A GEOSException error occurred when calling contourf

[Clarmy]

Description

I encountered a strange shapely.errors.GEOSException error when using cartopy to draw maps with contourf. The plotting works fine if I just use matplotlib without the cartopy projection transformation.

sample data: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1n1PkwgZez3Ukz-0klkll2YAJX46vOH-6/view?usp=sharing

Code to reproduce

The code runs normally if I execute the following.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

data = np.load('./data.npy')
lons = np.load('./lons.npy')
lats = np.load('./lats.npy')

plt.contourf(lons, lats, data, levels=np.arange(0, 101, 5))
plt.savefig('./output.png')

However, if I execute the following code, it results in an error.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import cartopy.crs as ccrs

data = np.load('./data.npy')
lons = np.load('./lons.npy')
lats = np.load('./lats.npy')

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(20, 10))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection=ccrs.GOOGLE_MERCATOR)
ax.contourf(lons, lats, data, levels=np.arange(0, 101, 5), cmap=plt.cm.PiYG, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())
ax.set_extent((50, 160, 0, 60))
ax.set_axis_off()
fig.subplots_adjust(left=0, right=1, bottom=0, top=1)
fig.savefig('./output.png')

Traceback

GEOSException                             Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[7], line 11
      9 fig = plt.figure(figsize=(20, 10))
     10 ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection=ccrs.GOOGLE_MERCATOR)
---> 11 ax.contourf(lons, lats, data, levels=np.arange(0, 101, 5), cmap=plt.cm.PiYG, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())
     12 ax.set_extent((50, 160, 0, 60))
     13 ax.set_axis_off()

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:315, in _add_transform.<locals>.wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs)
    310     raise ValueError(f'Invalid transform: Spherical {func.__name__} '
    311                      'is not supported - consider using '
    312                      'PlateCarree/RotatedPole.')
    314 kwargs['transform'] = transform
--> 315 return func(self, *args, **kwargs)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:359, in _add_transform_first.<locals>.wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs)
    357     # Use the new points as the input arguments
    358     args = (x, y, z) + args[3:]
--> 359 return func(self, *args, **kwargs)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:1666, in GeoAxes.contourf(self, *args, **kwargs)
   1664         self.update_datalim(extent.get_points())
   1665 else:
-> 1666     self.update_datalim(result.get_datalim(self.transData))
   1668 self.autoscale_view()
   1670 # Re-cast the contour as a GeoContourSet.

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:267, in Collection.get_datalim(self, transData)
    264     return transforms.Bbox.null()
    266 if not transform.is_affine:
--> 267     paths = [transform.transform_path_non_affine(p) for p in paths]
    268     # Don't convert transform to transform.get_affine() here because
    269     # we may have transform.contains_branch(transData) but not
    270     # transforms.get_affine().contains_branch(transData).  But later,
    271     # be careful to only apply the affine part that remains.
    273 offsets = self.get_offsets()

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:267, in <listcomp>(.0)
    264     return transforms.Bbox.null()
    266 if not transform.is_affine:
--> 267     paths = [transform.transform_path_non_affine(p) for p in paths]
    268     # Don't convert transform to transform.get_affine() here because
    269     # we may have transform.contains_branch(transData) but not
    270     # transforms.get_affine().contains_branch(transData).  But later,
    271     # be careful to only apply the affine part that remains.
    273 offsets = self.get_offsets()

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/transforms.py:2426, in CompositeGenericTransform.transform_path_non_affine(self, path)
   2424     return path
   2425 elif not self._a.is_affine and self._b.is_affine:
-> 2426     return self._a.transform_path_non_affine(path)
   2427 else:
   2428     return self._b.transform_path_non_affine(
   2429                             self._a.transform_path(path))

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:182, in InterProjectionTransform.transform_path_non_affine(self, src_path)
    177 transformed_geoms = []
    178 # Check whether this transform has the "force_path_ccw" attribute set.
    179 # This is a cartopy extension to the Transform API to allow finer
    180 # control of Path orientation handling (Path ordering is not important
    181 # in matplotlib, but is in Cartopy).
--> 182 geoms = cpatch.path_to_geos(src_path,
    183                             getattr(self, 'force_path_ccw', False))
    185 for geom in geoms:
    186     proj_geom = self.target_projection.project_geometry(
    187         geom, self.source_projection)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/patch.py:180, in path_to_geos(path, force_ccw)
    175 if geom.is_empty:
    176     pass
    177 elif (len(collection) > 0 and
    178         isinstance(collection[-1][0], sgeom.Polygon) and
    179         isinstance(geom, sgeom.Polygon) and
--> 180         collection[-1][0].contains(geom.exterior)):
    181     if any(internal.contains(geom) for internal in collection[-1][1]):
    182         collection.append((geom, []))

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/geometry/base.py:675, in BaseGeometry.contains(self, other)
    673 def contains(self, other):
    674     """Returns True if the geometry contains the other, else False"""
--> 675     return _maybe_unpack(shapely.contains(self, other))

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/decorators.py:77, in multithreading_enabled.<locals>.wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
     75     for arr in array_args:
     76         arr.flags.writeable = False
---> 77     return func(*args, **kwargs)
     78 finally:
     79     for arr, old_flag in zip(array_args, old_flags):

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/predicates.py:526, in contains(a, b, **kwargs)
    472 @multithreading_enabled
    473 def contains(a, b, **kwargs):
    474     """Returns True if geometry B is completely inside geometry A.
    475 
    476     A contains B if no points of B lie in the exterior of A and at least one
   (...)
    524     False
    525     """
--> 526     return lib.contains(a, b, **kwargs)

GEOSException: TopologyException: side location conflict at 97 16.5. This can occur if the input geometry is invalid.

Error in callback <function _draw_all_if_interactive at 0x10f89e5e0> (for post_execute):
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
GEOSException                             Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py:197, in _draw_all_if_interactive()
    195 def _draw_all_if_interactive() -> None:
    196     if matplotlib.is_interactive():
--> 197         draw_all()

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/_pylab_helpers.py:132, in Gcf.draw_all(cls, force)
    130 for manager in cls.get_all_fig_managers():
    131     if force or manager.canvas.figure.stale:
--> 132         manager.canvas.draw_idle()

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:1893, in FigureCanvasBase.draw_idle(self, *args, **kwargs)
   1891 if not self._is_idle_drawing:
   1892     with self._idle_draw_cntx():
-> 1893         self.draw(*args, **kwargs)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:388, in FigureCanvasAgg.draw(self)
    385 # Acquire a lock on the shared font cache.
    386 with (self.toolbar._wait_cursor_for_draw_cm() if self.toolbar
    387       else nullcontext()):
--> 388     self.figure.draw(self.renderer)
    389     # A GUI class may be need to update a window using this draw, so
    390     # don't forget to call the superclass.
    391     super().draw()

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
     93 @wraps(draw)
     94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95     result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
     96     if renderer._rasterizing:
     97         renderer.stop_rasterizing()

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
     69     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
     70         renderer.start_filter()
---> 72     return draw(artist, renderer)
     73 finally:
     74     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3154, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
   3151         # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
   3153 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3154 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
   3155     renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
   3157 for sfig in self.subfigs:
   3158     sfig.draw(renderer)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
    130 if not_composite or not has_images:
    131     for a in artists:
--> 132         a.draw(renderer)
    133 else:
    134     # Composite any adjacent images together
    135     image_group = []

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
     69     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
     70         renderer.start_filter()
---> 72     return draw(artist, renderer)
     73 finally:
     74     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:535, in GeoAxes.draw(self, renderer, **kwargs)
    530         self.imshow(img, extent=extent, origin=origin,
    531                     transform=factory.crs, *factory_args[1:],
    532                     **factory_kwargs)
    533 self._done_img_factory = True
--> 535 return super().draw(renderer=renderer, **kwargs)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
     69     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
     70         renderer.start_filter()
---> 72     return draw(artist, renderer)
     73 finally:
     74     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3070, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
   3067 if artists_rasterized:
   3068     _draw_rasterized(self.figure, artists_rasterized, renderer)
-> 3070 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
   3071     renderer, self, artists, self.figure.suppressComposite)
   3073 renderer.close_group('axes')
   3074 self.stale = False

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
    130 if not_composite or not has_images:
    131     for a in artists:
--> 132         a.draw(renderer)
    133 else:
    134     # Composite any adjacent images together
    135     image_group = []

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:39, in _prevent_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
     36     renderer.stop_rasterizing()
     37     renderer._rasterizing = False
---> 39 return draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/contour.py:1478, in ContourSet.draw(self, renderer)
   1476 n_paths = len(paths)
   1477 if not self.filled or all(hatch is None for hatch in self.hatches):
-> 1478     super().draw(renderer)
   1479     return
   1480 # In presence of hatching, draw contours one at a time.

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
     69     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
     70         renderer.start_filter()
---> 72     return draw(artist, renderer)
     73 finally:
     74     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:354, in Collection.draw(self, renderer)
    350 renderer.open_group(self.__class__.__name__, self.get_gid())
    352 self.update_scalarmappable()
--> 354 transform, offset_trf, offsets, paths = self._prepare_points()
    356 gc = renderer.new_gc()
    357 self._set_gc_clip(gc)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:331, in Collection._prepare_points(self)
    328     offsets = np.ma.column_stack([xs, ys])
    330 if not transform.is_affine:
--> 331     paths = [transform.transform_path_non_affine(path)
    332              for path in paths]
    333     transform = transform.get_affine()
    334 if not offset_trf.is_affine:

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:331, in <listcomp>(.0)
    328     offsets = np.ma.column_stack([xs, ys])
    330 if not transform.is_affine:
--> 331     paths = [transform.transform_path_non_affine(path)
    332              for path in paths]
    333     transform = transform.get_affine()
    334 if not offset_trf.is_affine:

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/transforms.py:2426, in CompositeGenericTransform.transform_path_non_affine(self, path)
   2424     return path
   2425 elif not self._a.is_affine and self._b.is_affine:
-> 2426     return self._a.transform_path_non_affine(path)
   2427 else:
   2428     return self._b.transform_path_non_affine(
   2429                             self._a.transform_path(path))

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:182, in InterProjectionTransform.transform_path_non_affine(self, src_path)
    177 transformed_geoms = []
    178 # Check whether this transform has the "force_path_ccw" attribute set.
    179 # This is a cartopy extension to the Transform API to allow finer
    180 # control of Path orientation handling (Path ordering is not important
    181 # in matplotlib, but is in Cartopy).
--> 182 geoms = cpatch.path_to_geos(src_path,
    183                             getattr(self, 'force_path_ccw', False))
    185 for geom in geoms:
    186     proj_geom = self.target_projection.project_geometry(
    187         geom, self.source_projection)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/patch.py:180, in path_to_geos(path, force_ccw)
    175 if geom.is_empty:
    176     pass
    177 elif (len(collection) > 0 and
    178         isinstance(collection[-1][0], sgeom.Polygon) and
    179         isinstance(geom, sgeom.Polygon) and
--> 180         collection[-1][0].contains(geom.exterior)):
    181     if any(internal.contains(geom) for internal in collection[-1][1]):
    182         collection.append((geom, []))

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/geometry/base.py:675, in BaseGeometry.contains(self, other)
    673 def contains(self, other):
    674     """Returns True if the geometry contains the other, else False"""
--> 675     return _maybe_unpack(shapely.contains(self, other))

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/decorators.py:77, in multithreading_enabled.<locals>.wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
     75     for arr in array_args:
     76         arr.flags.writeable = False
---> 77     return func(*args, **kwargs)
     78 finally:
     79     for arr, old_flag in zip(array_args, old_flags):

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/predicates.py:526, in contains(a, b, **kwargs)
    472 @multithreading_enabled
    473 def contains(a, b, **kwargs):
    474     """Returns True if geometry B is completely inside geometry A.
    475 
    476     A contains B if no points of B lie in the exterior of A and at least one
   (...)
    524     False
    525     """
--> 526     return lib.contains(a, b, **kwargs)

GEOSException: TopologyException: side location conflict at 97 16.5. This can occur if the input geometry is invalid.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
GEOSException                             Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:340, in BaseFormatter.__call__(self, obj)
    338     pass
    339 else:
--> 340     return printer(obj)
    341 # Finally look for special method names
    342 method = get_real_method(obj, self.print_method)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/IPython/core/pylabtools.py:152, in print_figure(fig, fmt, bbox_inches, base64, **kwargs)
    149     from matplotlib.backend_bases import FigureCanvasBase
    150     FigureCanvasBase(fig)
--> 152 fig.canvas.print_figure(bytes_io, **kw)
    153 data = bytes_io.getvalue()
    154 if fmt == 'svg':

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:2158, in FigureCanvasBase.print_figure(self, filename, dpi, facecolor, edgecolor, orientation, format, bbox_inches, pad_inches, bbox_extra_artists, backend, **kwargs)
   2155     # we do this instead of `self.figure.draw_without_rendering`
   2156     # so that we can inject the orientation
   2157     with getattr(renderer, "_draw_disabled", nullcontext)():
-> 2158         self.figure.draw(renderer)
   2159 if bbox_inches:
   2160     if bbox_inches == "tight":

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
     93 @wraps(draw)
     94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95     result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
     96     if renderer._rasterizing:
     97         renderer.stop_rasterizing()

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
     69     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
     70         renderer.start_filter()
---> 72     return draw(artist, renderer)
     73 finally:
     74     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3154, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
   3151         # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
   3153 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3154 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
   3155     renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
   3157 for sfig in self.subfigs:
   3158     sfig.draw(renderer)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
    130 if not_composite or not has_images:
    131     for a in artists:
--> 132         a.draw(renderer)
    133 else:
    134     # Composite any adjacent images together
    135     image_group = []

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
     69     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
     70         renderer.start_filter()
---> 72     return draw(artist, renderer)
     73 finally:
     74     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:535, in GeoAxes.draw(self, renderer, **kwargs)
    530         self.imshow(img, extent=extent, origin=origin,
    531                     transform=factory.crs, *factory_args[1:],
    532                     **factory_kwargs)
    533 self._done_img_factory = True
--> 535 return super().draw(renderer=renderer, **kwargs)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
     69     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
     70         renderer.start_filter()
---> 72     return draw(artist, renderer)
     73 finally:
     74     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3070, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
   3067 if artists_rasterized:
   3068     _draw_rasterized(self.figure, artists_rasterized, renderer)
-> 3070 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
   3071     renderer, self, artists, self.figure.suppressComposite)
   3073 renderer.close_group('axes')
   3074 self.stale = False

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
    130 if not_composite or not has_images:
    131     for a in artists:
--> 132         a.draw(renderer)
    133 else:
    134     # Composite any adjacent images together
    135     image_group = []

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:39, in _prevent_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
     36     renderer.stop_rasterizing()
     37     renderer._rasterizing = False
---> 39 return draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/contour.py:1478, in ContourSet.draw(self, renderer)
   1476 n_paths = len(paths)
   1477 if not self.filled or all(hatch is None for hatch in self.hatches):
-> 1478     super().draw(renderer)
   1479     return
   1480 # In presence of hatching, draw contours one at a time.

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
     69     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
     70         renderer.start_filter()
---> 72     return draw(artist, renderer)
     73 finally:
     74     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:354, in Collection.draw(self, renderer)
    350 renderer.open_group(self.__class__.__name__, self.get_gid())
    352 self.update_scalarmappable()
--> 354 transform, offset_trf, offsets, paths = self._prepare_points()
    356 gc = renderer.new_gc()
    357 self._set_gc_clip(gc)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:331, in Collection._prepare_points(self)
    328     offsets = np.ma.column_stack([xs, ys])
    330 if not transform.is_affine:
--> 331     paths = [transform.transform_path_non_affine(path)
    332              for path in paths]
    333     transform = transform.get_affine()
    334 if not offset_trf.is_affine:

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:331, in <listcomp>(.0)
    328     offsets = np.ma.column_stack([xs, ys])
    330 if not transform.is_affine:
--> 331     paths = [transform.transform_path_non_affine(path)
    332              for path in paths]
    333     transform = transform.get_affine()
    334 if not offset_trf.is_affine:

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/transforms.py:2426, in CompositeGenericTransform.transform_path_non_affine(self, path)
   2424     return path
   2425 elif not self._a.is_affine and self._b.is_affine:
-> 2426     return self._a.transform_path_non_affine(path)
   2427 else:
   2428     return self._b.transform_path_non_affine(
   2429                             self._a.transform_path(path))

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:182, in InterProjectionTransform.transform_path_non_affine(self, src_path)
    177 transformed_geoms = []
    178 # Check whether this transform has the "force_path_ccw" attribute set.
    179 # This is a cartopy extension to the Transform API to allow finer
    180 # control of Path orientation handling (Path ordering is not important
    181 # in matplotlib, but is in Cartopy).
--> 182 geoms = cpatch.path_to_geos(src_path,
    183                             getattr(self, 'force_path_ccw', False))
    185 for geom in geoms:
    186     proj_geom = self.target_projection.project_geometry(
    187         geom, self.source_projection)

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/patch.py:180, in path_to_geos(path, force_ccw)
    175 if geom.is_empty:
    176     pass
    177 elif (len(collection) > 0 and
    178         isinstance(collection[-1][0], sgeom.Polygon) and
    179         isinstance(geom, sgeom.Polygon) and
--> 180         collection[-1][0].contains(geom.exterior)):
    181     if any(internal.contains(geom) for internal in collection[-1][1]):
    182         collection.append((geom, []))

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/geometry/base.py:675, in BaseGeometry.contains(self, other)
    673 def contains(self, other):
    674     """Returns True if the geometry contains the other, else False"""
--> 675     return _maybe_unpack(shapely.contains(self, other))

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/decorators.py:77, in multithreading_enabled.<locals>.wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
     75     for arr in array_args:
     76         arr.flags.writeable = False
---> 77     return func(*args, **kwargs)
     78 finally:
     79     for arr, old_flag in zip(array_args, old_flags):

File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/predicates.py:526, in contains(a, b, **kwargs)
    472 @multithreading_enabled
    473 def contains(a, b, **kwargs):
    474     """Returns True if geometry B is completely inside geometry A.
    475 
    476     A contains B if no points of B lie in the exterior of A and at least one
   (...)
    524     False
    525     """
--> 526     return lib.contains(a, b, **kwargs)

GEOSException: TopologyException: side location conflict at 97 16.5. This can occur if the input geometry is invalid.

<Figure size 1440x720 with 1 Axes>

Full environment definition

Operating system

MacOS

Cartopy version

0.22.0

conda list

# packages in environment at /Users/clarmylee/miniconda3:
#
# Name                    Version                   Build  Channel
affine                    2.4.0                    pypi_0    pypi
aiohttp                   3.9.3                    pypi_0    pypi
aiosignal                 1.3.1                    pypi_0    pypi
aliyun-python-sdk-core    2.14.0                   pypi_0    pypi
aliyun-python-sdk-kms     2.16.2                   pypi_0    pypi
annotated-types           0.6.0                    pypi_0    pypi
antlr4-python3-runtime    4.9.3                    pypi_0    pypi
anyio                     3.7.1                    pypi_0    pypi
appnope                   0.1.3              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
apscheduler               3.10.4                   pypi_0    pypi
archspec                  0.2.1              pyhd8ed1ab_1    conda-forge
argon2-cffi               23.1.0                   pypi_0    pypi
argon2-cffi-bindings      21.2.0                   pypi_0    pypi
arrow                     1.3.0                    pypi_0    pypi
asttokens                 2.4.0                    pypi_0    pypi
async-lru                 2.0.4                    pypi_0    pypi
async-timeout             4.0.3                    pypi_0    pypi
attrs                     23.1.0             pyh71513ae_1    conda-forge
babel                     2.13.0                   pypi_0    pypi
backcall                  0.2.0              pyh9f0ad1d_0    conda-forge
backports                 1.0                pyhd8ed1ab_3    conda-forge
backports.functools_lru_cache 1.6.5              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
beautifulsoup4            4.12.2             pyha770c72_0    conda-forge
black                     23.10.1                  pypi_0    pypi
blas                      1.0                    openblas  
bleach                    6.1.0              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
blosc                     1.21.3               h313beb8_0  
boltons                   23.0.0             pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
boost-cpp                 1.78.0               hf1d6563_2    conda-forge
branca                    0.7.0                    pypi_0    pypi
brotlipy                  0.7.0           py39h1a28f6b_1002  
bzip2                     1.0.8                h620ffc9_4  
c-ares                    1.19.1               h80987f9_0  
c-blosc2                  2.8.0                h313beb8_0  
ca-certificates           2024.2.2             hf0a4a13_0    conda-forge
cairo                     1.16.0            h73a0509_1014    conda-forge
cartopy                   0.22.0                   pypi_0    pypi
cattrs                    23.2.3                   pypi_0    pypi
cdsapi                    0.6.1                    pypi_0    pypi
certifi                   2024.2.2           pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
cf-units                  3.2.0            py39h373d45f_4    conda-forge
cfchecker                 4.1.0              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
cffi                      1.15.0           py39h22df2f2_1  
cfitsio                   4.2.0                h2f961c4_0    conda-forge
cftime                    1.6.3            py39h373d45f_0    conda-forge
cfunits                   3.3.6              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
charset-normalizer        2.0.4              pyhd3eb1b0_0  
click                     8.1.7                    pypi_0    pypi
click-plugins             1.1.1                    pypi_0    pypi
cligj                     0.7.2                    pypi_0    pypi
cnmaps                    1.1.7                    pypi_0    pypi
colorama                  0.4.4              pyhd3eb1b0_0  
comm                      0.1.4                    pypi_0    pypi
compliance-checker        5.1.0              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
conda                     23.7.4           py39h2804cbe_0    conda-forge
conda-content-trust       0.1.1              pyhd3eb1b0_0  
conda-package-handling    2.2.0              pyh38be061_0    conda-forge
conda-package-streaming   0.9.0              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
confluent-kafka           2.3.0                    pypi_0    pypi
contourpy                 1.1.1                    pypi_0    pypi
crcmod                    1.7                      pypi_0    pypi
cryptography              40.0.2           py39he2a39a8_0    conda-forge
curl                      8.4.0                h02f6b3c_0  
cycler                    0.12.1                   pypi_0    pypi
cyeva                     0.1.0b11                 pypi_0    pypi
dashscope                 1.14.1                   pypi_0    pypi
dataclasses               0.8                pyhc8e2a94_3    conda-forge
debugpy                   1.8.0                    pypi_0    pypi
decorator                 5.1.1              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
defusedxml                0.7.1              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
eccodes                   2.29.0               h4f94b83_1    conda-forge
entrypoints               0.4                pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
exceptiongroup            1.1.3              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
executing                 2.0.0                    pypi_0    pypi
expat                     2.5.0                hb7217d7_1    conda-forge
fastapi                   0.104.1                  pypi_0    pypi
fiona                     1.9.5                    pypi_0    pypi
fire                      0.5.0                    pypi_0    pypi
flatbuffers               23.5.26                  pypi_0    pypi
fmt                       10.1.1               h1995070_0    conda-forge
folium                    0.15.0                   pypi_0    pypi
font-ttf-dejavu-sans-mono 2.37                 hab24e00_0    conda-forge
font-ttf-inconsolata      3.000                h77eed37_0    conda-forge
font-ttf-source-code-pro  2.038                h77eed37_0    conda-forge
font-ttf-ubuntu           0.83                 hab24e00_0    conda-forge
fontconfig                2.14.2               h82840c6_0    conda-forge
fonts-conda-ecosystem     1                             0    conda-forge
fonts-conda-forge         1                             0    conda-forge
fonttools                 4.43.1                   pypi_0    pypi
fqdn                      1.5.1                    pypi_0    pypi
freetype                  2.12.1               hadb7bae_2    conda-forge
freexl                    1.0.6                h1a8c8d9_1    conda-forge
frozenlist                1.4.1                    pypi_0    pypi
future                    0.18.3             pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
gdal                      3.6.2            py39h766d3fc_9    conda-forge
geojson                   3.1.0                    pypi_0    pypi
geopandas                 0.14.0                   pypi_0    pypi
geos                      3.11.1               hb7217d7_0    conda-forge
geotiff                   1.7.1                hdcdc974_6    conda-forge
gettext                   0.21.1               h0186832_0    conda-forge
giflib                    5.2.1                h1a8c8d9_3    conda-forge
h11                       0.14.0                   pypi_0    pypi
hdf4                      4.2.15               h1a38d6a_5    conda-forge
hdf5                      1.12.2          nompi_ha7af310_101    conda-forge
howhigh                   0.0.1                     dev_0    <develop>
icu                       70.1                 h6b3803e_0    conda-forge
idna                      3.3                pyhd3eb1b0_0  
imageio                   2.32.0                   pypi_0    pypi
importlib-metadata        6.8.0              pyha770c72_0    conda-forge
importlib_resources       6.1.0              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
iniconfig                 2.0.0                    pypi_0    pypi
ipdb                      0.13.13                  pypi_0    pypi
ipykernel                 6.25.2                   pypi_0    pypi
ipython                   8.16.1             pyh31c8845_0    conda-forge
ipython-genutils          0.2.0                    pypi_0    pypi
ipython_genutils          0.2.0                      py_1    conda-forge
ipywidgets                8.1.1                    pypi_0    pypi
isodate                   0.6.1              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
isoduration               20.11.0                  pypi_0    pypi
isort                     5.13.2                   pypi_0    pypi
jasper                    4.0.0                hc3cd1e9_0    conda-forge
jedi                      0.19.1             pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
jinja2                    3.1.2              pyhd8ed1ab_1    conda-forge
jmespath                  0.10.0                   pypi_0    pypi
jpeg                      9e                   h1a8c8d9_3    conda-forge
json-c                    0.16                 hc449e50_0    conda-forge
json5                     0.9.14                   pypi_0    pypi
jsonpatch                 1.33               pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
jsonpointer               2.4                      pypi_0    pypi
jsonschema                4.19.1                   pypi_0    pypi
jsonschema-specifications 2023.7.1                 pypi_0    pypi
jupyter                   1.0.0                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-client            7.4.9                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-console           6.6.3                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-contrib-core      0.4.2                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-core              5.4.0                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-events            0.8.0                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-lsp               2.2.0                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-nbextensions-configurator 0.6.3                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-server            2.8.0                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-server-terminals  0.4.4                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter_client            7.3.4              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
jupyter_contrib_core      0.4.0              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
jupyter_contrib_nbextensions 0.7.0              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
jupyter_core              5.3.0            py39hca03da5_0  
jupyter_highlight_selected_word 0.2.0           pyhd8ed1ab_1006    conda-forge
jupyter_latex_envs        1.4.6           pyhd8ed1ab_1002    conda-forge
jupyter_nbextensions_configurator 0.6.1              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
jupyterlab                4.0.7                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyterlab-server         2.25.0                   pypi_0    pypi
jupyterlab-widgets        3.0.9                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyterlab_pygments       0.2.2              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
kealib                    1.5.0                hfd766a6_0    conda-forge
kiwisolver                1.4.5                    pypi_0    pypi
krb5                      1.20.1               h69eda48_0    conda-forge
lazy-loader               0.3                      pypi_0    pypi
lcms2                     2.15                 h481adae_0    conda-forge
lerc                      4.0.0                h9a09cb3_0    conda-forge
libaec                    1.0.6                hb7217d7_1    conda-forge
libarchive                3.6.2                h83f22c9_0    conda-forge
libcurl                   8.4.0                h3e2b118_0  
libcxx                    16.0.6               h4653b0c_0    conda-forge
libdeflate                1.17                 h1a8c8d9_0    conda-forge
libedit                   3.1.20221030         h80987f9_0  
libev                     4.33                 h1a28f6b_1  
libexpat                  2.5.0                hb7217d7_1    conda-forge
libffi                    3.4.2                hc377ac9_2  
libgdal                   3.6.2                h8d4b95d_9    conda-forge
libgfortran               5.0.0           12_2_0_hd922786_32    conda-forge
libgfortran5              12.2.0              h0eea778_32    conda-forge
libglib                   2.78.1               hd9b11f9_0    conda-forge
libiconv                  1.17                 he4db4b2_0    conda-forge
libkml                    1.3.0             h4f02115_1016    conda-forge
libmamba                  1.5.1                h6089622_0    conda-forge
libmambapy                1.5.1            py39hc4dfcfb_0    conda-forge
libnetcdf                 4.9.1           nompi_h232cb48_101    conda-forge
libnghttp2                1.57.0               h62f6fdd_0  
libopenblas               0.3.21               h269037a_0  
libpng                    1.6.39               h76d750c_0    conda-forge
libpq                     15.2                 h1a28acd_0    conda-forge
librttopo                 1.1.0               h844f84d_12    conda-forge
libsodium                 1.0.18               h27ca646_1    conda-forge
libsolv                   0.7.25               ha614eb4_0    conda-forge
libspatialite             5.0.1               h14115fc_23    conda-forge
libsqlite                 3.43.2               h091b4b1_0    conda-forge
libssh2                   1.11.0               h7a5bd25_0    conda-forge
libtiff                   4.5.0                h5dffbdd_2    conda-forge
libudunits2               2.2.28               h5f3f34b_3    conda-forge
libwebp-base              1.3.2                hb547adb_0    conda-forge
libxml2                   2.10.3               h67585b2_4    conda-forge
libxslt                   1.1.37               h1bd8bc4_0    conda-forge
libzip                    1.10.1               ha0bc3c6_3    conda-forge
libzlib                   1.2.13               h53f4e23_5    conda-forge
llvm-openmp               14.0.6               hc6e5704_0  
llvmlite                  0.41.1                   pypi_0    pypi
loguru                    0.7.2                    pypi_0    pypi
lxml                      4.9.2            py39h0520ce3_0    conda-forge
lz4                       4.3.2                    pypi_0    pypi
lz4-c                     1.9.4                h313beb8_0  
lzo                       2.10                 h1a28f6b_2  
mamba                     1.5.1            py39ha55b623_0    conda-forge
markupsafe                2.1.3                    pypi_0    pypi
matplotlib                3.8.0                    pypi_0    pypi
matplotlib-inline         0.1.6              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
mercantile                1.2.1                    pypi_0    pypi
mistune                   3.0.2                    pypi_0    pypi
multidict                 6.0.5                    pypi_0    pypi
mypy-extensions           1.0.0                    pypi_0    pypi
nbclassic                 1.0.0                    pypi_0    pypi
nbclient                  0.8.0              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
nbconvert                 7.9.2              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
nbconvert-core            7.9.2              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
nbconvert-pandoc          7.9.2              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
nbformat                  5.9.2              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
ncurses                   6.4                  h7ea286d_0    conda-forge
nest-asyncio              1.5.8              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
netcdf4                   1.6.5                    pypi_0    pypi
networkx                  3.2.1                    pypi_0    pypi
notebook                  7.0.6                    pypi_0    pypi
notebook-shim             0.2.3                    pypi_0    pypi
nspr                      4.35                 hb7217d7_0    conda-forge
nss                       3.94                 hc6b9969_0    conda-forge
numba                     0.58.1                   pypi_0    pypi
numexpr                   2.8.7            py39hecc3335_0  
numpy                     1.26.1                   pypi_0    pypi
numpy-base                1.26.0           py39ha9811e2_0  
omegaconf                 2.3.0                    pypi_0    pypi
opencv-python             4.9.0.80                 pypi_0    pypi
openjpeg                  2.5.0                hbc2ba62_2    conda-forge
openmeteo-requests        1.1.0                    pypi_0    pypi
openmeteo-sdk             1.7.2                    pypi_0    pypi
openssl                   3.2.1                h0d3ecfb_1    conda-forge
orjson                    3.9.10                   pypi_0    pypi
oss2                      2.18.2                   pypi_0    pypi
overrides                 7.4.0                    pypi_0    pypi
owslib                    0.29.2             pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
packaging                 23.2                     pypi_0    pypi
pandas                    2.1.1                    pypi_0    pypi
pandoc                    3.1.3                hce30654_0    conda-forge
pandocfilters             1.5.0              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
parso                     0.8.3              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
pathspec                  0.11.2                   pypi_0    pypi
pcre2                     10.40                hb34f9b4_0    conda-forge
pendulum                  2.1.2            py39h0f82c59_6    conda-forge
pexpect                   4.8.0              pyh1a96a4e_2    conda-forge
pickleshare               0.7.5                   py_1003    conda-forge
pillow                    10.0.1                   pypi_0    pypi
pint                      0.18                     pypi_0    pypi
pip                       21.2.4           py39hca03da5_0  
pixman                    0.42.2               h13dd4ca_0    conda-forge
pkgutil-resolve-name      1.3.10             pyhd8ed1ab_1    conda-forge
platformdirs              3.11.0             pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
pluggy                    1.3.0              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
poppler                   23.03.0              h9564b9f_0    conda-forge
poppler-data              0.4.12               hd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
postgresql                15.2                 h45c140d_0    conda-forge
proj                      9.1.1                h13f728c_2    conda-forge
prometheus_client         0.17.1             pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
prompt-toolkit            3.0.39             pyha770c72_0    conda-forge
prompt_toolkit            3.0.39               hd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
psutil                    5.9.6                    pypi_0    pypi
ptyprocess                0.7.0              pyhd3deb0d_0    conda-forge
pure_eval                 0.2.2              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
py-cpuinfo                9.0.0            py39hca03da5_0  
pyapollos                 0.1.5                    pypi_0    pypi
pybind11-abi              4                    hd8ed1ab_3    conda-forge
pycosat                   0.6.3            py39h1a28f6b_0  
pycparser                 2.21               pyhd3eb1b0_0  
pycryptodome              3.19.0                   pypi_0    pypi
pydantic                  2.5.1                    pypi_0    pypi
pydantic-core             2.14.3                   pypi_0    pypi
pygeohash                 1.2.0                    pypi_0    pypi
pygeoif                   1.1.1              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
pygments                  2.16.1             pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
pygrib                    2.1.4            py39h914d841_8    conda-forge
pymetaf                   0.1.3                    pypi_0    pypi
pyopenssl                 23.2.0             pyhd8ed1ab_1    conda-forge
pyparsing                 3.1.1                    pypi_0    pypi
pyproj                    3.6.1                    pypi_0    pypi
pyrsistent                0.18.0           py39h1a28f6b_0  
pyshp                     2.3.1                    pypi_0    pypi
pysocks                   1.7.1            py39hca03da5_0  
pytables                  3.7.0            py39h8abd629_3    conda-forge
pyterrain                 0.0.2                    pypi_0    pypi
pytest                    7.4.4                    pypi_0    pypi
python                    3.9.18          hfa1ae8a_0_cpython    conda-forge
python-dateutil           2.8.2              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
python-fastjsonschema     2.18.1             pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
python-json-logger        2.0.7                    pypi_0    pypi
python.app                3                py39h1a28f6b_0  
python_abi                3.9                      2_cp39    conda-forge
pytz                      2023.3.post1       pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
pytzdata                  2020.1             pyh9f0ad1d_0    conda-forge
pyyaml                    6.0.1                    pypi_0    pypi
pyzmq                     24.0.1                   pypi_0    pypi
qtconsole                 5.4.4                    pypi_0    pypi
qtpy                      2.4.0                    pypi_0    pypi
rasterio                  1.3.9                    pypi_0    pypi
readline                  8.2                  h92ec313_1    conda-forge
redis                     5.0.3                    pypi_0    pypi
referencing               0.30.2                   pypi_0    pypi
regex                     2023.10.3        py39h0f82c59_0    conda-forge
reproc                    14.2.4.post0         h93a5062_1    conda-forge
reproc-cpp                14.2.4.post0         h965bd2d_1    conda-forge
requests                  2.31.0                   pypi_0    pypi
requests-cache            1.1.1                    pypi_0    pypi
retry-requests            2.0.0                    pypi_0    pypi
retrying                  1.3.4                    pypi_0    pypi
rfc3339-validator         0.1.4                    pypi_0    pypi
rfc3986-validator         0.1.1                    pypi_0    pypi
rpds-py                   0.10.6                   pypi_0    pypi
ruamel.yaml               0.17.16          py39h5161555_0    conda-forge
ruamel.yaml.clib          0.2.2            py39h46acfd9_2    conda-forge
ruamel_yaml               0.15.100         py39h1a28f6b_0  
scikit-image              0.22.0                   pypi_0    pypi
scipy                     1.11.3                   pypi_0    pypi
send2trash                1.8.2                    pypi_0    pypi
setuptools                68.2.2             pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
shapely                   2.0.3                    pypi_0    pypi
six                       1.16.0             pyhd3eb1b0_1  
sniffio                   1.3.0                    pypi_0    pypi
snuggs                    1.4.7                    pypi_0    pypi
soupsieve                 2.5                pyhd8ed1ab_1    conda-forge
sqlite                    3.38.2               h1058600_0  
stack-data                0.6.3                    pypi_0    pypi
stack_data                0.6.2              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
starlette                 0.27.0                   pypi_0    pypi
termcolor                 2.3.0                    pypi_0    pypi
terminado                 0.17.1             pyhd1c38e8_0    conda-forge
tifffile                  2024.2.12                pypi_0    pypi
tiledb                    2.13.2               h9bd36d0_0    conda-forge
timeout-decorator         0.5.0                    pypi_0    pypi
tinycss2                  1.2.1              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
tk                        8.6.13               hb31c410_0    conda-forge
tokei                     12.1.1               h6ee1f66_0    conda-forge
toml                      0.10.2                   pypi_0    pypi
tomli                     2.0.1                    pypi_0    pypi
toolz                     0.12.0             pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
tornado                   6.3.3                    pypi_0    pypi
tqdm                      4.66.1                   pypi_0    pypi
traitlets                 5.11.2                   pypi_0    pypi
types-python-dateutil     2.8.19.14                pypi_0    pypi
typing-extensions         4.8.0                hd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
typing_extensions         4.8.0              pyha770c72_0    conda-forge
tzcode                    2023c                h1a8c8d9_0    conda-forge
tzdata                    2023.3                   pypi_0    pypi
tzlocal                   5.2                      pypi_0    pypi
udunits2                  2.2.28               h5f3f34b_3    conda-forge
uri-template              1.3.0                    pypi_0    pypi
uriparser                 0.9.7                hb7217d7_1    conda-forge
url-normalize             1.4.3                    pypi_0    pypi
urllib3                   1.26.8             pyhd3eb1b0_0  
uvicorn                   0.24.0.post1             pypi_0    pypi
validators                0.22.0             pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
wcwidth                   0.2.8              pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
webcolors                 1.13                     pypi_0    pypi
webencodings              0.5.1              pyhd8ed1ab_2    conda-forge
websocket-client          1.6.4                    pypi_0    pypi
wget                      3.2                      pypi_0    pypi
wheel                     0.37.1             pyhd3eb1b0_0  
widgetsnbextension        4.0.9                    pypi_0    pypi
xarray                    2023.10.1                pypi_0    pypi
xerces-c                  3.2.4                h627aa08_1    conda-forge
xz                        5.4.2                h80987f9_0  
yaml                      0.2.5                h1a28f6b_0  
yaml-cpp                  0.7.0                h13dd4ca_3    conda-forge
yarl                      1.9.4                    pypi_0    pypi
zeromq                    4.3.4                hc377ac9_0  
zipp                      3.17.0             pyhd8ed1ab_0    conda-forge
zlib                      1.2.13               h53f4e23_5    conda-forge
zlib-ng                   2.0.7                h80987f9_0  
zstandard                 0.21.0           py39haf70649_1    conda-forge
zstd                      1.5.5                hd90d995_0  

pip list

Package                           Version      Location
--------------------------------- ------------ -----------------------------------
affine                            2.4.0
aiohttp                           3.9.3
aiosignal                         1.3.1
aliyun-python-sdk-core            2.14.0
aliyun-python-sdk-kms             2.16.2
annotated-types                   0.6.0
antlr4-python3-runtime            4.9.3
anyio                             3.7.1
appnope                           0.1.3
APScheduler                       3.10.4
archspec                          0.2.1
argon2-cffi                       23.1.0
argon2-cffi-bindings              21.2.0
arrow                             1.3.0
asttokens                         2.4.1
async-lru                         2.0.4
async-timeout                     4.0.3
attrs                             23.1.0
Babel                             2.13.0
backcall                          0.2.0
backports.functools-lru-cache     1.6.5
beautifulsoup4                    4.12.2
black                             23.10.1
bleach                            6.1.0
boltons                           23.0.0
branca                            0.7.0
brotlipy                          0.7.0
Cartopy                           0.22.0
cattrs                            23.2.3
cdsapi                            0.6.1
certifi                           2024.2.2
cf-units                          3.2.0
cfchecker                         4.1.0
cffi                              1.15.0
cftime                            1.6.3
cfunits                           3.3.6
charset-normalizer                2.0.4
click                             8.1.7
click-plugins                     1.1.1
cligj                             0.7.2
cnmaps                            1.1.7
colorama                          0.4.4
comm                              0.1.4
compliance-checker                5.1.0
conda                             23.7.4
conda-content-trust               0+unknown
conda-package-handling            2.2.0
conda_package_streaming           0.9.0
confluent-kafka                   2.3.0
contourpy                         1.1.1
crcmod                            1.7
cryptography                      40.0.2
cycler                            0.12.1
cyeva                             0.1.0b11
dashscope                         1.14.1
dataclasses                       0.8
debugpy                           1.8.0
decorator                         5.1.1
defusedxml                        0.7.1
entrypoints                       0.4
exceptiongroup                    1.1.3
executing                         2.0.1
fastapi                           0.104.1
fastjsonschema                    2.18.1
fiona                             1.9.5
fire                              0.5.0
flatbuffers                       23.5.26
folium                            0.15.0
fonttools                         4.43.1
fqdn                              1.5.1
frozenlist                        1.4.1
future                            0.18.3
GDAL                              3.6.2
geojson                           3.1.0
geopandas                         0.14.0
h11                               0.14.0
howhigh                           0.0.1        /Users/clarmylee/github/howhighisit
idna                              3.3
imageio                           2.32.0
importlib-metadata                6.8.0
importlib-resources               6.1.0
iniconfig                         2.0.0
ipdb                              0.13.13
ipykernel                         6.25.2
ipython                           8.16.1
ipython-genutils                  0.2.0
ipywidgets                        8.1.1
isodate                           0.6.1
isoduration                       20.11.0
isort                             5.13.2
jedi                              0.19.1
Jinja2                            3.1.2
jmespath                          0.10.0
json5                             0.9.14
jsonpatch                         1.33
jsonpointer                       2.4
jsonschema                        4.19.1
jsonschema-specifications         2023.7.1
jupyter                           1.0.0
jupyter_client                    7.4.9
jupyter-console                   6.6.3
jupyter-contrib-core              0.4.2
jupyter-contrib-nbextensions      0.7.0
jupyter_core                      5.4.0
jupyter-events                    0.8.0
jupyter-highlight-selected-word   0.2.0
jupyter-latex-envs                1.4.6
jupyter-lsp                       2.2.0
jupyter-nbextensions-configurator 0.6.3
jupyter_server                    2.8.0
jupyter_server_terminals          0.4.4
jupyterlab                        4.0.7
jupyterlab-pygments               0.2.2
jupyterlab_server                 2.25.0
jupyterlab-widgets                3.0.9
kiwisolver                        1.4.5
lazy_loader                       0.3
libmambapy                        1.5.1
llvmlite                          0.41.1
loguru                            0.7.2
lxml                              4.9.2
lz4                               4.3.2
mamba                             1.5.1
MarkupSafe                        2.1.3
matplotlib                        3.8.0
matplotlib-inline                 0.1.6
mercantile                        1.2.1
mistune                           3.0.2
multidict                         6.0.5
mypy-extensions                   1.0.0
nbclassic                         1.0.0
nbclient                          0.8.0
nbconvert                         7.9.2
nbformat                          5.9.2
nest-asyncio                      1.5.8
netCDF4                           1.6.5
networkx                          3.2.1
notebook                          7.0.6
notebook_shim                     0.2.3
numba                             0.58.1
numexpr                           2.8.7
numpy                             1.26.1
omegaconf                         2.3.0
opencv-python                     4.9.0.80
openmeteo_requests                1.1.0
openmeteo_sdk                     1.7.2
orjson                            3.9.10
oss2                              2.18.2
overrides                         7.4.0
OWSLib                            0.29.2
packaging                         23.2
pandas                            2.1.1
pandocfilters                     1.5.0
parso                             0.8.3
pathspec                          0.11.2
pendulum                          2.1.2
pexpect                           4.8.0
pickleshare                       0.7.5
Pillow                            10.0.1
Pint                              0.18
pip                               21.2.4
pkgutil_resolve_name              1.3.10
platformdirs                      3.11.0
pluggy                            1.3.0
powerline-status                  2.7
prometheus-client                 0.17.1
prompt-toolkit                    3.0.39
psutil                            5.9.6
ptyprocess                        0.7.0
pure-eval                         0.2.2
py-cpuinfo                        9.0.0
pyapollos                         0.1.5
pycosat                           0.6.3
pycparser                         2.21
pycryptodome                      3.19.0
pydantic                          2.5.1
pydantic_core                     2.14.3
pygeohash                         1.2.0
pygeoif                           1.1.1
Pygments                          2.16.1
pygrib                            2.1.4
pymetaf                           0.1.3
pyOpenSSL                         23.2.0
pyparsing                         3.1.1
pyproj                            3.6.1
pyrsistent                        0.18.0
pyshp                             2.3.1
PySocks                           1.7.1
pyterrain                         0.0.2
pytest                            7.4.4
python-dateutil                   2.8.2
python-json-logger                2.0.7
pytz                              2023.3.post1
pytzdata                          2020.1
PyYAML                            6.0.1
pyzmq                             25.1.0
qtconsole                         5.4.4
QtPy                              2.4.0
rasterio                          1.3.9
redis                             5.0.3
referencing                       0.30.2
regex                             2023.10.3
requests                          2.31.0
requests-cache                    1.1.1
retry-requests                    2.0.0
retrying                          1.3.4
rfc3339-validator                 0.1.4
rfc3986-validator                 0.1.1
rpds-py                           0.10.6
ruamel.yaml                       0.17.16
ruamel.yaml.clib                  0.2.2
ruamel-yaml-conda                 0.15.100
scikit-image                      0.22.0
scipy                             1.11.3
Send2Trash                        1.8.2
setuptools                        68.2.2
shapely                           2.0.3
six                               1.16.0
sniffio                           1.3.0
snuggs                            1.4.7
soupsieve                         2.5
stack-data                        0.6.3
starlette                         0.27.0
tables                            3.7.0
termcolor                         2.3.0
terminado                         0.17.1
tifffile                          2024.2.12
timeout-decorator                 0.5.0
tinycss2                          1.2.1
toml                              0.10.2
tomli                             2.0.1
toolz                             0.12.0
tornado                           6.3.3
tqdm                              4.66.1
traitlets                         5.11.2
types-python-dateutil             2.8.19.14
typing_extensions                 4.8.0
tzdata                            2023.3
tzlocal                           5.2
uri-template                      1.3.0
url-normalize                     1.4.3
urllib3                           1.26.8
uvicorn                           0.24.0.post1
validators                        0.22.0
wcwidth                           0.2.8
webcolors                         1.13
webencodings                      0.5.1
websocket-client                  1.6.4
wget                              3.2
wheel                             0.37.1
widgetsnbextension                4.0.9
xarray                            2023.10.1
yarl                              1.9.4
zipp                              3.17.0
zstandard                         0.21.0

[rcomer]

Thanks for the report @Clarmy. This looks like it could be the same problem as #2260. Please could you try again with the newly released Cartopy 0.23?

[Clarmy]

@rcomer Thank you for your reply. I just tried upgrading cartopy to version 0.23, and then reran the previous code, but it still produced the same error as before. It seems that my issue is not the same as issue #2260.

[Clarmy]

@rcomer Hello, I have found the root cause of the issue. When using the contourf function to create contour line path data, the polygon object may encounter topological errors. This error might be caused by the presence of overlapping points in the polygon, which could be introduced by matplotlib during the plotting process. Cartopy does not perform the corresponding checks in this case. After debugging, I have found a solution and have submitted a PR: #2373. Please take some time to review and approve it.