Here is how we can declare the variables in python. Python is an easiest programming language in case of data declaration. Data type in python don't need to declare individually instead it identify the type of data we declared automatically.
# Declaring Strings
first_name = "Sudip "
last_name = 'Pradhan '
print(first_name + last_name + 'from Kathmandu')age = 21
print(age)`
a, b,c, d=40,30,20,10
print(a+b+c) # output = 90prize_win = 8200.53
print(prize_win)`a= [2,3,4,5,6,7]
a[1]=34
print(a)
print(a[2])matrix = [
[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]
]
# way to access the value of indivisual element of particular positiion
print(matrix[0][2])
# tO display the items in matrix
print("""
for rows in matrix:
List of the items are:
""")
for items in rows:
print(items)a=90
b=82.9898984342
b=False
print(type(a)) # output=<class 'int'>
print(type(b)) # output=<class 'float'>
print(type(c)) # output=<class 'bool'>f string is used to declare to concantited the string and an integer in a same line
a = int(input("Enter the value of a: "))
b = int(input("Enter the value of b: "))
print("The sum of a and b is " + f"{a+b}")we can declare input multiple times and check answer by declaring "while true"
while True:
age = int(input("Enter age of the candidate"))
print(age)
# all the input repeateTuples are sequences of elements that can contain different data types that can be defined using either parentheses or not but the output always comes with parentheses.
You cann't rewrite or change the value of the element inside the parenthesis of tuples like listing
number1 = 1,2,3 # without using parentheses
number2 = (5,6,7) # using parentheses
print(number1)
print(number2)
Unpacking is the part of tuple that can access the individual elements of tuples. It is a feature of python that can make coding faster and easier.
coordinates = (1,2,3)
# x= coordinates[0]
# y = coordinates[1]
# z= coordinates[2]
# To write the same things of above expressions, we can assign like this;
x, y, z = coordinates
print(y*z) # Output = 6In python, conditional statement is same like in C or C++ but curly bracket is replaced by colon ':' and 'else if' is replaced with 'elif'.
temperature = int(input("Enter tem in degree celcius: "))
if (temperature<30):
if (temperature>15):
print("It's bearutiful day")
else:
print("It's a cold day")
else:
print("It's a cold day")
print(variable_name[starting:end:step_skip])name= "SudipIsGoodBoy"
print(name[0:5]) #Output = Sudip
print(name[0: :3]) # Output=Sisoolist = [2,0,2,3,0,5,2,3]
print(list[2::2]) #Output = [2,0,2]
Dictionary is a built-in data structure that allows you to store and retrieve data using key-value pairs. Dictionaries are mutable, unordered collections, and they are also known as associative arrays or hash maps in other programming languages.
customers_detail = {
"Name" : "Sudip Pradhan",
"age": 21,
"living" : "Kathmandu"
}print("Before changing name, " + customers_detail["Name"]) # Output =Before changing name, Sudip Pradhan
customers_detail["Name"] = "Rajesh Hamal" # modifying value
print("After changing name, " + customers_detail["Name"]) # Output = After changing name, Rajesh Hamalcustomers_detail["College_Name"] = "Madan Bhandari Memorial College"
print(customers_detail["College_Name"]) # Output = Madan Bhandari Memorial Collegedel customers_detail["living"]
print(customers_detail.get("living")) # Output = Nonehone = input("Phone: ")
numbering = {
"1" : "one",
"2" : "two",
"3" : "three",
"4" : "four",
"5" : "five",
"6" : "six",
"7" : "seven",
"8" : "eight",
"9" : "nine"
}
output = ""
for ch in phone:
output += numbering.get(ch) + " " # input = 529
print(output ) # Output = five two nineUsing dictionary inside the main dictionary
Coffee ={
"Espresso" : {
"CoffeeAmt" : '18g',
"WaterAmt" : "50 ml",
"Price" : "$1.5"
},
"Latte" : {
"WaterAmt" : "200ml",
"CoffeeAmt" : "24g",
"Milk" : "150ml",
"Price" : "$2.5"
},
"Cappaccino" : {
"waterAmt" : "250ml",
"CoffeeAmt" : "24g",
"Milk" : "100ml",
"Price" : "$3.00"
}
}
# print statement to print the information of latte form the dictionary
print(Coffee["Latte"])
# here is a way to access the value of item from the dictionary
print(Coffee["Latte"]["Price"]) # Output = $2.5Split method is used in python to split in a list to the given string to varius substrings
message = "hi bibek how are you"
print(message.split())
# output = ['hi', 'bibek', 'how', 'are', 'you']Here an exmaple of using split() method to split the given string along with the emoji convertor using dictionary in python
message = input("> ")
words = message.split(" ")
emojis = {
":)" : "😉" , # win + semicolon or fullstop
":(" : "😒",
"<3" : "❤"
}
output = " " # Double inverted commas declares anything before displaying ouptut
for word in words:
output += emojis.get(word, word) + " "
print(output)Today I learned about the basic uses of funtion in python. In python, we define function by initilizing 'def' keyword. The other parameters are the same like C or C++. The new thing I learned here is, in the calling function, we can pass the argument in two ways, i.e using positional argument and key argument
def user_name(first_name, last_name):
print(f"Hi {first_name} {last_name}")
# using both keyword arguments
user_name(last_name ="Pradhan", first_name = "Sudip")
# using both positional arguments
user_name("Sudip","Pradhan")
# using positional and keyword argument
user_name("Sudip", last_name = "Pradhan")
# but we can't mention like
# user_name("first_name = "Sudip", "Pradhan")
# or user_name("Sudip", first_name) as it gives error saying having multiple value of first_name# Return Value in python
def square(number):
return number*number
print(square(3))A class encapsulates data (in the form of attributes or properties) and behaviors (in the form of methods or functions) related to a specific concept or entity. It makes easier for programmer to declare data once and perform for multiple datas using different objects.
class A:
def sum(self):
print("just kidding")
def joke(self):
print("sorry, the joke is done")
a = A() # decalring oject
a.joke() # using class to access funtion
a.x=20
a.sum()
print(a.x) There are two types of constructor in python unlike cpp. They are:
1. __init__()
2. __new__()class first_class:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.add = x+y
fc = first_class(10, 30)
print("The sum of x and y is ", fc.add) # output = 40Exception is used to replace the particular type of error in python. Here are the few examples of excemption used instead of ValueError, zeroDivisionError. This helps programmer to understand the particular type of error in the program.
try:
age = int(input("age: "))
income = 20000
risk = income / age
print(age)
except ValueError:
print("Invalid value")
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Age cann't be zero")It was interesting playing with the codes. Today, I created a rock, paper, scissor game using python. I got to introduced with pythoon module random. I was introduced with "import random" which takes list of data but functions need to be executed likely. I got to know about random function, random.randint(), random.choose(), etc.
while True:
import random
options = (
'''
__________
---' ______)______
_________)__
________________)
(______)
---.____(______)
''',
'''
____________
---' (_______)
(_______)
(_______)
(_______)
---.____(_______)
''',
'''
____________
---' ________)____
_________)_
___________)
_____________)
---.________________)
'''
)
scissor, rock, paper = options
make_a_choice = input("Make a choice: ")
while make_a_choice == "rock":
make_a_choice = rock
print(make_a_choice)
break
while make_a_choice == "paper":
make_a_choice = paper
print(make_a_choice)
break
while make_a_choice == "scissor":
make_a_choice = scissor
print(make_a_choice)
break
# while make_a_choice is not options:
# print("Invalid inputs")
# break
print("Computer will chooose")
random_selection = random.choice([rock,paper,scissor])
print(random_selection)
if make_a_choice == rock and random_selection == paper or make_a_choice == paper and random_selection == scissor or make_a_choice == scissor and random_selection == rock:
print("You lose")
elif make_a_choice == random_selection:
print("It's a tie!")
else:
print("Congratulations! You won")Here is a simple project to generate a random password according to the user defined number of letters, symbols and numbers. In this project, I was intorduced with the random module that could shuffle and choice for choosing the random character from the given list. I also learned here to convert the given variable into list. The overall project was pretty simple but lagging with the application of the simple functions were challenging.
import random
random.shuffle(*)
# * inside parenthesis represents the list of items to shuffle import random
random.choice(*)
# * inside parenthesis represents the list of items(characters) to choose randomltimport random
letters = ['a','b','c','d','e','e','f','f','g','h','h','i','j','k',
'l','m','n','o','p','q','r','s','t','u','v','w',
'x','y','z','A','B','C','E','F','G','H','I','J',
'K','L','M','N','O','P','Q','R','S','T','U','V',
'W','X','Y','Z']
numbers = ['0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9']
symbols = ['!','@','#','$','%','^','&','*','(',')','+','-','<','>','/','{','}']
print("-----Generate a random password-----\n")
password = int(input("Enter the number of characters in password: "))
ps_letter = int(input("Enter the number of letters you want: "))
ps_symbol = int(input("Enter the number of symbols you want: "))
ps_numbers = int(input("Enter the number of numbers you want: "))
password_list = []
for char in range(0, ps_letter):
password_list.append(random.choice(letters))
for char in range(0, ps_symbol):
password_list += random.choice(symbols)
for char in range(0,ps_numbers):
password_list += random.choice(numbers)
print(password_list) #Here is list of password without shuffle
random.shuffle(password_list)
print(password_list) #Here is list of password after shuffle
password = ""
for char in password_list:
password += char
print(f"Your password is {password}")Here is a program to generate ta caesar cipher which enable to transfer a message which need to decode before knowing the actual encrypted message
# listed alphabets
alphabet = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p',
'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g',
'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z']
# caesar function
def caesar(start_text, shift_amount, cipher_direction):
end_text = ""
if cipher_direction == "decode":
shift_amount *= -1
for char in start_text:
if char in alphabet:
position = alphabet.index(char)
new_position = position + shift_amount
end_text += alphabet[new_position]
else:
end_text = end_text + char
# To print the logo
print(f"Here's the {cipher_direction}d result: {end_text}")
from art import logo
# loop to to type if you want to quit or continue
should_end = False
while not should_end:
direction = input("Type 'encode' to encrypt, type 'decode' to decrypt:\n")
text = input("Type your message:\n").lower()
shift = int(input("Type the shift number:\n"))
shift = shift % 26
caesar(start_text=text, shift_amount=shift, cipher_direction=direction)
result = input("Type 'yes' if you want to go, otherwise type 'no': ")
if result == "no":
should_end = True
print("program halted! ")Guessing number along with difficulty level
from random import randint
EASY_LEVEL_TURN = 10
HARD_LEVEL_TURN = 5
# function to check user's guess against actual answer
def check_answer(guess, answer, turns):
"""Checks answer against guess. Returns the number of numberes remaining"""
if guess > answer:
print("Too high!")
return turns -1
elif guess < answer:
print("Too low")
return turns -1
else:
print(f"You got it right asnwer {answer}")
# make a function to set difficulty
def set_difficulty():
level = input("Chhose 'easy' or 'hard' difficulty: ")
if level == "easy":
return EASY_LEVEL_TURN
else:
return HARD_LEVEL_TURN
def game():
# choosing a number by computer
print("Welcome to the guessing game")
print("I am thinking a number between 1 and 100")
answer = randint(1,100)
print(f"The correct answer is:{answer}")
turns = set_difficulty()
# Repeat the guessing functionlity if they get it wrong
guess = 0
while guess != answer:
print(f"You have {turns} attemps remaining to guess a number")
# let the user guess the
guess = int(input("Make a guess: "))
turns = check_answer(guess, answer, turns)
if turns == 0:
print("You run out of guesses, you lose")
exit(0)
game()Here is a day to play around the code and I found this super easy but interesting thing with me to build a qr code using python. It made me realize that I hadn't introduced path of a python file in environment variable. I then installed qrcode module using:
pip install qrcodewhich is super easy task for me.
import os
import qrcode
def generate_qr_code(data, file_name):
qr = qrcode.QRCode(
version=1,
error_correction=qrcode.constants.ERROR_CORRECT_L,
box_size=10,
border=4,
)
qr.add_data(data)
qr.make(fit=True)
img = qr.make_image(fill_color="black", back_color="white")
file_path = os.path.abspath(file_name)
img.save(file_path)
# Example usage
data = """github.com/Sudippdn
linkedin.com/in/sudip-pradhan-a0a804239/
Hi, it's me Sudip! This is a first qr code generate using python
"""
file_name = "C:/Users/Sudip/Desktop/qrcode.png"
generate_qr_code(data, file_name)
I have divided a program in two files and import the data from "items.py" to '"coffee machine.py"
In this part, I constructed MENU file for the coffee items along with the ingredients required. The cost of the particular types of coffee is also mentioned here.
MENU = {
"Espresso": {
"ingredients": {
"Coffee": 18,
"Water": 50,
},
"Cost": 1.5
},
"Latte": {
"ingredients": {
"Water": 200,
"Coffee": 24,
"Milk": 150
},
"Cost": 2.5
},
"Cappuccino": {
"ingredients": {
"Water": 250,
"Coffee": 24,
"Milk": 100
},
"Cost": 3.0,
}
}
resources = {
"Water": 300,
"Milk": 200,
"Coffee": 100
}In this part of the program, I have imported MENU and resources from items which is located in items.py. Created different functions for the operations and perform the differtent task. In these program, the machine checks the inserted coin total value and perform it its is sufficient or not along with the refund amount if it exceed.
from items import MENU
from items import resources
profit = 0
def is_resource_sufficient(order_ingredients):
"""Returns True when orders can be made and False when ingredients is insufficient"""
for item in order_ingredients:
if order_ingredients[item] >= resources[item]:
print(f"Sorry there is not enough {item}.")
return False
return True
def process_coin():
"""Returns the total calculated from coins inserted"""
total = 0
print("Please insert coin!")
total += int(input("How many quarters? ")) * 0.25
total += int(input("How many dimes? ")) * 0.1
total += int(input("How many nickels? ")) * 0.01
total += int(input("How many penny? ")) * 0.01
return total
def is_transaction_successful(money_received, drink_cost):
"""Return True when the payment is accepted, or False if money is insufficient"""
if money_received >= drink_cost:
change = round(money_received - drink_cost, 2)
print(f"Here is ${change} in change ")
global profit
profit += drink_cost
return True
else:
print("Sorry that's not enough money. Money refunded!!!")
return False
def make_coffee(drink_name, order_ingredients):
"""Deduct the reqyired ingredients from the resources"""
for item in order_ingredients:
resources[item] -= order_ingredients[item]
print(f"Here is you {drink_name}🤞")
is_on = True
while is_on:
choice = input("What would you like? (Espresso/Latte/Cappuccino): ")
if choice == "exit":
is_on = False
elif choice == "reports":
print(f"Water = {resources['Water']}ml")
print(f"Milk = {resources['Milk']}ml")
print(f"Coffee = {resources['Coffee']}gram")
print(f"Money = ${profit} \n")
else:
drink = MENU[choice]
if is_resource_sufficient(drink["ingredients"]):
payment = process_coin()
if is_transaction_successful(payment, drink["Cost"]):
make_coffee(choice, drink["ingredients"])