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GRSTAGE.CDE
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*Phenological/Growth Stage Codes
! DSSAT Version 4.5; 09/30/2010
!
! The fields in the file are as follows:
! CDE The code used in the DSSAT3 crop models
! NAME The 'universal' code used to facilitate data interchange.
! DESCRIPTION A description of the code, with units.
*Growth and Development Codes - Maize (CERES Version 4.5)
! Ritchie and Hanway, 1982
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS009 VE 50% of plants with some part visible at soil surface .
V1 50% of plants with collar of 1st leaf visible .
V2 50% of plants with collar of 2nd leaf visible .
Vn 50% of plants with collar of nth leaf visible .
VT 50% of plants with last branch of tassel visible,silks not visible .
GS003 R1 50% of plants with some silks visible outside husks .
GS004 R2 50% of plants in blister stage .
R3 50% of plants in milk stage .
R4 50% of plants in dough stage .
R5 50% of plants in dent stage .
GS005 R6 50% of plants at physiological maturity .
GS006 R7 50% of plants harvest maturity .
GS007 Sowing date .
GS001 End of juvenile phase .
GS002 50% of plants completed floral initiation .
GS008 50% of plants germinated .
*Growth and Development Codes - Cabbage (CROPGRO Version 4.5)
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 VE 50% plants w some part visible at soil surface .
GS002 V1 50% plants w 1 developed node on the main axis .
V2 50% plants w 2 developed nodes on the main axis .
V3 50% plants w 3 developed nodes on the main axis .
Vn 50% plants w n developed nodes on the main axis .
GS003 50% plants completed juvenile phase .
GS004 50% plants completed floral induction .
GS012 50% plants w last mainstem node .
GS013 Time of last leaf area expansion .
GS014 Start Simulation .
GS015 Sowing Date .
GS016 Time of harvest .
*Growth and Development Codes - Chickpea (CROPGRO Version 4.5)
! Fehr et al.,1971
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 VE 50% plants w some part visible at soil surface .
GS002 V1 50% plants w completely unrolled leaf at unifoliated node .
V2 50% plants w completely unrolled leaf at 1st node>unifoliate .
V3 50% plants w 3 nodes on main stem above unifoliated node .
Vn 50% plants w n nodes on main stem above the unifoliated node .
GS005 R1 50% plants w one flower at any node .
R2 50% plants w flower at node immediately below last unrolled leaf .
GS006 R3 50% plants w 0.5cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unrolled lf .
GS007 R4 50% plants w 2.0cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unrolled lf .
GS008 R5 50% plants w beans beginning to develope .
GS009 R6 50% plants w pod w full-size green beans at 1 of 4 upper ur lf nodes .
GS010 R7 50% plants w pods yellowing .
GS003 50% plants completed juvenile phase .
GS004 50% plants completed floral induction .
GS012 50% plants w last mainstem node .
GS013 Time of last leaf area expansion .
GS014 Start Simulation .
GS015 Sowing Date .
GS016 Time of harvest .
*Growth and Development Codes - Cotton (CROPGRO Version 4.5)
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 VE 50% plants w some part visible at soil surface .
GS002 V1 50% plants w 1 developed node on the main axis .
V2 50% plants w 2 developed nodes on the main axis .
V3 50% plants w 3 developed nodes on the main axis .
Vn 50% plants w n developed nodes on the main axis .
GS005 R1 50% plants beginning flower .
R2 50% plants beggining boll .
GS006 R3 50% plants boll > 6 mm or 1/4 inch .
GS007 R4 100% plants boll > 6 mm or 1/4 inch .
GS008 R5 Beginning seed .
GS009 R6 50% of bolls have attained 0.5 final size .
GS010 R7 First cracked boll (beginning maturity) .
GS011 R8 90% of the bolls open (Beginning maturity) .
R9 Senenscence (>50% of the leaves abscised) .
GS003 50% plants completed juvenile phase .
GS004 50% plants completed floral induction .
GS012 50% plants w last mainstem node .
GS013 Time of last leaf area expansion .
GS014 Start Simulation .
GS015 Sowing Date .
GS016 Time of harvest .
*Growth and Development Codes - Cowpea (CROPGRO Version 4.5)
! Fehr et al.,1971
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 VE 50% plants w some part visible at soil surface .
GS002 V1 50% plants w completely unrolled leaf at unifoliated node .
V2 50% plants w completely unrolled leaf at 1st node>unifoliate .
V3 50% plants w 3 nodes on main stem above unifoliated node .
Vn 50% plants w n nodes on main stem above the unifoliated node .
GS005 R1 50% plants w one flower at any node .
R2 50% plants w flower at node immediately below last unrolled leaf .
GS006 R3 50% plants w 0.5cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unrolled lf .
GS007 R4 50% plants w 2.0cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unrolled lf .
GS008 R5 50% plants w beans beginning to develope .
GS009 R6 50% plants w pod w full-size green beans at 1 of 4 upper ur lf nodes .
GS010 R7 50% plants w pods yellowing .
GS003 50% plants completed juvenile phase .
GS004 50% plants completed floral induction .
GS012 50% plants w last mainstem node .
GS013 Time of last leaf area expansion .
GS014 Start Simulation .
GS015 Sowing Date .
GS016 Time of harvest .
*Growth and Development Codes - Dry Bean (CROPGRO Version 4.5)
! Fehr et al.,1971
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 VE 50% plants w some part visible at soil surface .
GS002 V1 50% plants w completely unrolled leaf at unifoliated node .
V2 50% plants w completely unrolled leaf at 1st node>unifoliate .
V3 50% plants w 3 nodes on main stem above unifoliated node .
Vn 50% plants w n nodes on main stem above the unifoliated node .
GS005 R1 50% plants w one flower at any node .
R2 50% plants w flower at node immediately below last unrolled leaf .
GS006 R3 50% plants w 0.5cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unrolled lf .
GS007 R4 50% plants w 2.0cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unrolled lf .
GS008 R5 50% plants w beans beginning to develope .
GS009 R6 50% plants w pod w full-size green beans at 1 of 4 upper ur lf nodes .
GS010 R7 50% plants w pods yellowing .
GS003 50% plants completed juvenile phase .
GS004 50% plants completed floral induction .
GS012 50% plants w last mainstem node .
GS013 Time of last leaf area expansion .
GS014 Start Simulation .
GS015 Sowing Date .
GS016 Time of harvest .
*Growth and Development Codes - Faba Bean (CROPGRO Version 4.5)
! Fehr et al.,1971
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 VE 50% plants w some part visible at soil surface .
GS002 V1 50% plants w completely unrolled leaf at unifoliated node .
V2 50% plants w completely unrolled leaf at 1st node>unifoliate .
V3 50% plants w 3 nodes on main stem above unifoliated node .
Vn 50% plants w n nodes on main stem above the unifoliated node .
GS005 R1 50% plants w one flower at any node .
R2 50% plants w flower at node immediately below last unrolled leaf .
GS006 R3 50% plants w 0.5cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unrolled lf .
GS007 R4 50% plants w 2.0cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unrolled lf .
GS008 R5 50% plants w beans beginning to develope .
GS009 R6 50% plants w pod w full-size green beans at 1 of 4 upper ur lf nodes .
GS010 R7 50% plants w pods yellowing .
GS003 50% plants completed juvenile phase .
GS004 50% plants completed floral induction .
GS012 50% plants w last mainstem node .
GS013 Time of last leaf area expansion .
GS014 Start Simulation .
GS015 Sowing Date .
GS016 Time of harvest .
*Growth and Development Codes - Fallow (CROPGRO Version 4.5)
! Fehr et al.,1971
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 Last day of fallow run .
*Growth and Development Codes - Green Bean (CROPGRO Version 4.5)
! Fehr et al.,1971
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 VE 50% plants w some part visible at soil surface .
GS002 V1 50% plants w completely unrolled leaf at unifoliated node .
V2 50% plants w completely unrolled leaf at 1st node>unifoliate .
V3 50% plants w 3 nodes on main stem above unifoliated node .
Vn 50% plants w n nodes on main stem above the unifoliated node .
GS005 R1 50% plants w one flower at any node .
R2 50% plants w flower at node immediately below last unrolled leaf .
GS006 R3 50% plants w 0.5cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unrolled lf .
GS007 R4 50% plants w 2.0cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unrolled lf .
GS008 R5 50% plants w beans beginning to develope .
GS009 R6 50% plants w pod w full-size green beans at 1 of 4 upper ur lf nodes .
GS010 R7 50% plants w pods yellowing .
GS003 50% plants completed juvenile phase .
GS004 50% plants completed floral induction .
GS012 50% plants w last mainstem node .
GS013 Time of last leaf area expansion .
GS014 Start Simulation .
GS015 Sowing Date .
GS016 Time of harvest .
*Growth and Development Codes - Soybean (CROPGRO Version 4.5)
! Fehr et al.,1971
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 VE 50% plants w some part visible at soil surface .
GS002 V1 50% plants w completely unrolled leaf at unifoliated node .
V2 50% plants w completely unrolled leaf at 1st node>unifoliate .
V3 50% plants w 3 nodes on main stem above unifoliated node .
Vn 50% plants w n nodes on main stem above the unifoliated node .
GS005 R1 50% plants w one flower at any node .
R2 50% plants w flower at node immediately below last unrolled leaf .
GS006 R3 50% plants w 0.5cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unrolled lf .
GS007 R4 50% plants w 2.0cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unrolled lf .
GS008 R5 50% plants w beans beginning to develope .
GS009 R6 50% plants w pod w full-size green beans at 1 of 4 upper ur lf nodes .
GS010 R7 50% plants w pods yellowing .
GS003 50% plants completed juvenile phase .
GS004 50% plants completed floral induction .
GS012 50% plants w last mainstem node .
GS013 Time of last leaf area expansion .
GS014 Start Simulation .
GS015 Sowing Date .
GS016 Time of harvest
*Growth and Development Codes - Peanut (CROPGRO Version 4.5)
! Boote,1982
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 VE 50% of plants with some part visible at soil surface .
GS002 V1 50% of plants with 1 developed node on the main axis .
V2 50% of plants with 2 developed node on the main axis .
V3 50% of plants with 3 developed node on the main axis .
Vn 50% of plants with n developed node on the main axis .
GS005 R1 50% of plants beginning bloom .
R2 50% of plants beginning peg .
GS006 R3 50% of plants beginning pod .
GS007 R4 Full pod .
GS008 R5 Beginning seed .
GS009 R6 Full seed .
GS010 R7 Beginning maturity .
GS011 R8 Harvest maturity .
R9 Over-mature pod .
GS003 50% plants completed juvenile phase .
GS004 50% plants completed floral induction .
GS012 50% plants w last mainstem node .
GS013 Time of last leaf area expansion .
GS014 Start Simulation .
GS015 Sowing Date .
GS016 Time of harvest .
*Growth and Development Codes - Sugarcane (CANEGRO Version 4.5)
! Fehr et al.,1971
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
*Growth and Development Codes - Sweetcorn (CERES Version 4.5)
! Ritchie and Hanway, 1982
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS009 VE 50% of plants with some part visible at soil surface .
V1 50% of plants with collar of 1st leaf visible .
V2 50% of plants with collar of 2nd leaf visible .
Vn 50% of plants with collar of nth leaf visible .
VT 50% of plants with last branch of tassel visible,silks not visible .
GS003 R1 50% of plants with some silks visible outside husks .
GS004 R2 50% of plants in blister stage .
R3 50% of plants in milk stage .
R4 50% of plants in dough stage .
R5 50% of plants in dent stage .
GS005 R6 50% of plants at physiological maturity .
GS006 R7 50% of plants harvest maturity .
GS007 Sowing date .
GS001 End of juvenile phase .
GS002 50% of plants completed floral initiation .
GS008 50% of plants germinated .
*Growth and Development Codes - Tanier(AROID Version 4.5)
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
V0 50% of plants have 1 visible leaf tip .
GS009 V1 50% of plants have 1 fully opened leaf .
V2 50% of plants have 2 fully opened leaves .
V3 50% of plants have 3 fully opened leaves .
V4 50% of plants have 4 fully opened leaves .
Vn 50% of plants have n fully opened leaves .
S 50% of plants have suckers above ground .
GS000 V7 50% of plants have only 2 or 3 active leaves remaining on plant .
GS001 End Juvenile .
GS002 End Maximum Growth .
GS003 End Maximum Growth .
GS004 End Maximum Growth .
GS005 Harvestable Corm .
GS006 End Corm Growth .
GS007 Planting .
GS008 Root Formation .
GS010 Pregemerminated Planting .
GS011 End Cormel .
GS015 Start Simulation .
GS015 End Simulation .
GS020 Time of harvest .
*Growth and Development Codes - Taro (AROID Version 4.5)
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
V0 50% of plants have 1 visible leaf tip .
GS009 V1 50% of plants have 1 fully opened leaf .
V2 50% of plants have 2 fully opened leaves .
V3 50% of plants have 3 fully opened leaves .
V4 50% of plants have 4 fully opened leaves .
Vn 50% of plants have n fully opened leaves .
S 50% of plants have suckers above ground .
GS000 V7 50% of plants have only 2 or 3 active leaves remaining on plant .
GS001 End Juvenile .
GS002 End Maximum Growth .
GS003 End Maximum Growth .
GS004 End Maximum Growth .
GS005 Harvestable Corm .
GS006 End Corm Growth .
GS007 Planting .
GS008 Root Formation .
GS010 Pregemerminated Planting .
GS011 End Cormel .
GS015 Start Simulation .
GS015 End Simulation .
GS020 Time of harvest .
*Growth and Development Codes - Cassava (CSSIM Version 4.5)
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS012 VE 50% of plants with at least 1 shoot >1cm on the planting stick .
GS001 V1 50% of plants with at least 1 apical meristem .
GS002 V2 50% of plants with at least 2 apical meristem .
GS003 V3 50% of plants with at least 3 apical meristem .
GS004 V4 50% of plants with at least 4 apical meristem .
GS005 V5 50% of plants with at least 5 apical meristem .
GS006 V6 50% of plants with at least 6 apical meristem .
GS007 V7 50% of plants with at least 7 apical meristem .
GS008 V8 50% of plants with at least 8 apical meristem .
Vn 50% of plants with at least n apical meristem .
R1 50% of plants flowering .
GS009 R7 50% of plants at harvest maturity .
GS014 Start Simulation .
GS010 Sowing Date .
GS016 Time of harvest .
*Growth and Development Codes - Potato (SUBSTOR Version 4.5)
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS007 VE 50% of plants with some part visible at soil surface .
V1 50% of plants with 1 developed node on the main axis .
V2 50% of plants with 2 developed node on the main axis .
Vn 50% of plants with n developed node on the main axis .
GS001 T1 Tuber initiation .
T2 T1 + 20 days .
T3 T1 + 40 days .
GS002 T4 Harvest maturity. Green canopy cover 20% of the maximum achieved .
GS005 Sowing Date .
GS006 Germination .
GS014 Start Simulation .
GS020 Time of harvest .
*Growth and Development Codes - Cereal Crops - Zadoks,1974
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
00-09 Germination .
10-19 Seedling growth .
20-29 Tillering, no. of tillers + 20 .
21 Main shoot plus 1 tiller .
22 Main shoot plus 2 tillers .
30-39 Stem elongation, no. nodes + 30 .
31 1st node detectable .
32 2nd node detectable .
40-49 Booting .
50-59 Reproductive organ emergence .
60-69 Flowering .
65 50% flowering (anthesis) .
70-79 Milk development .
80-89 Dough development .
85 Physiological maturity (soft dough) .
90-99 Ripening .
93 Harvest maturity .
*Growth and Development Codes - Barley (CERES Version 4.5)
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 Maximum Primordial .
GS002 End of vegetative phase .
GS003 End ear growth .
GS004 Ear Emergence .
GS005 End of grain filling phase .
GS006 50% of plants harvest maturity .
GS007 Sowing date .
GS008 50% of plants germinated .
GS009 50% of plants with some part visible at soil surface .
*Growth and Development Codes - Millet (CERES Version 4.5)
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 End Juvenile phase .
GS002 Floral initiation .
GS003 End of leaf growth .
GS004 Anthesis .
GS005 End tiller flowering .
GS006 Harvest maturity .
GS007 Sowing date .
GS008 Germination .
GS009 Emergence .
*Growth and Development Codes - Rice (CERES Version 4.5)
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 End Juvenile phase .
GS002 Panicle initiation .
GS003 Heading .
GS004 Begin grain filling .
GS005 End of grain filling phase, main plant .
GS006 Maturity .
GS007 Sowing date .
GS008 Germination .
GS009 Emergence .
GS010 Pre-germination sowing .
GS011 Transplant .
GS012 End grain filling, tillers .
GS013 Start simulation .
GS014 Harvest .
*Growth and Development Codes - Sorghum (CERES Version 4.5)
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 End juvenile phase .
GS002 Floral initiation .
GS003 End leaf growth .
GS004 End panicle growth .
GS005 End grain filling, main plant .
GS006 Maturity .
GS007 Sowing date .
GS008 Germination .
GS009 Emergence .
*Growth and Development Codes - Wheat (CERES Version 4.5)
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 Terminal spiklet .
GS002 End of vegetative phase .
GS003 End ear growth .
GS004 Ear Emergence .
GS005 End grain filling phase .
GS006 Maturity .
GS007 Sowing date .
GS008 Germination .
GS009 Emergence .
*Growth and Development Codes - Velvet Bean (CROPGRO Version 4.5)
! Fehr et al.,1971
@CDE NAME DESCRIPTION......................................................... SYNONYMS
GS000 None .
GS001 VE 50% plants w some part visible at soil surface .
GS002 V1 50% plants w completely unrolled leaf at unifoliated node .
V2 50% plants w completely unrolled leaf at 1st node>unifoliate .
V3 50% plants w 3 nodes on main stem above unifoliated node .
Vn 50% plants w n nodes on main stem above the unifoliated node .
GS005 R1 50% plants w one flower at any node .
R2 50% plants w flower at node immediately below last unrolled leaf .
GS006 R3 50% plants w 0.5cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unrolled lf .
GS007 R4 50% plants w 2.0cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unrolled lf .
GS008 R5 50% plants w beans beginning to develope .
GS009 R6 50% plants w pod w full-size green beans at 1 of 4 upper ur lf nodes .
GS010 R7 50% plants w pods yellowing .
GS003 50% plants completed juvenile phase .
GS004 50% plants completed floral induction .
GS012 50% plants w last mainstem node .
GS013 Time of last leaf area expansion .
GS014 Start Simulation .
GS015 Sowing Date .
GS016 Time of harvest .
*Growth and Development Stage References
Boote, K.J. 1982. Growth stages of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).
Peanut Sci. 9:35-40.
Fehr, W.R., C.E. Caviness, D.T. Burmood and J.S. Pennington. 1971. Stage of
development descriptions for soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill.
Crop Sci. 11:929-931.
Groot, J.J.R., M.K. Kropff, F.J.H. Vossen, C.J.T. Spitters and R. Rabbinge.1986.
A decimal code for the developmental stages of maize and its relation
to accumulated heat units. Netherlands J. of Ag. Sci. 34:67-73.
International Benchmark Sites Network for Agrotechnology Transfer 1988
Technical Report 1. Experimental design and data collection procedures
for IBSNAT. 3rd.edition revised. Dept.of Agronomy and Soil Science,
College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of
Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
Regel, P.A. and P.J. Sands. 1983. A model of the development and bulking of
potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). IV. Day length, plant density and
cultivar effects. Field Crops Res. 6:1-23.
Ritchie, S.W. and J.J. Hanway. 1982. How a Corn Plant Develops. Special
Report No. 48, Revised February 1982. Iowa State Univ. of Science and
Technology. Ames, Iowa: Coop Ext. Serv.
Tottman, D.R. and R.J. Makepeace. 1979. An explanation of the decimal code
for the growth stages of cereals, with illustrations. Ann. Appl. Biol.
93:221-234.
Zadoks, J.C., T.T. Chang and C.F. Konzak. 1974 A decimal code for the growth
stages of cereals. Eucarpia Bulletin 7.
Zadoks, J.C., T.T. Chang and C.F. Konzak 1974 A decimal code for the growth
stages of cereals. Weed Res.14,415-421.