HashMap是基于哈希表实现的，每一个元素是一个key-value对，其内部通过单链表解决冲突问题，容量不足（超过了阀值）时，同样会自动增长。
HashMap是非线程安全的，只是用于单线程环境下，多线程环境下可以采用JUC包下的concurrentHashMap。
本文基于JDK1.7 源码分析。
HashMap 内部数据结构为数组+链表，结构如下：
HashMap构造方法如下：
public class HashMap<K,V>
extends AbstractMap<K,V>
implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable
{
/**
* 默认大小为16,且必须为2的N次方
*/
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16
/**
* 最大容量为2的30次方.
*/
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
/**
* // 默认加载因子
*/
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
static final Entry<?,?>[] EMPTY_TABLE = {};
/**
* 存储数据的Entry数组, 长度必须为2的N次方.
*/
transient Entry<K,V>[] table = (Entry<K,V>[]) EMPTY_TABLE;
/**
* HashMap保存的键值对的数量.
*/
transient int size;
/**
* HashMap的阈值, threshold = capacity*loadFactor
*/
int threshold;
/**
* 加载因子实际大小
*/
final float loadFactor;
/**
* HashMap被修改的次数
*/
transient int modCount;
/**
*
*/
static final int ALTERNATIVE_HASHING_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
/**
* holds values which can't be initialized until after VM is booted.
*/
private static class Holder {
/**
* Table capacity above which to switch to use alternative hashing.
*/
static final int ALTERNATIVE_HASHING_THRESHOLD;
static {
String altThreshold = java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
new sun.security.action.GetPropertyAction(
"jdk.map.althashing.threshold"));
int threshold;
try {
threshold = (null != altThreshold)
? Integer.parseInt(altThreshold)
: ALTERNATIVE_HASHING_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT;
// disable alternative hashing if -1
if (threshold == -1) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
}
if (threshold < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("value must be positive integer.");
}
} catch(IllegalArgumentException failed) {
throw new Error("Illegal value for 'jdk.map.althashing.threshold'", failed);
}
ALTERNATIVE_HASHING_THRESHOLD = threshold;
}
}
/**
*
*/
transient int hashSeed = 0;
/**
* 指定"容量大小"和"加载因子"的构造函数
*/
public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
initialCapacity);
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
loadFactor);
this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
threshold = initialCapacity;
init();
}
/**
* 指定"容量大小"的构造函数
*/
public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
}
/**
* 默认构造函数.
*/
public HashMap() {
this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
}
/**
* 包含“子Map”的构造函数
*/
public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
this(Math.max((int) (m.size() / DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) + 1,
DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY), DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
inflateTable(threshold);
putAllForCreate(m);
}
}
HashMap的put方法如下：
/**
* put方法,返回该key之前对应的value
*/
public V put(K key, V value) {
if (table == EMPTY_TABLE) {
inflateTable(threshold);
}
// 若“key为null”，则将该键值对添加到table[0]中。
if (key == null)
return putForNullKey(value);
// 若"key不为null"，则计算该key的哈希值，然后将其添加到该哈希值对应的链表中。
int hash = hash(key);
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
Object k; // 若"该key"对应的键值对已经存在，则用新的value取代旧的value。然后退出！
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = value;
e.recordAccess(this);
return oldValue;
}
}
// 若"该key"对应的键值对不存在，则将"key-value"添加到table中
modCount++;
addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
return null;
}
final int hash(Object k) {
int h = hashSeed;
if (0 != h && k instanceof String) {
return sun.misc.Hashing.stringHash32((String) k);
}
h ^= k.hashCode();
// This function ensures that hashCodes that differ only by
// constant multiples at each bit position have a bounded
// number of collisions (approximately 8 at default load factor).
h ^= (h >>> 20) ^ (h >>> 12);
return h ^ (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4);
}
/**
* Returns index for hash code h.
*/
static int indexFor(int h, int length) {
// assert Integer.bitCount(length) == 1 : "length must be a non-zero power of 2";
return h & (length-1);
}
/**
* 将"key为null"键值对添加到table[0]位置
*/
private V putForNullKey(V value) {
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
if (e.key == null) {
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = value;
e.recordAccess(this);
return oldValue;
}
}
modCount++;
addEntry(0, null, value, 0);
return null;
}
/**
* 新增Entry。将"key-value"插入指定位置，bucketIndex是table位置索引。
*/
void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
if ((size >= threshold) && (null != table[bucketIndex])) {
resize(2 * table.length);
hash = (null != key) ? hash(key) : 0;
bucketIndex = indexFor(hash, table.length);
}
createEntry(hash, key, value, bucketIndex);
}
/**
* 创建Entry
*/
void createEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
Entry<K,V> e = table[bucketIndex];
table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
size++;
}
/**
* HashMap扩容, 当前size * 2
*/
void resize(int newCapacity) {
Entry[] oldTable = table;
int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return;
}
Entry[] newTable = new Entry[newCapacity];
transfer(newTable, initHashSeedAsNeeded(newCapacity));
table = newTable;
threshold = (int)Math.min(newCapacity * loadFactor, MAXIMUM_CAPACITY + 1);
}
/**
* Transfers all entries from current table to newTable.
*/
void transfer(Entry[] newTable, boolean rehash) {
int newCapacity = newTable.length;
for (Entry<K,V> e : table) {
while(null != e) {
Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
if (rehash) {
e.hash = null == e.key ? 0 : hash(e.key);
}
int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity);
e.next = newTable[i];
newTable[i] = e;
e = next;
}
}
}
private static int roundUpToPowerOf2(int number) {
// assert number >= 0 : "number must be non-negative";
return number >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY
? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY
: (number > 1) ? Integer.highestOneBit((number - 1) << 1) : 1;
}
/**
* 填充table.
*/
private void inflateTable(int toSize) {
// Find a power of 2 >= toSize
int capacity = roundUpToPowerOf2(toSize);
threshold = (int) Math.min(capacity * loadFactor, MAXIMUM_CAPACITY + 1);
table = new Entry[capacity];
initHashSeedAsNeeded(capacity);
}
HashMap的get方法如下：
/**
* 获取key对应的value
*/
public V get(Object key) {
if (key == null)
return getForNullKey();
Entry<K,V> entry = getEntry(key);
return null == entry ? null : entry.getValue();
}
/**
* 获取"key为null"的元素的值
*/
private V getForNullKey() {
if (size == 0) {
return null;
}
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
if (e.key == null)
return e.value;
}
return null;
}
/**
* 获取key对应的Entry
*/
final Entry<K,V> getEntry(Object key) {
if (size == 0) {
return null;
}
// 获取key的hash值
int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key);
// 在"该hash值对应的链表"上查找"键值等于key"的元素
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[indexFor(hash, table.length)];
e != null;
e = e.next) {
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return e;
}
return null;
}
HashMap其他方法：
/**
* 获取HashMap 键值对数量
*/
public int size() {
return size;
}
/**
* 判断HashMap是否为空
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size == 0;
}
/**
* 判断HashMap是否含有key
*/
public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
return getEntry(key) != null;
}
/**
* 删除指定key
*/
public V remove(Object key) {
Entry<K,V> e = removeEntryForKey(key);
return (e == null ? null : e.value);
}
/**
* 删除key对应的Entry
*/
final Entry<K,V> removeEntryForKey(Object key) {
if (size == 0) {
return null;
}
int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key);
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
Entry<K,V> prev = table[i];
Entry<K,V> e = prev;
while (e != null) {
Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
modCount++;
size--;
if (prev == e)
table[i] = next;
else
prev.next = next;
e.recordRemoval(this);
return e;
}
prev = e;
e = next;
}
return e;
}
/**
* 清空HashMap
*/
public void clear() {
modCount++;
Arrays.fill(table, null);
size = 0;
}
/**
* 是否含有指定value
*/
public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
if (value == null)
return containsNullValue();
Entry[] tab = table;
for (int i = 0; i < tab.length ; i++)
for (Entry e = tab[i] ; e != null ; e = e.next)
if (value.equals(e.value))
return true;
return false;
}
/**
* Special-case code for containsValue with null argument
*/
private boolean containsNullValue() {
Entry[] tab = table;
for (int i = 0; i < tab.length ; i++)
for (Entry e = tab[i] ; e != null ; e = e.next)
if (e.value == null)
return true;
return false;
}
/**
* HashMap内部Entry, 链表结构
*/
static class Entry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
final K key;
V value;
Entry<K,V> next;
int hash;
/**
* Creates new entry.
*/
Entry(int h, K k, V v, Entry<K,V> n) {
value = v;
next = n;
key = k;
hash = h;
}
public final K getKey() {
return key;
}
public final V getValue() {
return value;
}
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
V oldValue = value;
value = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
return false;
Map.Entry e = (Map.Entry)o;
Object k1 = getKey();
Object k2 = e.getKey();
if (k1 == k2 || (k1 != null && k1.equals(k2))) {
Object v1 = getValue();
Object v2 = e.getValue();
if (v1 == v2 || (v1 != null && v1.equals(v2)))
return true;
}
return false;
}
public final int hashCode() {
return Objects.hashCode(getKey()) ^ Objects.hashCode(getValue());
}
public final String toString() {
return getKey() + "=" + getValue();
}
/**
* This method is invoked whenever the value in an entry is
* overwritten by an invocation of put(k,v) for a key k that's already
* in the HashMap.
*/
void recordAccess(HashMap<K,V> m) {
}
/**
* This method is invoked whenever the entry is
* removed from the table.
*/
void recordRemoval(HashMap<K,V> m) {
}
}
HashMap在put的时候，插入的元素超过了容量（由负载因子决定）的范围就会触发扩容操作，就是rehash，这个会重新将原数组的内容重新hash到新的扩容数组中，在多线程的环境下，存在同时其他的元素也在进行put操作，如果hash值相同，可能出现同时在同一数组下用链表表示，造成闭环，导致在get时会出现死循环（导致CPU 使用率100%），所以HashMap是线程不安全的。
我们一般对哈希表的散列很自然地会想到用hash值对length取模（即除法散列法），Hashtable中也是这样实现的，这种方法基本能保证元素在哈希表中散列的比较均匀，但取模会用到除法运算，效率很低，HashMap中则通过h&(length-1)的方法来代替取模，同样实现了均匀的散列，但效率要高很多，这也是HashMap对Hashtable的一个改进。
接下来，我们分析下为什么哈希表的容量一定要是2的整数次幂。首先，length为2的整数次幂的话，h&(length-1)就相当于对length取模，这样便保证了散列的均匀，同时也提升了效率；其次，length为2的整数次幂的话，为偶数，这样length-1为奇数，奇数的最后一位是1，这样便保证了h&(length-1)的最后一位可能为0，也可能为1（这取决于h的值），即与后的结果可能为偶数，也可能为奇数，这样便可以保证散列的均匀性，而如果length为奇数的话，很明显length-1为偶数，它的最后一位是0，这样h&(length-1)的最后一位肯定为0，即只能为偶数，这样任何hash值都只会被散列到数组的偶数下标位置上，这便浪费了近一半的空间，因此，length取2的整数次幂，是为了使不同hash值发生碰撞的概率较小，这样就能使元素在哈希表中均匀地散列。