primus.js

/*globals require, define */
'use strict';

var EventEmitter = require('eventemitter3')
  , TickTock = require('tick-tock')
  , Recovery = require('recovery')
  , qs = require('querystringify')
  , inherits = require('inherits')
  , destroy = require('demolish')
  , yeast = require('yeast')
  , u2028 = /\u2028/g
  , u2029 = /\u2029/g;

/**
 * Context assertion, ensure that some of our public Primus methods are called
 * with the correct context to ensure that
 *
 * @param {Primus} self The context of the function.
 * @param {String} method The method name.
 * @api private
 */
function context(self, method) {
  if (self instanceof Primus) return;

  var failure = new Error('Primus#'+ method + '\'s context should called with a Primus instance');

  if ('function' !== typeof self.listeners || !self.listeners('error').length) {
    throw failure;
  }

  self.emit('error', failure);
}

//
// Sets the default connection URL, it uses the default origin of the browser
// when supported but degrades for older browsers. In Node.js, we cannot guess
// where the user wants to connect to, so we just default to localhost.
//
var defaultUrl;

try {
  if (location.origin) {
    defaultUrl = location.origin;
  } else {
    defaultUrl = location.protocol +'//'+ location.host;
  }
} catch (e) {
  defaultUrl = 'http://127.0.0.1';
}

/**
 * Primus is a real-time library agnostic framework for establishing real-time
 * connections with servers.
 *
 * Options:
 * - reconnect, configuration for the reconnect process.
 * - manual, don't automatically call `.open` to start the connection.
 * - websockets, force the use of WebSockets, even when you should avoid them.
 * - timeout, connect timeout, server didn't respond in a timely manner.
 * - pingTimeout, The maximum amount of time to wait for the server to send a ping.
 * - network, Use network events as leading method for network connection drops.
 * - strategy, Reconnection strategies.
 * - transport, Transport options.
 * - url, uri, The URL to use connect with the server.
 *
 * @constructor
 * @param {String} url The URL of your server.
 * @param {Object} options The configuration.
 * @api public
 */
function Primus(url, options) {
  if (!(this instanceof Primus)) return new Primus(url, options);

  Primus.Stream.call(this);

  if ('function' !== typeof this.client) {
    return this.critical(new Error(
      'The client library has not been compiled correctly, see '+
      'https://github.com/primus/primus#client-library for more details'
    ));
  }

  if ('object' === typeof url) {
    options = url;
    url = options.url || options.uri || defaultUrl;
  } else {
    options = options || {};
  }

  if ('ping' in options || 'pong' in options) {
    return this.critical(new Error(
      'The `ping` and `pong` options have been removed'
    ));
  }

  var primus = this;

  // The maximum number of messages that can be placed in queue.
  options.queueSize = 'queueSize' in options ? options.queueSize : Infinity;

  // Connection timeout duration.
  options.timeout = 'timeout' in options ? options.timeout : 10e3;

  // Stores the back off configuration.
  options.reconnect = 'reconnect' in options ? options.reconnect : {};

  // Heartbeat ping interval.
  options.pingTimeout = 'pingTimeout' in options ? options.pingTimeout : 45e3;

  // Reconnect strategies.
  options.strategy = 'strategy' in options ? options.strategy : [];

  // Custom transport options.
  options.transport = 'transport' in options ? options.transport : {};

  primus.buffer = [];                           // Stores premature send data.
  primus.writable = true;                       // Silly stream compatibility.
  primus.readable = true;                       // Silly stream compatibility.
  primus.url = primus.parse(url || defaultUrl); // Parse the URL to a readable format.
  primus.readyState = Primus.CLOSED;            // The readyState of the connection.
  primus.options = options;                     // Reference to the supplied options.
  primus.timers = new TickTock(this);           // Contains all our timers.
  primus.socket = null;                         // Reference to the internal connection.
  primus.disconnect = false;                    // Did we receive a disconnect packet?
  primus.transport = options.transport;         // Transport options.
  primus.transformers = {                       // Message transformers.
    outgoing: [],
    incoming: []
  };

  //
  // Create our reconnection instance.
  //
  primus.recovery = new Recovery(options.reconnect);

  //
  // Parse the reconnection strategy. It can have the following strategies:
  //
  // - timeout: Reconnect when we have a network timeout.
  // - disconnect: Reconnect when we have an unexpected disconnect.
  // - online: Reconnect when we're back online.
  //
  if ('string' === typeof options.strategy) {
    options.strategy = options.strategy.split(/\s?,\s?/g);
  }

  if (false === options.strategy) {
    //
    // Strategies are disabled, but we still need an empty array to join it in
    // to nothing.
    //
    options.strategy = [];
  } else if (!options.strategy.length) {
    options.strategy.push('disconnect', 'online');

    //
    // Timeout based reconnection should only be enabled conditionally. When
    // authorization is enabled it could trigger.
    //
    if (!this.authorization) options.strategy.push('timeout');
  }

  options.strategy = options.strategy.join(',').toLowerCase();

  //
  // Force the use of WebSockets, even when we've detected some potential
  // broken WebSocket implementation.
  //
  if ('websockets' in options) {
    primus.AVOID_WEBSOCKETS = !options.websockets;
  }

  //
  // Force or disable the use of NETWORK events as leading client side
  // disconnection detection.
  //
  if ('network' in options) {
    primus.NETWORK_EVENTS = options.network;
  }

  //
  // Check if the user wants to manually initialise a connection. If they don't,
  // we want to do it after a really small timeout so we give the users enough
  // time to listen for `error` events etc.
  //
  if (!options.manual) primus.timers.setTimeout('open', function open() {
    primus.timers.clear('open');
    primus.open();
  }, 0);

  primus.initialise(options);
}

/**
 * Simple require wrapper to make browserify, node and require.js play nice.
 *
 * @param {String} name The module to require.
 * @returns {Object|Undefined} The module that we required.
 * @api private
 */
Primus.requires = Primus.require = function requires(name) {
  if ('function' !== typeof require) return undefined;

  return !('function' === typeof define && define.amd)
    ? require(name)
    : undefined;
};

//
// It's possible that we're running in Node.js or in a Node.js compatible
// environment. In this cases we try to inherit from the Stream base class.
//
try {
  Primus.Stream = Primus.requires('stream');
} catch (e) { }

if (!Primus.Stream) Primus.Stream = EventEmitter;

inherits(Primus, Primus.Stream);

/**
 * Primus readyStates, used internally to set the correct ready state.
 *
 * @type {Number}
 * @private
 */
Primus.OPENING = 1;   // We're opening the connection.
Primus.CLOSED  = 2;   // No active connection.
Primus.OPEN    = 3;   // The connection is open.

/**
 * Are we working with a potentially broken WebSockets implementation? This
 * boolean can be used by transformers to remove `WebSockets` from their
 * supported transports.
 *
 * @type {Boolean}
 * @private
 */
Primus.prototype.AVOID_WEBSOCKETS = false;

/**
 * Some browsers support registering emitting `online` and `offline` events when
 * the connection has been dropped on the client. We're going to detect it in
 * a simple `try {} catch (e) {}` statement so we don't have to do complicated
 * feature detection.
 *
 * @type {Boolean}
 * @private
 */
Primus.prototype.NETWORK_EVENTS = false;
Primus.prototype.online = true;

try {
  if (
       Primus.prototype.NETWORK_EVENTS = 'onLine' in navigator
    && (window.addEventListener || document.body.attachEvent)
  ) {
    if (!navigator.onLine) {
      Primus.prototype.online = false;
    }
  }
} catch (e) { }

/**
 * The Ark contains all our plugins definitions. It's namespaced by
 * name => plugin.
 *
 * @type {Object}
 * @private
 */
Primus.prototype.ark = {};

/**
 * Simple emit wrapper that returns a function that emits an event once it's
 * called. This makes it easier for transports to emit specific events.
 *
 * @returns {Function} A function that will emit the event when called.
 * @api public
 */
Primus.prototype.emits = require('emits');

/**
 * Return the given plugin.
 *
 * @param {String} name The name of the plugin.
 * @returns {Object|undefined} The plugin or undefined.
 * @api public
 */
Primus.prototype.plugin = function plugin(name) {
  context(this, 'plugin');

  if (name) return this.ark[name];

  var plugins = {};

  for (name in this.ark) {
    plugins[name] = this.ark[name];
  }

  return plugins;
};

/**
 * Checks if the given event is an emitted event by Primus.
 *
 * @param {String} evt The event name.
 * @returns {Boolean} Indication of the event is reserved for internal use.
 * @api public
 */
Primus.prototype.reserved = function reserved(evt) {
  return (/^(incoming|outgoing)::/).test(evt)
  || evt in this.reserved.events;
};

/**
 * The actual events that are used by the client.
 *
 * @type {Object}
 * @public
 */
Primus.prototype.reserved.events = {
  'reconnect scheduled': 1,
  'reconnect timeout': 1,
  'readyStateChange': 1,
  'reconnect failed': 1,
  'reconnected': 1,
  'reconnect': 1,
  'offline': 1,
  'timeout': 1,
  'destroy': 1,
  'online': 1,
  'error': 1,
  'close': 1,
  'open': 1,
  'data': 1,
  'end': 1
};

/**
 * Initialise the Primus and setup all parsers and internal listeners.
 *
 * @param {Object} options The original options object.
 * @returns {Primus}
 * @api private
 */
Primus.prototype.initialise = function initialise(options) {
  var primus = this;

  primus.recovery
  .on('reconnected', primus.emits('reconnected'))
  .on('reconnect failed', primus.emits('reconnect failed', function failed(next) {
    primus.emit('end');
    next();
  }))
  .on('reconnect timeout', primus.emits('reconnect timeout'))
  .on('reconnect scheduled', primus.emits('reconnect scheduled'))
  .on('reconnect', primus.emits('reconnect', function reconnect(next) {
    primus.emit('outgoing::reconnect');
    next();
  }));

  primus.on('outgoing::open', function opening() {
    var readyState = primus.readyState;

    primus.readyState = Primus.OPENING;
    if (readyState !== primus.readyState) {
      primus.emit('readyStateChange', 'opening');
    }
  });

  primus.on('incoming::open', function opened() {
    var readyState = primus.readyState;

    if (primus.recovery.reconnecting()) {
      primus.recovery.reconnected();
    }

    //
    // The connection has been opened so we should set our state to
    // (writ|read)able so our stream compatibility works as intended.
    //
    primus.writable = true;
    primus.readable = true;

    //
    // Make sure we are flagged as `online` as we've successfully opened the
    // connection.
    //
    if (!primus.online) {
      primus.online = true;
      primus.emit('online');
    }

    primus.readyState = Primus.OPEN;
    if (readyState !== primus.readyState) {
      primus.emit('readyStateChange', 'open');
    }

    primus.heartbeat();

    if (primus.buffer.length) {
      var data = primus.buffer.slice()
        , length = data.length
        , i = 0;

      primus.buffer.length = 0;

      for (; i < length; i++) {
        primus._write(data[i]);
      }
    }

    primus.emit('open');
  });

  primus.on('incoming::ping', function ping(time) {
    primus.online = true;
    primus.heartbeat();
    primus.emit('outgoing::pong', time);
    primus._write('primus::pong::'+ time);
  });

  primus.on('incoming::error', function error(e) {
    var connect = primus.timers.active('connect')
      , err = e;

    //
    // When the error is not an Error instance we try to normalize it.
    //
    if ('string' === typeof e) {
      err = new Error(e);
    } else if (!(e instanceof Error) && 'object' === typeof e) {
      //
      // BrowserChannel and SockJS returns an object which contains some
      // details of the error. In order to have a proper error we "copy" the
      // details in an Error instance.
      //
      err = new Error(e.message || e.reason);
      for (var key in e) {
        if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e, key))
          err[key] = e[key];
      }
    }
    //
    // We're still doing a reconnect attempt, it could be that we failed to
    // connect because the server was down. Failing connect attempts should
    // always emit an `error` event instead of a `open` event.
    //
    //
    if (primus.recovery.reconnecting()) return primus.recovery.reconnected(err);
    if (primus.listeners('error').length) primus.emit('error', err);

    //
    // We received an error while connecting, this most likely the result of an
    // unauthorized access to the server.
    //
    if (connect) {
      if (~primus.options.strategy.indexOf('timeout')) {
        primus.recovery.reconnect();
      } else {
        primus.end();
      }
    }
  });

  primus.on('incoming::data', function message(raw) {
    primus.decoder(raw, function decoding(err, data) {
      //
      // Do a "safe" emit('error') when we fail to parse a message. We don't
      // want to throw here as listening to errors should be optional.
      //
      if (err) return primus.listeners('error').length && primus.emit('error', err);

      //
      // Handle all "primus::" prefixed protocol messages.
      //
      if (primus.protocol(data)) return;
      primus.transforms(primus, primus, 'incoming', data, raw);
    });
  });

  primus.on('incoming::end', function end() {
    var readyState = primus.readyState;

    //
    // This `end` started with the receiving of a primus::server::close packet
    // which indicated that the user/developer on the server closed the
    // connection and it was not a result of a network disruption. So we should
    // kill the connection without doing a reconnect.
    //
    if (primus.disconnect) {
      primus.disconnect = false;

      return primus.end();
    }

    //
    // Always set the readyState to closed, and if we're still connecting, close
    // the connection so we're sure that everything after this if statement block
    // is only executed because our readyState is set to `open`.
    //
    primus.readyState = Primus.CLOSED;
    if (readyState !== primus.readyState) {
      primus.emit('readyStateChange', 'end');
    }

    if (primus.timers.active('connect')) primus.end();
    if (readyState !== Primus.OPEN) {
      return primus.recovery.reconnecting()
        ? primus.recovery.reconnect()
        : false;
    }

    this.writable = false;
    this.readable = false;

    //
    // Clear all timers in case we're not going to reconnect.
    //
    this.timers.clear();

    //
    // Fire the `close` event as an indication of connection disruption.
    // This is also fired by `primus#end` so it is emitted in all cases.
    //
    primus.emit('close');

    //
    // The disconnect was unintentional, probably because the server has
    // shutdown, so if the reconnection is enabled start a reconnect procedure.
    //
    if (~primus.options.strategy.indexOf('disconnect')) {
      return primus.recovery.reconnect();
    }

    primus.emit('outgoing::end');
    primus.emit('end');
  });

  //
  // Setup the real-time client.
  //
  primus.client();

  //
  // Process the potential plugins.
  //
  for (var plugin in primus.ark) {
    primus.ark[plugin].call(primus, primus, options);
  }

  //
  // NOTE: The following code is only required if we're supporting network
  // events as it requires access to browser globals.
  //
  if (!primus.NETWORK_EVENTS) return primus;

  /**
   * Handler for offline notifications.
   *
   * @api private
   */
  primus.offlineHandler = function offline() {
    if (!primus.online) return; // Already or still offline, bailout.

    primus.online = false;
    primus.emit('offline');
    primus.end();

    //
    // It is certainly possible that we're in a reconnection loop and that the
    // user goes offline. In this case we want to kill the existing attempt so
    // when the user goes online, it will attempt to reconnect freshly again.
    //
    primus.recovery.reset();
  };

  /**
   * Handler for online notifications.
   *
   * @api private
   */
  primus.onlineHandler = function online() {
    if (primus.online) return; // Already or still online, bailout.

    primus.online = true;
    primus.emit('online');

    if (~primus.options.strategy.indexOf('online')) {
      primus.recovery.reconnect();
    }
  };

  if (window.addEventListener) {
    window.addEventListener('offline', primus.offlineHandler, false);
    window.addEventListener('online', primus.onlineHandler, false);
  } else if (document.body.attachEvent){
    document.body.attachEvent('onoffline', primus.offlineHandler);
    document.body.attachEvent('ononline', primus.onlineHandler);
  }

  return primus;
};

/**
 * Really dead simple protocol parser. We simply assume that every message that
 * is prefixed with `primus::` could be used as some sort of protocol definition
 * for Primus.
 *
 * @param {String} msg The data.
 * @returns {Boolean} Is a protocol message.
 * @api private
 */
Primus.prototype.protocol = function protocol(msg) {
  if (
       'string' !== typeof msg
    || msg.indexOf('primus::') !== 0
  ) return false;

  var last = msg.indexOf(':', 8)
    , value = msg.slice(last + 2);

  switch (msg.slice(8,  last)) {
    case 'ping':
      this.emit('incoming::ping', +value);
      break;

    case 'server':
      //
      // The server is closing the connection, forcefully disconnect so we don't
      // reconnect again.
      //
      if ('close' === value) {
        this.disconnect = true;
      }
      break;

    case 'id':
      this.emit('incoming::id', value);
      break;

    //
    // Unknown protocol, somebody is probably sending `primus::` prefixed
    // messages.
    //
    default:
      return false;
  }

  return true;
};

/**
 * Execute the set of message transformers from Primus on the incoming or
 * outgoing message.
 * This function and it's content should be in sync with Spark#transforms in
 * spark.js.
 *
 * @param {Primus} primus Reference to the Primus instance with message transformers.
 * @param {Spark|Primus} connection Connection that receives or sends data.
 * @param {String} type The type of message, 'incoming' or 'outgoing'.
 * @param {Mixed} data The data to send or that has been received.
 * @param {String} raw The raw encoded data.
 * @returns {Primus}
 * @api public
 */
Primus.prototype.transforms = function transforms(primus, connection, type, data, raw) {
  var packet = { data: data }
    , fns = primus.transformers[type];

  //
  // Iterate in series over the message transformers so we can allow optional
  // asynchronous execution of message transformers which could for example
  // retrieve additional data from the server, do extra decoding or even
  // message validation.
  //
  (function transform(index, done) {
    var transformer = fns[index++];

    if (!transformer) return done();

    if (1 === transformer.length) {
      if (false === transformer.call(connection, packet)) {
        //
        // When false is returned by an incoming transformer it means that's
        // being handled by the transformer and we should not emit the `data`
        // event.
        //
        return;
      }

      return transform(index, done);
    }

    transformer.call(connection, packet, function finished(err, arg) {
      if (err) return connection.emit('error', err);
      if (false === arg) return;

      transform(index, done);
    });
  }(0, function done() {
    //
    // We always emit 2 arguments for the data event, the first argument is the
    // parsed data and the second argument is the raw string that we received.
    // This allows you, for example, to do some validation on the parsed data
    // and then save the raw string in your database without the stringify
    // overhead.
    //
    if ('incoming' === type) return connection.emit('data', packet.data, raw);

    connection._write(packet.data);
  }));

  return this;
};

/**
 * Retrieve the current id from the server.
 *
 * @param {Function} fn Callback function.
 * @returns {Primus}
 * @api public
 */
Primus.prototype.id = function id(fn) {
  if (this.socket && this.socket.id) return fn(this.socket.id);

  this._write('primus::id::');
  return this.once('incoming::id', fn);
};

/**
 * Establish a connection with the server. When this function is called we
 * assume that we don't have any open connections. If you do call it when you
 * have a connection open, it could cause duplicate connections.
 *
 * @returns {Primus}
 * @api public
 */
Primus.prototype.open = function open() {
  context(this, 'open');

  //
  // Only start a `connection timeout` procedure if we're not reconnecting as
  // that shouldn't count as an initial connection. This should be started
  // before the connection is opened to capture failing connections and kill the
  // timeout.
  //
  if (!this.recovery.reconnecting() && this.options.timeout) this.timeout();

  this.emit('outgoing::open');
  return this;
};

/**
 * Send a new message.
 *
 * @param {Mixed} data The data that needs to be written.
 * @returns {Boolean} Always returns true as we don't support back pressure.
 * @api public
 */
Primus.prototype.write = function write(data) {
  context(this, 'write');
  this.transforms(this, this, 'outgoing', data);

  return true;
};

/**
 * The actual message writer.
 *
 * @param {Mixed} data The message that needs to be written.
 * @returns {Boolean} Successful write to the underlaying transport.
 * @api private
 */
Primus.prototype._write = function write(data) {
  var primus = this;

  //
  // The connection is closed, normally this would already be done in the
  // `spark.write` method, but as `_write` is used internally, we should also
  // add the same check here to prevent potential crashes by writing to a dead
  // socket.
  //
  if (Primus.OPEN !== primus.readyState) {
    //
    // If the buffer is at capacity, remove the first item.
    //
    if (this.buffer.length === this.options.queueSize) {
      this.buffer.splice(0, 1);
    }

    this.buffer.push(data);
    return false;
  }

  primus.encoder(data, function encoded(err, packet) {
    //
    // Do a "safe" emit('error') when we fail to parse a message. We don't
    // want to throw here as listening to errors should be optional.
    //
    if (err) return primus.listeners('error').length && primus.emit('error', err);

    //
    // Hack 1: \u2028 and \u2029 are allowed inside a JSON string, but JavaScript
    // defines them as newline separators. Unescaped control characters are not
    // allowed inside JSON strings, so this causes an error at parse time. We
    // work around this issue by escaping these characters. This can cause
    // errors with JSONP requests or if the string is just evaluated.
    //
    if ('string' === typeof packet) {
      if (~packet.indexOf('\u2028')) packet = packet.replace(u2028, '\\u2028');
      if (~packet.indexOf('\u2029')) packet = packet.replace(u2029, '\\u2029');
    }

    primus.emit('outgoing::data', packet);
  });

  return true;
};

/**
 * Set a timer that, upon expiration, closes the client.
 *
 * @returns {Primus}
 * @api private
 */
Primus.prototype.heartbeat = function heartbeat() {
  if (!this.options.pingTimeout) return this;

  this.timers.clear('heartbeat');
  this.timers.setTimeout('heartbeat', function expired() {
    //
    // The network events already captured the offline event.
    //
    if (!this.online) return;

    this.online = false;
    this.emit('offline');
    this.emit('incoming::end');
  }, this.options.pingTimeout);

  return this;
};

/**
 * Start a connection timeout.
 *
 * @returns {Primus}
 * @api private
 */
Primus.prototype.timeout = function timeout() {
  var primus = this;

  /**
   * Remove all references to the timeout listener as we've received an event
   * that can be used to determine state.
   *
   * @api private
   */
  function remove() {
    primus.removeListener('error', remove)
          .removeListener('open', remove)
          .removeListener('end', remove)
          .timers.clear('connect');
  }

  primus.timers.setTimeout('connect', function expired() {
    remove(); // Clean up old references.

    if (primus.readyState === Primus.OPEN || primus.recovery.reconnecting()) {
      return;
    }

    primus.emit('timeout');

    //
    // We failed to connect to the server.
    //
    if (~primus.options.strategy.indexOf('timeout')) {
      primus.recovery.reconnect();
    } else {
      primus.end();
    }
  }, primus.options.timeout);

  return primus.on('error', remove)
    .on('open', remove)
    .on('end', remove);
};

/**
 * Close the connection completely.
 *
 * @param {Mixed} data last packet of data.
 * @returns {Primus}
 * @api public
 */
Primus.prototype.end = function end(data) {
  context(this, 'end');

  if (
      this.readyState === Primus.CLOSED
    && !this.timers.active('connect')
    && !this.timers.active('open')
  ) {
    //
    // If we are reconnecting stop the reconnection procedure.
    //
    if (this.recovery.reconnecting()) {
      this.recovery.reset();
      this.emit('end');
    }

    return this;
  }

  if (data !== undefined) this.write(data);

  this.writable = false;
  this.readable = false;

  var readyState = this.readyState;
  this.readyState = Primus.CLOSED;

  if (readyState !== this.readyState) {
    this.emit('readyStateChange', 'end');
  }

  this.timers.clear();
  this.emit('outgoing::end');
  this.emit('close');
  this.emit('end');

  return this;
};

/**
 * Completely demolish the Primus instance and forcefully nuke all references.
 *
 * @returns {Boolean}
 * @api public
 */
Primus.prototype.destroy = destroy('url timers options recovery socket transport transformers', {
  before: 'end',
  after: ['removeAllListeners', function detach() {
    if (!this.NETWORK_EVENTS) return;

    if (window.addEventListener) {
      window.removeEventListener('offline', this.offlineHandler);
      window.removeEventListener('online', this.onlineHandler);
    } else if (document.body.attachEvent){
      document.body.detachEvent('onoffline', this.offlineHandler);
      document.body.detachEvent('ononline', this.onlineHandler);
    }
  }]
});

/**
 * Create a shallow clone of a given object.
 *
 * @param {Object} obj The object that needs to be cloned.
 * @returns {Object} Copy.
 * @api private
 */
Primus.prototype.clone = function clone(obj) {
  return this.merge({}, obj);
};

/**
 * Merge different objects in to one target object.
 *
 * @param {Object} target The object where everything should be merged in.
 * @returns {Object} Original target with all merged objects.
 * @api private
 */
Primus.prototype.merge = function merge(target) {
  for (var i = 1, key, obj; i < arguments.length; i++) {
    obj = arguments[i];

    for (key in obj) {
      if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key))
        target[key] = obj[key];
    }
  }

  return target;
};

/**
 * Parse the connection string.
 *
 * @type {Function}
 * @param {String} url Connection URL.
 * @returns {Object} Parsed connection.
 * @api private
 */
Primus.prototype.parse = require('url-parse');

/**
 * Parse a query string.
 *
 * @param {String} query The query string that needs to be parsed.
 * @returns {Object} Parsed query string.
 * @api private
 */
Primus.prototype.querystring = qs.parse;
/**
 * Transform a query string object back into string equiv.
 *
 * @param {Object} obj The query string object.
 * @returns {String}
 * @api private
 */
Primus.prototype.querystringify = qs.stringify;

/**
 * Generates a connection URI.
 *
 * @param {String} protocol The protocol that should used to crate the URI.
 * @returns {String|options} The URL.
 * @api private
 */
Primus.prototype.uri = function uri(options) {
  var url = this.url
    , server = []
    , qsa = false;

  //
  // Query strings are only allowed when we've received clearance for it.
  //
  if (options.query) qsa = true;

  options = options || {};
  options.protocol = 'protocol' in options
    ? options.protocol
    : 'http:';
  options.query = url.query && qsa
    ? url.query.slice(1)
    : false;
  options.secure = 'secure' in options
    ? options.secure
    : url.protocol === 'https:' || url.protocol === 'wss:';
  options.auth = 'auth' in options
    ? options.auth
    : url.auth;
  options.pathname = 'pathname' in options
    ? options.pathname
    : this.pathname;
  options.port = 'port' in options
    ? +options.port
    : +url.port || (options.secure ? 443 : 80);

  //
  // We need to make sure that we create a unique connection URL every time to
  // prevent back forward cache from becoming an issue. We're doing this by
  // forcing an cache busting query string in to the URL.
  //
  var querystring = this.querystring(options.query || '');
  querystring._primuscb = yeast();
  options.query = this.querystringify(querystring);

  //
  // Allow transformation of the options before we construct a full URL from it.
  //
  this.emit('outgoing::url', options);

  //
  // Automatically suffix the protocol so we can supply `ws:` and `http:` and
  // it gets transformed correctly.
  //
  server.push(options.secure ? options.protocol.replace(':', 's:') : options.protocol, '');

  server.push(options.auth ? options.auth +'@'+ url.host : url.host);

  //
  // Pathnames are optional as some Transformers would just use the pathname
  // directly.
  //
  if (options.pathname) server.push(options.pathname.slice(1));

  //
  // Optionally add a search query.
  //
  if (qsa) server[server.length - 1] += '?'+ options.query;
  else delete options.query;

  if (options.object) return options;
  return server.join('/');
};

/**
 * Register a new message transformer. This allows you to easily manipulate incoming
 * and outgoing data which is particularity handy for plugins that want to send
 * meta data together with the messages.
 *
 * @param {String} type Incoming or outgoing
 * @param {Function} fn A new message transformer.
 * @returns {Primus}
 * @api public
 */
Primus.prototype.transform = function transform(type, fn) {
  context(this, 'transform');

  if (!(type in this.transformers)) {
    return this.critical(new Error('Invalid transformer type'));
  }

  this.transformers[type].push(fn);
  return this;
};

/**
 * A critical error has occurred, if we have an `error` listener, emit it there.
 * If not, throw it, so we get a stack trace + proper error message.
 *
 * @param {Error} err The critical error.
 * @returns {Primus}
 * @api private
 */
Primus.prototype.critical = function critical(err) {
  if (this.emit('error', err)) return this;

  throw err;
};

/**
 * Syntax sugar, adopt a Socket.IO like API.
 *
 * @param {String} url The URL we want to connect to.
 * @param {Object} options Connection options.
 * @returns {Primus}
 * @api public
 */
Primus.connect = function connect(url, options) {
  return new Primus(url, options);
};

//
// Expose the EventEmitter so it can be re-used by wrapping libraries we're also
// exposing the Stream interface.
//
Primus.EventEmitter = EventEmitter;

//
// These libraries are automatically inserted at the server-side using the
// Primus#library method.
//
Primus.prototype.client = null; // @import {primus::client};
Primus.prototype.authorization = null; // @import {primus::auth};
Primus.prototype.pathname = null; // @import {primus::pathname};
Primus.prototype.encoder = null; // @import {primus::encoder};
Primus.prototype.decoder = null; // @import {primus::decoder};
Primus.prototype.version = null; // @import {primus::version};

if (
     'undefined' !== typeof document
  && 'undefined' !== typeof navigator
) {
  //
  // Hack 2: If you press ESC in FireFox it will close all active connections.
  // Normally this makes sense, when your page is still loading. But versions
  // before FireFox 22 will close all connections including WebSocket connections
  // after page load. One way to prevent this is to do a `preventDefault()` and
  // cancel the operation before it bubbles up to the browsers default handler.
  // It needs to be added as `keydown` event, if it's added keyup it will not be
  // able to prevent the connection from being closed.
  //
  if (document.addEventListener) {
    document.addEventListener('keydown', function keydown(e) {
      if (e.keyCode !== 27 || !e.preventDefault) return;

      e.preventDefault();
    }, false);
  }

  //
  // Hack 3: This is a Mac/Apple bug only, when you're behind a reverse proxy or
  // have you network settings set to `automatic proxy discovery` the safari
  // browser will crash when the WebSocket constructor is initialised. There is
  // no way to detect the usage of these proxies available in JavaScript so we
  // need to do some nasty browser sniffing. This only affects Safari versions
  // lower then 5.1.4
  //
  var ua = (navigator.userAgent || '').toLowerCase()
    , parsed = ua.match(/.+(?:rv|it|ra|ie)[/: ](\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?/) || []
    , version = +[parsed[1], parsed[2]].join('.');

  if (
       !~ua.indexOf('chrome')
    && ~ua.indexOf('safari')
    && version < 534.54
  ) {
    Primus.prototype.AVOID_WEBSOCKETS = true;
  }
}

//
// Expose the library.
//
module.exports = Primus;