Purpose

This repo is used to deploy an EKS cluster to AWS. CI/CD is managed through Spacelift.

Directory Structure

.:  Contains references to all the "Things" that are going to be deployed
├── common-resources: Resources that are environment independent
│   ├── contexts: Contexts that we'll attach across environments
│   └── policies: Rego policies that can be attached to 0..* spacelift stacks
├── dev: Development/sandbox environment
│   ├── spacelift: Terraform scripts to manage spacelift resources
│   │   └── dpe-k8s/dpe-sandbox: Spacelift specific resources to manage the CI/CD pipeline
│   └── stacks: The deployable cloud resources
│       ├── dpe-auth0: Stack used to provision and setup auth0 IDP (Identity Provider) settings
│       ├── dpe-sandbox-k8s: K8s + supporting AWS resources
│       └── dpe-sandbox-k8s-deployments: Resources deployed inside of a K8s cluster
└── modules: Templatized collections of terraform resources that are used in a stack
    ├── apache-airflow: K8s deployment for apache airflow
    │   └── templates: Resources used during deployment of airflow
    ├── argo-cd: K8s deployment for Argo CD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes.
    │   └── templates: Resources used during deployment of this helm chart
    ├── cert-manager: Handles provisioning TLS certificates for the cluster
    ├── envoy-gateway: API Gateway for the cluster securing and providing secure traffic into the cluster
    ├── postgres-cloud-native: Used to provision a postgres instance
    ├── postgres-cloud-native-operator: Operator that manages the lifecycle of postgres instances on the cluster
    ├── demo-network-policies: K8s deployment for a demo showcasing how to use network policies
    ├── demo-pod-level-security-groups-strict: K8s deployment for a demo showcasing how to use pod level security groups in strict mode
    ├── sage-aws-eks: Sage specific EKS cluster for AWS
    ├── sage-aws-eks-addons: Sets up additional resources that need to be installed post creation of the EKS cluster
    ├── sage-aws-k8s-node-autoscaler: K8s node autoscaler using spotinst ocean
    ├── sage-aws-ses: AWS SES (Simple email service) setup
    ├── sage-aws-vpc: Sage specific VPC for AWS
    ├── signoz: SigNoz provides APM, logs, traces, metrics, exceptions, & alerts in a single tool
    ├── trivy-operator: K8s deployment for trivy, along with a few supporting charts for security scanning
    │   └── templates: Resources used during deployment of these helm charts
    ├── victoria-metrics: K8s deployment for victoria metrics, a promethus like tool for cluster metric collection
    │   └── templates: Resources used during deployment of these helm charts

This root main.tf contains all the "Things" that are going to be deployed. In this top level directory you'll find that the terraform files are bringing together everything that should be deployed in spacelift declerativly. The items declared in this top level directory are as follows:

1. A single root administrative stack that is responsible for taking each and every resource to deploy it to spacelift.
2. A spacelift space that everything is deployed under called environment.
3. Reference to the terraform-registry modules directory.
4. Reference to common-resources or reusable resources that are not environment specific.
5. The environment specific resources such as dev, staging, or prod

This structure is looking to https://github.com/antonbabenko/terraform-best-practices/tree/master/examples for inspiration.

AWS VPC

The VPC used in this project is created with the AWS VPC Terraform module. It contains a number of defaults for our use-case at sage. Head on over to the module definition to learn more.

AWS EKS

AWS EKS is a managed kubernetes cluster that handles many of the tasks around running a k8s cluster. On-top of it we are providing the configurable parameters in order to run a number of workloads.

EKS API access

API access to the kubernetes cluster endpoint is set to Public and private.

Reading:

• https://github.com/terraform-aws-modules/terraform-aws-eks/blob/master/docs/network_connectivity.md

Public

This allows one outside of the VPC to connect via kubectl and related tools to interact with kubernetes resources. By default, this API server endpoint is public to the internet, and access to the API server is secured using a combination of AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) and native Kubernetes Role Based Access Control (RBAC).

Private

You can enable private access to the Kubernetes API server so that all communication between your worker nodes and the API server stays within your VPC. You can limit the IP addresses that can access your API server from the internet, or completely disable internet access to the API server.

EKS VPC CNI Plugin

This section describes the VPC CNI (Container Network Interface) that is being used within the EKS cluster. The plugin is responsible for allocating VPC IP addresses to Kubernetes nodes and configuring the necessary networking for Pods on each node.

Security groups for pods

Allows us to assign EC2 security groups directly to pods running in AWS EKS clusters. This can be used as an alternative or in conjunction with Kubernetes network policies.

See modules/demo-pod-level-security-groups-strict for more context on how this works.

Kubernetes network policies

Controls network traffic within the cluster, for example pod to pod traffic.

See modules/demo-network-policies for more context on how this works.

Further reading:

• https://docs.aws.amazon.com/eks/latest/userguide/cni-network-policy.html
• https://docs.aws.amazon.com/eks/latest/userguide/security-groups-for-pods.html
• https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/containers/introducing-security-groups-for-pods/
• https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/

EKS Autoscaler

We use spot.io to manage the nodes attached to each of the EKS cluster. This tool has scale-to-zerio capabilities and will dynamically add or removes nodes from the cluster depending on the required demand. The autoscaler is templatized and provided as a terraform module to be used within an EKS stack.

Setup of spotio (Manual per AWS Account):

• Subscribe through the AWS Marketplace: https://aws.amazon.com/marketplace/saas/ordering?productId=bc241ac2-7b41-4fdd-89d1-6928ec6dae15
• "Set up your account" on the spotio website and link it to an existing organization
• Link the account through the AWS UI:
• Create a policy (See the JSON in the spotio UI)
• Create a role (See instructions in the spotio UI)

After this has been setup the last item is to get an API token from the spotio UI and add it to the AWS secret manager.

• Log into the spot UI and go to https://console.spotinst.com/settings/v2/tokens/permanent
• Create a new Permanent token, name it {AWS-Account-Name}-token or similar
• Copy the token and create an AWS Secrets Manager Plaintext secret named spotinst_token with a description Spot.io token

Connecting to an EKS cluster for kubectl commands

To connect to the EKS stack running in AWS you'll need to make sure that you have SSO setup for the account you'll be using. Once setup run the commands below:

# Login with the profile you're using to authenticate. For example mine is called 
# `dpe-prod-admin`
aws sso login --profile dpe-prod-admin

# Update your kubeconfig with the proper values. This is saying "Authenticate with 
# AWS using my SSO session for the profile `dpe-prod-admin`. After authenticated 
# assuming that we want to use the `role/eks_admin_role` to connect to the k8s 
# cluster". This will update your kubeconfig with permissions to access the cluster.
aws eks update-kubeconfig --region us-east-1 --name dpe-k8 --profile dpe-prod-admin

Security and Audits in place for the EKS cluster

AWS Guard duty is being used to perform audit trails for the EKS cluster, it involves 2 components for the cluster:

1. EKS Audit Log Monitoring
2. GuardDuty Runtime Monitoring

The initial configuration of these is handled through the securitycentral IT account. Runtime Monitoring is installed manually via terraform modules, allowing it to be torn down when we destroy the VPC and EKS cluster.

In addition to this scanning that is in place we are also taking advantage of the trivy-operator, a "Kubernetes-native security toolkit". The use of this tool will give us regular scans of the resources that we are deploying to the kubernetes cluster. As resources are added trivy will spin up and add more to the existing reports. In addition policy-report has been installed to the cluster to give a UI to review the results without needing to dig into kubernetes resources. The use of these reports will be regularly reviewed as new applications are added to the cluster, in addition the use of the SBOM (Software bill of materials) will allow us to review for any security advisories.

Deploying an application to the kubernetes cluster

Deployment of applications to the kubernetes cluster is handled through the combination of terraform (.tf) scripts, spacelift (CICD tool), and ArgoCd or Flux CD (Declarative definitions for applications).

To start of the deployment journey the first step is to create a new terraform module that encapsulating everything that is required to deploy any cloud resources, in addition to defining any kubernetes specific resources that will be deployed to the cluster.

Creating the terraform module

This is supplemental information to what is defined within the modules readme

1. Create a new directory for your module within ./modules, it should be named after what you are deploying.
2. At a minimum you must define a main.tf and versions.tf script that define:
   1. What cloud resources you are deploying
   2. The providers required for deploying those cloud resources
3. You may also define any number of additional files and resources that are specific to the module you are creating.

Deploying a kubernetes resource to the cluster (ArgoCD)

Deployment of applications and kubernetes specific resources to the cluster is handled via Argo CD, which is a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes. The usage of this tool instead of terraform allows for continous monitoring of Kubernetes resources to align expected state with the actual state of the cluster. It has extensive support to deploy helm charts, and Kubernetes yaml files.

The declarative setup for ArgoCD is done through defining specific Kubernetes resources as defined in the ArgoCD Custom Resource Definition (CRD).

For our use cases we will typically be creating an Application Specification which defines a number of pointers and configuration elements for ArgoCD to deploy to the Kubernetes cluster. In addition we are taking advantage of Multiple Sources for an Application to install public helm charts with our custom values.yaml files without the need to create our own helm chart and host it in our repository. See the following readme for a real example we are using for deploying out Apache Airflow instance.

Access resources on the kubernetes cluster

As of August 2024 the only access to resources on the kubernetes cluster is occuring through kubectl port forward sessions. No internet facing load balancers are avaiable to connect to.

Using a tool like K9s navigate to the pod in question and start a port forward session. Then open up a browser and go to the localhost and port you have specified in your port forward session.

(Area of future work to have better secrets management): https://sagebionetworks.jira.com/browse/IBCDPE-1038

Most, but not all, resources will have a login page where you'll need to enter in a username and password. These resources will have a Kubernetes secret in base64 that you'll be able to look at and get the appropriate username/password to log into the tool. Once you obtain the Base64 data you'll need to decode it and then log into the tool. Examples:

• ArgoCD: Secret is named argocd-initial-admin-secret with a default username of admin
• Grafana: Secret is named victoria-metrics-k8s-stack-grafana with a default username of admin

Tear down of EKS stacks

If you need to fully tear down all of the infra start at the smallest point and work outwards. Destroy items in this order:

• Go into the argoCD UI and delete all applications
• Run tofu destroy --auto-approve as a task in spacelift for the Kubernetes Deployments stack
• Run tofu destroy --auto-approve as a task in spacelift for the infrastructure deployment stack

Spacelift

Here are some instructions on setting up spacelift.

Connecting a new AWS account for cloud integration

This document describes the abbreviated process below: https://docs.spacelift.io/integrations/cloud-providers/aws#setup-guide

• Create a new role and set it's name to something unique within the account, such as spacelift-admin-role
• Description: "Role for spacelift CICD to assume when deploying resources managed by terraform"
• Use the custom trust policy below:

{
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Principal": {
                "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::324880187172:root"
            },
            "Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
            "Condition": {
                "StringLike": {
                    "sts:ExternalId": "sagebionetworks@*"
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Principal": {
                "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::{{AWS ACCOUNT ID}}:root"
            },
            "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
        }
    ]
}

• Attach a few policies to the role:
  • PowerUserAccess
  • Create an inline policy to allow interaction with IAM (Needed if TF is going to be creating, editing, and deleting IAM roles/policies):

{
	"Version": "2012-10-17",
	"Statement": [
		{
			"Effect": "Allow",
			"Action": [
				"iam:*Role",
				"iam:*RolePolicy",
				"iam:*RolePolicies",
				"iam:*Policy",
				"iam:*PolicyVersion",
				"iam:*OpenIDConnectProvider",
				"iam:*InstanceProfile",
				"iam:ListPolicyVersions",
				"iam:ListGroupsForUser",
                "iam:ListAttachedUserPolicies"
			],
			"Resource": "*"
		},
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Action": [
                "iam:CreateUser",
                "iam:AttachUserPolicy",
                "iam:ListPolicies",
                "iam:TagUser",
                "iam:GetUser",
                "iam:DeleteUser",
                "iam:CreateAccessKey",
                "iam:ListAccessKeys",
                "iam:DeleteAccessKey"
            ],
            "Resource": "arn:aws:iam::{{AWS ACCOUNT ID}}:user/smtp_user"
        }
	]
}

• Add a new spacelift_aws_integration resources to the common-resources/aws-integrations directory.