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open-data.qmd
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---
format:
pdf:
prefer-html: true
---
# Open transportation data
In this chapter we will guide you through sources of open data for transportation analysis: road networks and public transportation information.
## Road Networks
### OpenStreetMap
The OpenStreetMap is a collaborative online mapping project that creates a free editable map of the world.
This is the most used source of road network data for transportation analysis in academia, since it is available almost **everywhere in the world**, is open and free to use.
::: {.callout-caution appearance="simple"}
Although it can be not 100% accurate, OSM is a good source of data for most of the cases.
:::
You can access it's visualization tool at [www.openstreetmap.org](https://www.openstreetmap.org/).
To edit the map, you can use the [Editor](https://www.openstreetmap.org/edit), once you register.
If you want to **download** the data, you can use the following tools.
- [Overpass API](https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Overpass_API)
- [Geofabrik](https://download.geofabrik.de/)
These websites include all the OSM data, with **much more information than you need**.
### HOT Export Tool
This interactive tool helps you to select the **region** you want to extract, the type of **information** to include, and the output data **format**.
Access via [export.hotosm.org](https://export.hotosm.org/)[^open-data-1].
[^open-data-1]: You need an OSM account to use it.
After the export, you can read in R using the `sf` package:
```{r}
#| fig-format: png
Gent = sf::st_read("data/Gent_center.gpkg", quiet = TRUE)
mapview::mapview(Gent, zcol = "highway")
```
### OSM in R
There are also some R packages that can help you to download and work with OpenStreetMap data, such as:
- [`osmdata`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/osmdata/index.html)
- [`osmextract`](https://docs.ropensci.org/osmextract)
This is an example of how to download OpenStreetMap road network data using the `osmextract` package:
```{r}
#| eval: false
library(osmextract)
OSM_Malta = oe_get_network(place = "Malta") # it will geocode the place
Malta_main_roads = OSM_Malta |>
filter(highway %in% c("primary", "secondary", "tertiary", "trunk"))
plot(Malta_main_roads["highway"])
```
{fig-align="center"}
## Transportation Services' Data
### GTFS
General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) is [standard format](https://developers.google.com/transit/gtfs/reference) for documenting public transportation information, including: routes, schedules, stop locations, calendar patterns, trips, and possible transfers.
Transit agencies are responsible for maintaining the data up-to-date.
This information is used in several applications, such as Google Maps, to provide public transportation directions.
It can be offered for a city, a region, or even a whole country, depending on the PT agency.
The recent version 2 of the GTFS standard includes more information, such as **real-time data**.
The data is usually in a `.zip` file that includes several `.txt` files (one for each type of information) with tabular relations.
](images/clipboard-2676687965.png){fig-align="center" width="493"}
#### Online sources
You can find most GTFS data in the following websites:
- [TransitLand](https://www.transit.land)
- [TransitFeeds](https://transitfeeds.com/)
Some PT agencies also provide their open-data in their websites.
#### R packages
There are some nice R packages to read and manipulate GTFS data, such as:
- [`tidytransit`](https://r-transit.github.io/tidytransit/)
- [`gtfstools`](https://ipeagit.github.io/gtfstools/)
::: {.callout-note appearance="simple"}
Be aware that they may share the same function names, so it is important to use of of them at the time.
:::
### National Access Points
The European Union has a directive that requires the member states to provide access to transportation data.
Data includes not only **Public Transportation** data, but also **road network**s, car **parking**, and other transportation-related information.
[List of the European Union members states with National Access Points for Transportation data](https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/smart-mobility/road/its-directive-and-action-plan/national-access-points_en)
Example of Bus services data in Belgium:
[](https://www.transportdata.be/en/dataset?tags=Bus)