Open Neural Network Exchange - ONNX

Purpose

This document contains the normative specification of the semantics of ONNX. The .proto and .proto3 files found under the ‘onnx’ folder form the normative specification of its syntax. Commentary found in the .proto and .proto3 files are intended to improve readability of those files, but are not normative if they conflict with this document. Such conflicts should be reported as documentation bugs.

Notes on model validation

A tool is available to perform general validation of models against this specification. It is implemented in C++ with Python command-line wrapper.

Notes on language in this and all related documents:

The use of SHOULD, MUST, MAY and so on in this document is consistent with RFC 2119.
The use of 'list' shall denote an ordered collection of items, 'set' shall denote an unordered collection of unique elements, and 'bag' an unordered collection of possibly non-unique elements.

Components

ONNX is an open specification that consists of the following components:

A definition of an extensible computation graph model.
Definitions of standard data types.
Definitions of built-in operators.

Of these, #1 and #2 are covered herein; the built-in operators are covered separately in documents listed at the end of this.

There are two official ONNX variants; the main distinction between the two is found in the supported types and the default operator sets. The neural-network-only ONNX variant recognizes only tensors as input and output types, while the Classical Machine Learning extension, ONNX-ML, also recognizes sequences and maps. ONNX-ML extends the ONNX operator set with ML algorithms that are not based on neural networks.

Runtime Agnostic

ONNX does not pre-suppose or imply any particular method of runtime implementation.

For example, an implementation may consist of a rich runtime which interprets the model; it may be a code generator that translates the model in its entirety to executable code for some target programming language; it may be a hardware implementation; it may be a combination of two or three of those.

Nothing in this specification should be construed as advocating one implementation approach over any other; any comments on the inner workings of concrete implementations are to be interpreted as examples.

ONNX Versioning

Versioning features in several places in ONNX -- the IR (Intermediate Representation) specification itself, the version of a model, and the version of an operator set. Furthermore, each individual operator indicates which version of its containing operator set it was introduced or stabilized in.

Version numbers can be used as a simple number, or used to encode semantic versions. If using semver, the convention is to use the two most significant bytes for the major number, the next two bytes for the minor number, and the least significant four bytes for the build/bugfix number. When using semver versioning, at least one of the major/minor numbers MUST be non-zero.

The IR specification uses simple monotonically increasing numbers for its versions. The valid IR versions is defined by an enumeration, which currently has the following values:

  //  Version 1, published on Oct 10, 2017.
  IR_VERSION_2017_10_10 = 0x0000000000000001;

  // Version 2, published on Oct 30, 2017
  IR_VERSION_2017_10_30 = 0x0000000000000002;

  // Version 3 published on Nov 3, 2017
  IR_VERSION = 0x0000000000000003;

Operator sets use a simple version number. Each operator set version represents a snapshot of the set of operators and their semantics at a particular point in time.

This specification does not provide guidance on what versioning scheme model producers should be using.

More details on conventions and best practices for versioning of IR, operator sets, and models can be found in Versioning.

Extensible computation graph model

ONNX specifies the portable, serialized format of a computation graph. It does not have to be the form a framework chooses to use and manipulate the computation internally. For example, an implementation may represent the model differently in memory if it is more efficient to manipulate during optimization passes.

An implementation MAY extend ONNX by adding operators expressing semantics beyond the standard set of operators that all implementations MUST support. The mechanism for this is adding operator sets to the opset_import property in a model that depends on the extension operators.

Models

The top-level ONNX construct is a ‘Model.’

The main purpose of the model structure is to associate metadata with a graph, which is what contains all the executable elements. The metadata is used when first reading the model file, giving an implementation the information that it needs in order to determine whether it will be able to execute the model, generate logging messages, error reports, etc. Further, the metadata is useful to tools, such as IDEs and model galleries, which need it for informing humans about a given model’s purpose and characteristics.

Each model has the following components:

Name	Type	Description
ir_version	int64	The ONNX version assumed by the model.
opset_import	OperatorSetId	A collection of operator set identifiers made available to the model. An implementation must support all operators in the set or reject the model.
producer_name	string	The name of the tool used to generate the model.
producer_version	string	A string representing the version of the generating tool.
domain	string	A reverse-DNS name to indicate the model namespace or domain, for example, 'org.onnx'
model_version	int64	A version of the model itself, encoded in an integer.
doc_string	string	A human-readable documentation for this model. Markdown is allowed.
graph	Graph	The parameterized graph that is evaluated to execute the model.
metadata_props	map<string,string>	Named metadata values; keys should be distinct.

Models MUST specify a domain and use reverse domain names based on the responsible organization's identity, the same convention that is traditionally used for naming Java packages.

Optional Metadata

The 'metadata_props' field in the model is available for any kind of optional metadata that a tool or model developer chooses to place there. The following are the defined “standard” optional metadata properties of a model.

Name	Type	Format	Description
model_author	string	A comma-separated list of names.	The personal name of the author(s) of the model, and/or their organizations.
model_license	string	Name or URL.	The well-known name or URL of the license under which the model is made available.

Operator Sets

Each model MUST explicitly name the operator sets that it relies on for its functionality. Operator sets define the available operators, their version, and their status. Each model defines the imported operator sets by their domains. All models implicitly import the default ONNX operator set.

Each operator set SHALL be defined in a separate document, also using protobuf as the serialization format. How operator set documents are found at runtime is implementation-dependent.

Note: As of the publication of this document, no ONNX implementation is known to process operator set documents.

The properties of an operator set are:

Name	Type	Description
magic	string	The value ‘ONNXOPSET’
ir_version	int32	The ONNX version corresponding to the operators.
ir_version_prerelease	string	The prerelease component of the SemVer of the IR.
ir_build_metadata	string	The build metadata of this version of the operator set.
domain	string	The domain of the operator set. Must be unique among all sets.
opset_version	int64	The version of the set of operators.
doc_string	string	A human-readable documentation for this set of operators. Markdown is allowed.
operator	Operator[]	The operators of this operator set.

The operator set version is a simple integer value that is monotonically increased as new versions of the operator set are published.

Operator sets other than the default operator set MUST specify its domain and SHOULD use reverse domain names based on the responsible organization's identity, the same convention that is used for naming Java packages.

Operators

Each operator used within a graph MUST be explicitly declared by one of the operator sets imported by the model.

The properties of an operator definition are:

Name	Type	Description
op_type	string	The name of the operator, as used in graph nodes. MUST be unique within the operator set’s domain.
since_version	int64	The version of the operator set when this operator was introduced.
status	OperatorStatus	One of ‘EXPERIMENTAL’ or ‘STABLE.’
doc_string	string	A human-readable documentation string for this operator. Markdown is allowed.

The version value MUST be the same value as the operator set version when the operator was first published. Subsequent versions of the operator set MUST NOT alter the signature or semantics of the operator once published as STABLE.

The ‘status’ property indicates whether the syntax, semantics, or presence of the operator is in an experimental or stable stage. Once an operator is published as STABLE, it’s syntax and semantics MUST NOT change in subsequent versions of the operator set.

There are two distinct ways to pass information to operators – inputs and attributes. The latter are used for values that are constants in the graph, while the former represent graph inputs or values computed elsewhere in the graph. This distinction may be highly relevant to achieving good performance for some implementations, while completely irrelevant to others.

Graphs

A serialized graph is comprised of a set of metadata fields, a list of model parameters, and a list of computation nodes.

Each computation dataflow graph is structured as a topologically sorted list of nodes that form a graph, which MUST be free of cycles. Each node represents a call to an operator. Each node has zero or more inputs and one or more outputs.

Graphs have the following properties:

Name	Type	Description
name	string	The name of the model graph.
node	Node[]	A list of nodes, forming a partially ordered computation graph based on input/output data dependencies.
initializer	Tensor[]	A list of named tensor values. When an initializer has the same name as a graph input, it specifies a default value for that input. When an initializer has a name different from all graph inputs, it specifies a constant value.
doc_string	string	A human-readable documentation for this model. Markdown is allowed.
input	ValueInfo[]	The input “parameters” of the graph, possibly initialized by a default value found in ‘initializer.’
output	ValueInfo[]	The output parameters of the graph. Once all output parameters have been written to by a graph execution, the execution is complete.
value_info	ValueInfo[]	Used to store the type and shape information of values that are not inputs or outputs.

Each graph MUST define the names and types of its inputs and outputs, which are specified as ‘value info’ structures, having the following properties:

Name	Type	Description
name	string	The name of the value/parameter.
type	Type	The type of the value.
doc_string	string	A human-readable documentation for this value. Markdown is allowed.

Each graph MUST specify a name.

The graph MUST adhere to single static assignment (SSA) for all node outputs; this means that all node output names MUST be unique within a graph.

Graphs SHOULD be populated with documentation strings, which MAY be interpreted using GitHub-style markdown syntax. HTML and other text-markup languages MAY NOT be used in documentation strings.

Names Within a Graph

All names MUST adhere to C identifier syntax rules.

Names of nodes, inputs, outputs, initializers, and attributes are organized into several namespaces. Within a namespace, each name MUST be unique for each given graph. Please see below for further clarification in the case where a graph contains nested subgraphs (as attribute values).

The namespaces are:

Namespace	Description
Attribute	The names of attributes of an operator. Unique for each operator.
Value	The names of values – node inputs & outputs, tensor values (if named), graph inputs, outputs.
Node	The names of graph nodes.
Graph	The names of graphs within a domain, unique within the model domain.
Operator	The names of operators within a domain.
Shape	The names of tensor shape variables – scoped to the value information records of a graph, which is where shape variables occur.

Nodes

Computation nodes are comprised of a name, the name of an operator that it invokes, a list of named inputs, a list of named outputs, and a list of attributes.

Input and outputs are positionally associated with operator inputs and outputs. Attributes are associated with operator attributes by name.

They have the following properties:

Name	Type	Description
name	string	An optional name of the node, used for diagnostic purposes only.
input	string[]	Names of the values used by the node to propagate input values to the node operator. It must refer to either a graph input or a node output.
output	string[]	Names of the outputs used by the node to capture data from the operator invoked by the node. It either introduces a value in the graph or refers to a graph output.
op_type	string	The symbolic identifier of the operator to invoke.
domain	string	The domain of the operator set that contains the operator named by the op_type.
attribute	Attribute[]	Named attributes, another form of operator parameterization, used for constant values rather than propagated values.
doc_string	string	A human-readable documentation for this value. Markdown is allowed.

A name belonging to the Value namespace may appear in multiple places, namely as a graph input, a graph initializer, a graph output, a node input, or a node output. The occurrence of a name as a graph input, or a graph initializer, or as a node output is said to be a definition (site) and the occurrence of a name as a node input or as a graph output is said to be a use (site).

A value name used in a graph must have a unique definition site, with the exception that the same name MAY appear in both the graph input list and graph initializer list. (Further exceptions apply in the presence of nested subgraphs, as described later.)

When a name appears in both the initializer list and the graph input list, a runtime MAY allow a caller to specify a value for this (input) name overriding the value specified in the initializer and a runtime MAY allow users to omit specifying a value for this (input) name, choosing the value specified in the initializer. Names of constants that are not meant to overridden by the caller should appear only in the initializer list and not in the graph input list. In nested subgraphs used as attribute values, users MUST NOT use the same name as both a subgraph initializer and subgraph input (unless the corresponding op's specification explicitly allows it).

Edges in the computation graph are established by outputs of one node being referenced by name in the inputs of a subsequent node.

The outputs of a given node introduce new names into the graph. The values of node outputs are computed by the node's operator. Node inputs MAY refer to node outputs, graph inputs, and graph initializers. When the name of a node output coincides with the name of a graph output, the graph output's value is the corresponding output value computed by that node. A node input in a nested subgraph MAY refer to names introduced in outer graphs (as node outputs, graph inputs, or graph initializers).

The graph MUST use single static assignment for all node outputs, which means that all node output names MUST be unique within a graph. In the case of a nested subgraph, a node output name MUST be distinct from the names from the outer scopes that are visible in the nested subgraph.

Node dependencies MUST NOT create cycles in the computation graph.

The number of inputs and outputs in a node, their types, the set of attributes specified in a node and their types MUST satisfy the constraints imposed by the signature of the node’s operator.

The list of nodes defining the top-level computation graph MUST be ordered topologically; that is, if node K follows node N in the graph, none of the data inputs of N may refer to outputs of K.

Node attributes are used to pass literal (static) values to operators.

Input and Output Values

The representation distinguishes between two kinds of values: attribute values, which are statically known, and input/output values. The types of values permitted in the two cases are different.

Input and output values are found as graph inputs, outputs, and initializers, and as node inputs and outputs. Their values are determined at runtime, either by the code that initiates model execution, or by operators computing output values.

Attributes

Attribute values are only found in nodes, passed to operators by name association. Attribute values are runtime constants, in that their values are determined when a model graph is constructed and therefore not computed at runtime. A common use for attributes is to represent coefficients established during model training.

Attributes have the following properties:

Name	Type	Description
name	string	The name of the attribute. Must be unique among attributes, inputs, and outputs for any given operator and node.
doc_string	string	A human-readable documentation for this value. Markdown is allowed.
type	AttributeType	The type of the attribute, determining which of the remaining fields is used to hold the value of the attribute.
f	float	A 32-bit floating-point value.
i	int64	A 64-bit integer value.
s	byte[]	UTF-8 string.
t	Tensor	A tensor value.
g	Graph	A graph.
floats	float[]	A list of 32-bit floating-point values.
ints	int64[]	A list of 64-bit integer values.
strings	byte[][]	A list of UTF-8 strings.
tensors	Tensor[]	A list of tensor values.
graphs	Graph[]	A list of graphs.

The properties ‘name’ and ‘type’ are required on all attributes, and ‘doc_string’ SHOULD be used on all attributes. An attribute MUST have only one of the value-carrying properties.

Variadic Inputs and Outputs

The last input or output of an operator MAY be marked as variadic. For example, the operator 'Max()' can be used to compute the maximum of a varying number of input values.

For each variadic operator input, one or more node inputs must be specified. For each variadic operator output, one or more node outputs must be specified.

Optional Inputs and Outputs

Some operators have inputs that are marked as optional, which means that a referring node MAY forgo providing values for such inputs.

Some operators have outputs that are optional. When an actual output parameter of an operator is not specified, the operator implementation MAY forgo computing values for such outputs.

There are two ways to leave an optional input or output unspecified: the first, available only for trailing inputs and outputs, is to simply not provide that input; the second method is to use an empty string in place of an input or output name.

Each node referring to an operator with optional outputs MUST provide a name for each output that is computed and MUST NOT provide names for outputs that are not computed.

Standard data types

There are two official ONNX variants; the main distinction between the two is found in the supported types and the supported operators.

With respect to supported types, the ONNX definition recognizes only tensors as input and output types, while the Classical Machine Learning extension. ONNX-ML, also recognizes sequences and maps.

The following data types are supported by ONNX for inputs and outputs of graphs and nodes as well as the the initializers of a graph.

Primitive numeric, string, and Boolean types MUST be used as elements of tensors.

Tensor Element Types

Group	Types	Description
Floating Point Types	float16, float32, float64	Values adhering to the IEEE 754-2008 standard representation of floating-point data.
Signed Integer Types	int8, int16, int32, int64	Signed integers are supported for 8-64 bit widths.
Unsigned Integer Types	uint8, uint16	Unsigned integers of 8 or 16 bits are supported.
Complex Types	complex64, complex128	A complex number with either 32- or 64-bit real and imaginary parts.
Other	string	Strings represent textual data. All strings are encoded using UTF-8.
Other	bool	Boolean values represent data with only two values, typically true and false.

Input / Output Data Types

The following types are used to define the types of graph and node inputs and outputs.

Variant	Type	Description
ONNX	dense tensors	Tensors are a generalization of vectors and matrices; whereas vectors have one dimension, and matrices two, tensors can have any number of dimensions, including zero. A zero-dimensional tensor is logically equivalent to a scalar value.
ONNX	sequence	Sequences represent dense, ordered, collections of elements that are of homogeneous types.
ONNX	map	Maps represent associative tables, defined by a key type and a value type.

ONNX currently does not define a sparse tensor type.

Static tensor shapes

In addition to element type, tensor types have a static shape. The static shape of a tensor variable is related to, but different from, the runtime (dynamic) shape of a tensor value. A static tensor shape is a list of records that indicates whether the tensor is a vector, a matrix, or a higher-dimensional value. For example, a 100x100 matrix has the shape [100,100].

The static shape is defined by 'TensorShapeProto':

message TensorShapeProto {
  message Dimension {
    oneof value {
      int64 dim_value = 1;
      string dim_param = 2;
    };
  };
  repeated Dimension dim = 1;
}

Which is referenced by the Tensor type message:

  message Tensor {
    optional TensorProto.DataType elem_type = 1;
    optional TensorShapeProto shape = 2;
  }

The empty list of dimension sizes, [], is a valid tensor shape, denoting a zero-dimension (scalar) value. A zero-dimension tensor is distinct from a tensor of unknown dimensionality, which is indicated by an absent 'shape' property in the Tensor record. When the shape property is absent for an input, a tensor value of any shape may be passed from the caller. When the shape property is absent for an output, the caller should expect that the output value may be of any shape.

Each size in the list MAY be expressed as an integral value or as a "dimension variable," a string denoting that the actual size of the dimension is not statically constrained to a particular number. This is useful for declaring interfaces that care about the number of dimensions, but not the exact size of each dimension. A dimension MAY have neither dim_value nor dim_param set. Such a dimension represents an unknown dimension unrelated to other unknown dimensions.

For example, a NxM matrix would have the shape list [N,M].

The name of each dimension variable MUST adhere to C identifier syntax.

Currently, dimension variables are not scoped. A dimension variable "N" represents the same value across the entire graph in a model. For example, if the graph has two inputs X and Y each with shape ["N"], then at runtime the values passed in for X and Y MUST be tensors of rank 1 with the same dimension. Nested sub-graphs currently share the same scope for dimension variables as the main-graph. This allows a model to relate the dimensions of tensors inside the subgraph to the dimensions of tensors in the outer graph.

ONNXML supports richer types such as Sequences of Tensors. The global scoping of dimension variables means that a variable with type "Sequence<Tensor<float, [M,N]>" represents a sequence of tensors that all have the same shape. The dimension variables M or N must be omitted from the above type if that dimension does not have a fixed size across all tensors in the sequence. The entire shape must be omitted from the type if different tensors in the sequence may have different ranks.

For example, a graph that performs matrix cross-product may be defined as taking two inputs of shape [K,M] and [M,N], and producing an output of shape [K,N].

Shapes MAY be defined using a combination of integers and variables.

Historical Notes: The following extensions were considered early on, but were never implemented or supported.

The use of an empty string (as a dimension variable) to denote an unknown dimension not related to any other dimension. This was discarded in favor of using a Dimension with neither dim_value nor dim_param set.
The use of the string "*" (as a dimension variable) to denote a sequence of zero or more dimensions of unknown cardinality. This is not supported. In the current implementation, the number of dimensions in a shape MUST represent the rank of the tensor. A tensor of unknown rank is represented using a TypeProto::Tensor object with no shape, which is legal.
A scoping mechanism to allow dimension variables that are local to a sub-graph (such as the body of a loop) may be useful, but is not currently supported.
ONNXML supports richer types such as Sequences of Tensors. A scoping mechanism for the dimension variables local to a type may be useful to distinguish between the following two types: a sequence of square matrices (of differing sizes) vs a sequence of square matrices (all of same size). This is not currently supported.

Attribute Types

The type system used for attributes is a superset of that used for of inputs and outputs. In addition to tensors, attribute values may be scalar numerical values, strings, and graphs. Sequences are available for attributes in both ONNX and ONNX-ML. Maps are not available for attributes in either variant.

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IR.md

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Open Neural Network Exchange - ONNX

Components

Runtime Agnostic

ONNX Versioning

Extensible computation graph model

Models

Optional Metadata

Operator Sets

Operators

Graphs

Names Within a Graph

Nodes

Input and Output Values

Attributes

Variadic Inputs and Outputs

Optional Inputs and Outputs

Standard data types

Tensor Element Types

Input / Output Data Types

Static tensor shapes

Attribute Types

Other Specification Documents

Operators

Syntax

Versioning Conventions and Best Practices

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IR.md

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Open Neural Network Exchange - ONNX

Components

Runtime Agnostic

ONNX Versioning

Extensible computation graph model

Models

Optional Metadata

Operator Sets

Operators

Graphs

Names Within a Graph

Nodes

Input and Output Values

Attributes

Variadic Inputs and Outputs

Optional Inputs and Outputs

Standard data types

Tensor Element Types

Input / Output Data Types

Static tensor shapes

Attribute Types

Other Specification Documents

Operators

Syntax

Versioning Conventions and Best Practices