing a line of code)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>app.config["DEBUG"] = True</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>"/" indicates where the result in the url will output - GET will read data (POST for writing data)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>@app.route('/', methods=['GET'])</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Runs the application</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>app.run()</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Outputs a List with a dict to the server / url</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>@app.route('/api/v1/resources/books/all', methods=['GET'])	# Data will available at: http://127.0.0.1:5000/api/v1/resources/books/all<br>def api_all():<br>    return jsonify(books)	    # Converts and returns the list in JSON-Flask-format<br>app.run()<br># results are available under http://127.0.0.1:5000/api/v1/resources/books/all</code></pre>
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<p>Filtering data</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>@app.route('/api/v1/resources/books', methods=['GET'])<br>def api_id():<br>    if 'id' in request.args:					# Check if an ID was provided as part of the URL<br>        id = int(request.args['id'])			# If ID is provided, assign it to a variable<br>    else: return "Error: No id field provided"	# If no ID is provided, display an error in the browser.<br>    for book in books:							# Loop through the data and match results that fit the requested ID<br>        if book['id'] == id: results.append(book)<br>    return jsonify(results)						# Use the jsonify function from Flask to convert our list of - Python dictionaries to the JSON format<br>app.run()<br># results are available under http://127.0.0.1:5000/api/v1/resources/books?id=1</code></pre>
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<p>Check if API is called from the right access-place (like rapidapi.com)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>(key is provided from the platform - eg. here from rapidapi.com)<br>    if "e6e45ed0-55e5-11eb-963e-ffe9fcdce080" not in request.headers:<br>        return "Error: Wrong API-Call - use www.rapidapi.com for calling the API!"</code></pre>
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<p>Using zappa and deploying to AWS (zappa is only working in a virtual environment)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install zappa											=> Install module<br>=> Create file and insert the credentials from AWS (creation see second link above)<br>create file credentials in "%UserProfile%\.aws<br>	[default]<br>	aws_access_key_id = XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX<br>	aws_secret_access_key = XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX<br>virtualenv xyz									# Create an virtual environment<br>xyz\Scripts\activate							# Activate virtual environment<br>go back to folder xyz and install all necessary modules with pip install<br>pip list										# Check if everything is installed in the folder<br>zappa init (when virutal environement is activated!)		# Create zappa_settings.json File (press return at any prompt)<br>    "dev": {<br>		"app_function": "app.app",				# Name of the py-file<br>		"aws_region": "eu-central-1",			# Nearest aws-region<br>        "profile_name": "default",				# Same as in aws-credentials at "%UserProfile%/.aws/credentials<br>        "project_name": "apicheck",<br>        "runtime": "python3.7",					# Automatic generated<br>        "s3_bucket": "zappa-gsoln7zyl"			# Automatic generated<br>    }<br>pip freeze > requirements.txt					# Create requirements.txt for all installed modules in the virtual environment<br>zappa deploy dev (when virutal environement is activated!)	# Deploy everything to AWS (when ended with link everything worked fine) (otherwise 502 error - often a module is missing)<br>	eg. https://xnujiyxsb1.execute-api.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/dev/api/v1/incstat?ticker=FB<br>		https://xnujiyxsb1.execute-api.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/dev/api/v1/summary?ticker=CAT<br>		https://xnujiyxsb1.execute-api.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/dev/api/v1/profile?ticker=FB<br>zappa update dev (when virutal environement is activated! and actual directory is correct where the py-file is!)	# Update deployment on AWS (when something changed in the pyhton-program)<br>zappa status									# Show actual status<br>zappa tail										# Show actual loggin (in error cases)<br>zappa undeploy dev								# Undeploy everything on AWS</code></pre>
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<p>AWS part</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>see the APIs under AWS Api Geteway => region on the upper right site has to be the same as in the zappa_settings.json file#<br>check API-access<br>	select API (under API Gateway and APIs)<br>	click on second ANY link<br>	click Test (on the left side)<br>	select Method Get<br>	input path example under {proxy} eg. api/v1/incstat?ticker=FB<br>	click Test Button (at the bottom)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - FLASK, heroku, GUNICORN  - making an API</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p><a href='https://stackabuse.com/deploying-a-flask-application-to-heroku/' target='_blank'>https://stackabuse.com/deploying-a-flask-application-to-heroku/</a></p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>git init (when .git is not in the folder of the api)<br>git add .<br>git commit -m "upd"<br>heroku login -i<br>heroku git:remote -a financerapidapi (name of the app on heroku)<br>git push heroku main</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - FASTPI, UVICORN - making an app</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>import module</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from fastapi import FastAPI</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>start reloading app (refreshed automatically)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>uvicorn main:app --reload</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>for rendering the html-page</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>jinja2 templates</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>framework for formatting (like bootstrap)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>semantic-ui.com</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>for html-templates which can be used in several other html-files</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>layouts.html</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>for interactive candlebars on the webpage</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>javascript-code</code></pre>
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<p><a href='https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFnOEIyqSRg&list=PLvzuUVysUFOuoRna8KhschkVVUo2E2g6G' target='_blank'>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFnOEIyqSRg&list=PLvzuUVysUFOuoRna8KhschkVVUo2E2g6G</a><br>see Python-Diverse - TradingApp<br>simplest route</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>app = FastAPI()<br>@app.get("/")<br>def index():<br>  return {"message": "hello world!"}</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - ICECREAM - print for debugging</h2>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Imort icecream</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from icecream import ic</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show value of the variable in the form: ic| var1: 20</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ic(var1)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show when command is reached: ic| icecream_example.py:5 in func() at 01:44:20.394 (line / file / time)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ic()</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Set Context Output => also shows line / file / time</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ic.configureOutput(includeContext=True)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - TA-LIB - technical analysis of financial market</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Documentation: https://mrjbq7.github.io/ta-lib/<br>Installation</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Download whl file from here: https://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#ta-lib<br>(with corresponding python version (eg. cp39) and os (eg. adm64)<br>then: pip install *.whl (eg. pip install TA_Lib-0.4.19-cp39-cp39-win_amd64.whl)<br>then: pip install TA-Lib</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - YFINANCE - date from Yahoo Finance</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Installation (yfinance as yf not working - problems with pyinstaller)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>import yfinance</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Read data for ticker yahoo finance ticker symbol</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF = yf.Ticker(ticker)</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Summary info for stock / cryptopcoin</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.info</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Price data as dataframe from/to-date</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>yf.download(ticker,"2020-01-01","2021-03-31))</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Intraday price data as dataframe for 1 month and 60 minute interval</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.history(period="1mo",interval="60m")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Intraday price data as dataframe for 1 day and 2 minute interval</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.history(period="1d",interval="2m")</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Financial data</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.financials</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Dividends (date and amount)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.dividends</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Splits (date and split-factor)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.splits</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Percent major holders</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.major_holders</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Biggest Insitutional holders</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.institutional_holders</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Balance Sheet Data</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.balance_sheet</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Cashflow Data</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.cashflow</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Earnings Data (Revenue, Income)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.earnings</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Sustainability Informations (palm oile, military, adult, etc.)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.sustainability</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Recommendations from different agencies</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.recommendations</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Calendar data</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.calendar</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>ISIN-Number</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dataYF.isin</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - PLOTLY - data visualization</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>installation</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install plotly</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>examples of graphing libraries</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://plotly.com/python/</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>see example for candlestick-chart</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>Python-Diverses / Plotly / example.py</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:heading {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-heading-1686125278519"} -->
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MODULE - DJANGO - framework for webdevelopment</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Video Training</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5mRW0jo-U4&t=5043s</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Example</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>C:\Users\Polzi\Documents\DEV\Python-Diverses\Django</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>installation</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip install django</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>create a blank django project</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>django-admin startproject pjName</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>run django server (start site on http://127.0.0.1:8000/)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>python manage.py runserver</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Docu and examples: https://aroussi.com/post/python-yahoo-finance</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>  BASE_DIR => directory of the django-project<br>  SECRET_KEY => individual key from django-project<br>  DEBUG => should be set to False in production<br>  INSTALLED_APPS => componente / pieces of the django-project<br>  DATABASES => database of the django-project</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p></p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>  # create a new app / component<br>  models.py => create models and link to the database<br>  add "products" to INSTALLED_APPS in settings.py</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>create superuser (eg. for login to /admin app/component)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>python manage.py createsuperuser</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>prepeare migrations (when anything changed in the apps)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>python manage.py makemigrations</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>migrate all changes</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>python manage.py migrate</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>now products can created in the /admin-page</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>add this: from .models import Product in admin.py of the products app / component</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>open django-sheel (eg. create products from the shell )</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>python manage.py shell</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>overview builtins</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.0/ref/templates/builtins/</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>include html in an html-page (navbar.html)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>{% include "navbar.html" %}</code></pre>
<!-- /wp:code -->
<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>extend html-page (base.html)</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>{% extends "base.html"  %}</code></pre>
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<p>replace this block content</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>{% block content %} xyz {% endblock %}</code></pre>
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<p>add 2 to the value</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>{{ x|add:"2" }}</code></pre>
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<p>if statement</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>{{ if x in lst }}</code></pre>
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<p>elif statement</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>{{ elif x == 3 }}</code></pre>
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<p>else statement</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>{{ else }}</code></pre>
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<p>close if statement</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>{{ end if }}</code></pre>
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<p>capitalize first letter</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>{{ x|capfirst }}</code></pre>
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<p>uppercase whole string</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>{{ x|upper }}</code></pre>
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<p>capitalize and upper the whole string</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>{{ x|capfirst|upper }}</code></pre>
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<p>add a new module / component</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>- python manage.py startapp products    # create "products" folder<br>- create class in models.py of the products-folder<br>- import and register at admin-site in admin.py of the products-folder<br>- add products to INSTALLED_APPs in settings.py of the project-folder</code></pre>
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<p>add a new website</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># create "pages" folder<br>  - python manage.py startapp pages<br># eg. function with HttpResponse to output html-code<br># for that function import is necessary with "from django.http import HttpResponse"<br>  - add view in views.py of the pages-folder<br>- add pages to INSTALLED_APPS in settings.py of the project-folder<br># import view with "from pages.views import homeView"<br># set path with eg. "path('', homeView, name="home")"<br>  - add pages/view in urls.py fo the project-folder</code></pre>
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<p>request and show page/view</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># in urls.py the requests are stored<br>  eg. path('contact/', contactView)<br># and in the views.py is the html-code stored<br>  eg. def contactView(*args, **kwargs):<br>        return HttpResponse("*h1*Contacts!*/h1*")</code></pre>
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<p>using templates</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># render the page in views.py<br>  eg. def contactView(request, *args, **kwargs):<br>        return render(request, "contact.html", {})<br># create a folder eg. "templates" and put all html-pages in it<br>  eg. about.html, contact.html, home.html<br># change DIRS in TEMPLATES in settings.py<br>  eg. to 'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "templates")],</code></pre>
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<p>extends: template Inheritance</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># create base-html<br>  eg. *h1*This is a navbar*/h1*<br>      {% block content %}<br>        replace me<br>      {% endblock %}<br># inside the about-html<br>  eg. {% extends "base.html"  %}<br>      {% block content %}<br>        *h1*About*/h1*<br>        <p>This is a template</p><br>      {% endblock %}<br># "replace me" will get replace by the info from about-html from the block content</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>include: something in html</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>{% include "navbar.html" %}</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>render data in html</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># render html-page with dictionary<br>  define myContext as Dictionary<br>  myContext = {<br>    "myText": "This is about me",<br>    "myNumber": 123,<br>    "myList": [123, 4242, 12313]<br>  }<br>  eg. return render(request, "about.html", myContext)<br># access this dict in the html-page<br>  eg. {{ myText }}, {{ myNumber }}</code></pre>
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<p>for loop when rendering</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># get myList from Dictionary in views.py<br>  {% for mySubItem in myList %}<br>    <li>{{ forloop.counter }} - {{ mySubItem }}</li><br>  {% endfor %}</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">DOLT - Databases like Repos</h2>
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<p>Config Mail</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dolt config --global --add user.email YOU@DOMAIN.COM</code></pre>
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<p>Config Name</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dolt config --global --add user.name "YOUR NAME"</code></pre>
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<p>Login and the key</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dolt login</code></pre>
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<p>Clone DB-Repos</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dolt clone dolthub/baseball-databank</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show tables in db</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dolt ls</code></pre>
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<p>Read column description for table</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dolt sql -q "describe Salaries"</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Run some query on the table</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dolt sql -q "SELECT * FROM Salaries"</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Write query to table</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>dolt sql -r csv -q "SELECT * FROM Salaries" > salary-hr.csv</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">PYTHONANYWHERE</h2>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>install python modules in specific version / environment</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>pip3.7 install --user --upgrade selenium</code></pre>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">HEROKU - run python scripts in the cloud</h2>
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<p>New => Create new app => give name with only lowercases</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>on Heroku: create App</code></pre>
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<p>Setting => Add buildpack => choose python</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>on Heroku: set python build path</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create Procfile with 2 lines => web: python appname.py, worker: python appname.py</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>in App-folder: create Procfile</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Create or Copy the requirements.txt => eg. pip freeze> requirements.txt</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>in App-folder: create requirements.txt</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>when there is not git-structure yet</p>
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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>in App-folder: git init</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>like xlwings, openpyxl, pywin32</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>delete not possible modules	in cloud</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>login to heroku (login page opens in the browser)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>heroku login</code></pre>
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<p>connect to the heroku app</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>heroku git:remote -a HEROKU_APP_NAME</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>add files (like in git)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>git add .</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>commit files (like in git</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>git commit -am "msg"</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>push the files to heroku for build (try master instead of main when not working)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>git push heroku main</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>in Resources deselect both (otherwise the program will run more times per day)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>on Heroku: deselect web + worker</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Heroku Scheduler for scheduling the app, Papertrail for logs</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>on Heroku: add Add-ons</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Schedule the app run times</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>on Heroku / Scheduler</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>Show which dynos are running currently</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>heroku ps -a appName</code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>run the app / script which is hosted on heroku (only possible when no dyno is running)</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>heroku run -a <appName> python <prg.py></code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>see all running dynos</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>heroku ps -a <appName></code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>stop the running dyno with name "scheduler.6436"</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>heroku ps:stop scheduler.6436 -a <appN></code></pre>
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<!-- wp:paragraph {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-paragraph-1686132588595"} -->
<p>using TA-Lib on heroku</p>
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<!-- wp:code {"canvasClassName":"cnvs-block-core-code-1686132588597"} -->
<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>remove TA-Lib from requirtements.text<br>Described here: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43453953/how-to-install-python-library-in-heroku<br>GitDoku: https://github.com/numrut/heroku-buildpack-python-talib<br>use this commands instead:<br>heroku buildpacks:add --index 1 heroku/python<br>heroku buildpacks:add --index 2 numrut/ta-lib<br>schedule the running time with addon Heroku Scheduler</code></pre>
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