diff --git a/.github/workflows/common.yml b/.github/workflows/common.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ca1254c2d0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/common.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+name: common
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      config-path:
+        required: true
+        type: string
+    outputs:
+      GO_VERSION:
+        description: "The first output string"
+        value: ${{ jobs.environment.outputs.output_go }}
+      REGISTRY_SERVER:
+        description: "The second output string"
+        value: ${{ jobs.environment.outputs.output_registry }}
+jobs:
+  environment:
+    env:
+      GO_VERSION: 1.23.x
+      REGISTRY_SERVER: ghcr.io
+      BUSYBOX_VERSION: 5ad83957fa74aafd061afbfb8da14ce3220659a9
+      REGISTRY_VERSION: v2.8.3
+      CURL_VERSION: 8.11.0_4
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - id: go
+        run: echo "GO_VERSION=$GO_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      - id: registry
+        run: echo "REGISTRY_SERVER=$REGISTRY_SERVER" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+    outputs:
+      output_go: ${{ steps.go.outputs.GO_VERSION }}
+      output_registry: ${{ steps.registry.outputs.REGISTRY_SERVER }}
+
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ghcr-image-build-and-publish.yml b/.github/workflows/ghcr-image-build-and-publish.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index e0b812946a8..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/ghcr-image-build-and-publish.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-name: image
-
-# This workflow uses actions that are not certified by GitHub.
-# They are provided by a third-party and are governed by
-# separate terms of service, privacy policy, and support
-# documentation.
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches: [main]
-    # Publish semver tags as releases.
-    tags: ['v*.*.*']
-  pull_request:
-    branches: [main]
-    paths-ignore:
-      - '**.md'
-
-env:
-  # Use docker.io for Docker Hub if empty
-  REGISTRY: ghcr.io
-  # github.repository as <account>/<repo>
-  IMAGE_NAME: ${{ github.repository }}
-
-jobs:
-  build:
-
-    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-    permissions:
-      contents: read
-      packages: write
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-
-      - name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
-
-      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
-
-      # Login against a Docker registry except on PR
-      # https://github.com/docker/login-action
-      - name: Log into registry ${{ env.REGISTRY }}
-        if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
-        uses: docker/login-action@v3.3.0
-        with:
-          registry: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}
-          username: ${{ github.actor }}
-          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-
-      # Extract metadata (tags, labels) for Docker
-      # https://github.com/docker/metadata-action
-      - name: Extract Docker metadata
-        id: meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5.6.1
-        with:
-          images: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}
-
-      # Build and push Docker image with Buildx (don't push on PR)
-      # https://github.com/docker/build-push-action
-      - name: Build and push Docker image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6.10.0
-        with:
-          context: .
-          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
-          push: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
-          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
-          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/lint.yml b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 433922ed207..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/lint.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-name: lint
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - main
-      - 'release/**'
-  pull_request:
-
-env:
-  GO_VERSION: 1.23.x
-
-jobs:
-  go:
-    timeout-minutes: 5
-    name: "go | ${{ matrix.goos }} | ${{ matrix.canary }}"
-    runs-on: "${{ matrix.os }}"
-    defaults:
-      run:
-        shell: bash
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - os: ubuntu-24.04
-            goos: linux
-          - os: ubuntu-24.04
-            goos: freebsd
-          # FIXME: this is currently failing in a non-sensical way, so, running on linux instead...
-          # - os: windows-2022
-          - os: ubuntu-24.04
-            goos: windows
-          - os: ubuntu-24.04
-            goos: linux
-            # This allows the canary script to select any upcoming golang alpha/beta/RC
-            canary: go-canary
-    env:
-      GOOS: "${{ matrix.goos }}"
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - name: Set GO env
-        run: |
-          # If canary is specified, get the latest available golang pre-release instead of the major version
-          if [ "$canary" != "" ]; then
-            . ./hack/build-integration-canary.sh
-            canary::golang::latest
-          fi
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version: ${{ env.GO_VERSION }}
-          check-latest: true
-          cache: true
-      - name: golangci-lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v6
-        with:
-          args: --verbose
-  other:
-    timeout-minutes: 5
-    name: yaml | shell | imports order
-    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version: ${{ env.GO_VERSION }}
-          check-latest: true
-          cache: true
-      - name: yaml
-        run: make lint-yaml
-      - name: shell
-        run: make lint-shell
-      - name: go imports ordering
-        run: |
-          go install -v github.com/incu6us/goimports-reviser/v3@latest
-          make lint-imports
diff --git a/.github/workflows/project.yml b/.github/workflows/project.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index ebeef72caec..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/project.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-name: project
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - main
-      - 'release/**'
-  pull_request:
-
-jobs:
-  project:
-    name: checks
-    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-    timeout-minutes: 20
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          path: src/github.com/containerd/nerdctl
-          fetch-depth: 100
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version: ${{ env.GO_VERSION }}
-          cache-dependency-path: src/github.com/containerd/nerdctl
-      - uses: containerd/project-checks@v1.1.0
-        with:
-          working-directory: src/github.com/containerd/nerdctl
-          repo-access-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - run: ./hack/verify-no-patent.sh
-        working-directory: src/github.com/containerd/nerdctl
-      - run: ./hack/verify-pkg-isolation.sh
-        working-directory: src/github.com/containerd/nerdctl
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 4043288037c..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-# See https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl/blob/main/MAINTAINERS_GUIDE.md for how to make a release.
-name: Release
-on:
-  push:
-    tags:
-    - 'v*'
-    - 'test-action-release-*'
-jobs:
-  release:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-    timeout-minutes: 40
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-      with:
-        go-version: 1.23.x
-    - name: "Compile binaries"
-      run: make artifacts
-    - name: "SHA256SUMS"
-      run: |
-        ( cd _output; sha256sum nerdctl-* ) | tee /tmp/SHA256SUMS
-        mv /tmp/SHA256SUMS _output/SHA256SUMS
-    - name: "The sha256sum of the SHA256SUMS file"
-      run: (cd _output; sha256sum SHA256SUMS)
-    - name: "Prepare the release note"
-      run: |
-        shasha=$(sha256sum _output/SHA256SUMS | awk '{print $1}')
-        cat <<-EOF | tee /tmp/release-note.txt
-        $(hack/generate-release-note.sh)
-        - - -
-        The binaries were built automatically on GitHub Actions.
-        The build log is available for 90 days: https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}
-
-        The sha256sum of the SHA256SUMS file itself is \`${shasha}\` .
-        - - -
-        Release manager: [ADD YOUR NAME HERE] (@[ADD YOUR GITHUB ID HERE])
-        EOF
-    - name: "Create release"
-      env:
-        GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      run: |
-        tag="${GITHUB_REF##*/}"
-        gh release create -F /tmp/release-note.txt --draft --title "${tag}" "${tag}" _output/*
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-canary.yml b/.github/workflows/test-canary.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 152097cd0fc..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/test-canary.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-# This pipeline purpose is solely meant to run a subset of our test suites against upcoming or unreleased dependencies versions
-name: canary
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - main
-      - 'release/**'
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - '**.md'
-
-env:
-  UBUNTU_VERSION: "24.04"
-  GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-
-jobs:
-  linux:
-    runs-on: "ubuntu-24.04"
-    timeout-minutes: 40
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - name: "Prepare integration test environment"
-        run: |
-          . ./hack/build-integration-canary.sh
-          canary::build::integration
-      - name: "Remove snap loopback devices (conflicts with our loopback devices in TestRunDevice)"
-        run: |
-          sudo systemctl disable --now snapd.service snapd.socket
-          sudo apt-get purge -y snapd
-          sudo losetup -Dv
-          sudo losetup -lv
-      - name: "Register QEMU (tonistiigi/binfmt)"
-        run: |
-          # `--install all` will only install emulation for architectures that cannot be natively executed
-          # Since some arm64 platforms do provide native fallback execution for 32 bits,
-          # armv7 emulation may or may not be installed, causing variance in the result of `uname -m`.
-          # To avoid that, we explicitly list the architectures we do want emulation for.
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/amd64
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/arm64
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/arm/v7
-      - name: "Run unit tests"
-        run: go test -v ./pkg/...
-      - name: "Run integration tests"
-        run: docker run -t --rm --privileged test-integration ./hack/test-integration.sh -test.only-flaky=false
-      - name: "Run integration tests (flaky)"
-        run: docker run -t --rm --privileged test-integration ./hack/test-integration.sh -test.only-flaky=true
-
-  windows:
-    timeout-minutes: 30
-    runs-on: windows-latest
-    defaults:
-      run:
-        shell: bash
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - name: Set GO env
-        run: |
-          # Get latest containerd
-          args=(curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -fsSL -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28")
-          [ "${GITHUB_TOKEN:-}" == "" ] && {
-            >&2 printf "GITHUB_TOKEN is not set - you might face rate limitations with the Github API\n"
-          } || args+=(-H "Authorization: Bearer $GITHUB_TOKEN")
-          ctd_v="$("${args[@]}" https://api.github.com/repos/containerd/containerd/tags | jq -rc .[0].name)"
-          echo "CONTAINERD_VERSION=${ctd_v:1}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-
-          . ./hack/build-integration-canary.sh
-          canary::golang::latest
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version: ${{ env.GO_VERSION }}
-          cache: true
-          check-latest: true
-      - run: go install ./cmd/nerdctl
-      - run: go install -v gotest.tools/gotestsum@v1
-      # This here is solely to get the cni install script, which has not been modified in 3+ years.
-      # There is little to no reason to update this to latest containerd
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          repository: containerd/containerd
-          ref: "v1.7.24"
-          path: containerd
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - name: "Set up CNI"
-        working-directory: containerd
-        run: GOPATH=$(go env GOPATH) script/setup/install-cni-windows
-      # Windows setup script can only use released versions
-      - name: "Set up containerd"
-        env:
-          ctrdVersion: ${{ env.CONTAINERD_VERSION }}
-        run: powershell hack/configure-windows-ci.ps1
-      - name: "Run integration tests"
-        run: ./hack/test-integration.sh -test.only-flaky=false
-      - name: "Run integration tests (flaky)"
-        run: ./hack/test-integration.sh -test.only-flaky=true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-images-build.yml b/.github/workflows/test-images-build.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..248d3b75c43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-images-build.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+name: prep
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+      - 'release/**'
+  pull_request:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - '**.md'
+
+env:
+  GO_VERSION: 1.23.x
+  REGISTRY: ghcr.io
+  BUSYBOX_VERSION: 5ad83957fa74aafd061afbfb8da14ce3220659a9
+  REGISTRY_VERSION: v2.8.3
+  CURL_VERSION: 8.11.0_4
+
+
+jobs:
+  environment:
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/common.yml
+    secrets: inherit
+    with:
+      config-path: "foopath"
+
+  other:
+    name: testing
+    needs: environment
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - name: runit
+        run: |
+          echo DEBUG
+          echo ${{ needs.environment.outputs.GO_VERSION }}
+          echo ${{ needs.environment.outputs.REGISTRY_SERVER }}
+          echo DONE
+
+
+  build-busybox:
+    name: busybox
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - id: cache-busybox
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: busybox.exe
+          enableCrossOsArchive: true
+          key: cache-busybox-${{ env.BUSYBOX_VERSION }}
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        if: steps.cache-busybox.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        with:
+          repository: rmyorston/busybox-w32
+          ref: ${{ env.BUSYBOX_VERSION }}
+          fetch-depth: 1
+          path: ./src/busybox-w32
+      - name: ""
+        if: steps.cache-busybox.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get install gcc-mingw-w64 ncurses-dev
+          cd ./src/busybox-w32
+          make mingw64_defconfig
+          make
+          cd -
+          cp ./src/busybox-w32/busybox.exe .
+
+  build-curl:
+    name: busybox
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - id: cache-curl
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: curl.exe
+          enableCrossOsArchive: true
+          key: cache-curl-${{ env.CURL_VERSION }}
+      - name: ""
+        if: steps.cache-curl.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: |
+          curl -fsSLO https://curl.se/windows/dl-${CURL_VERSION}/curl-${CURL_VERSION}-win64-mingw.zip
+          unzip curl-${CURL_VERSION}-win64-mingw.zip
+          cp ./curl-${CURL_VERSION}-win64-mingw/bin/curl.exe .
+
+
+  build-registry:
+    name: registry
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - id: cache-registry
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: build
+          enableCrossOsArchive: true
+          key: cache-registry-${{ env.REGISTRY_VERSION }}
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        if: steps.cache-registry.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        with:
+          repository: distribution/distribution
+          ref: ${{ env.REGISTRY_VERSION }}
+          path: "${{ github.workspace }}/go/src/github.com/docker/distribution"
+          fetch-depth: 1
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        if: steps.cache-registry.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        with:
+          go-version: ${{ env.GO_VERSION }}
+          check-latest: true
+          cache: true
+      - name: "build"
+        if: steps.cache-registry.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: |
+          export GOPATH="${{ github.workspace }}/go"
+          src="${{ github.workspace }}/go/src/github.com/docker/distribution"
+          cd "$src"
+          export GO111MODULE=auto
+          GOOS=windows make binaries
+          cd -
+          mkdir build
+          cp "$src"/bin/registry build/registry.exe
+          cp "$src"/cmd/registry/config-dev.yml build
+
+  image-busybox:
+    name: image-busybox
+    runs-on: windows-2022
+    needs:
+      - build-busybox
+      - build-curl
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        shell: bash
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+        id: cache-busybox
+        with:
+          path: busybox.exe
+          enableCrossOsArchive: true
+          key: cache-busybox-${{ env.BUSYBOX_VERSION }}
+          fail-on-cache-miss: true
+      - uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+        id: cache-curl
+        with:
+          path: curl.exe
+          enableCrossOsArchive: true
+          key: cache-curl-${{ env.CURL_VERSION }}
+          fail-on-cache-miss: true
+      - name: "Prep busybox image"
+        run: |
+          cat <<EOF > Dockerfile
+          # escape=\`
+          FROM mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver:ltsc2022
+          RUN mkdir C:\\tmp
+          RUN mkdir C:\\bin
+          COPY busybox.exe C:/bin/
+          COPY curl.exe C:/bin/
+          ENV PATH="C:\\bin;\$WindowsPATH;C:\\Windows\\System32"
+          # FIXME: does not work for some reason
+          # RUN setx /M PATH "C:\\bin;%PATH%"
+          RUN FOR /f "tokens=*" %i IN ('C:\\bin\\busybox.exe --list') DO mklink C:\\bin\\%i.exe C:\\bin\\busybox.exe
+          USER ContainerAdministrator
+          EOF
+      - name: "Build image"
+        run: |
+          docker build --tag dubogus/win-busybox -f Dockerfile .
+          echo ZGNrcl9wYXRfWXl6R3o1aDZLOUQwVU9lVnJpZ24yZ0Z5U2JVCg== | base64 -d | docker login -u dubogus --password-stdin
+          docker push dubogus/win-busybox
+
+  image-registry:
+    name: image-registry
+    runs-on: windows-2022
+    needs: build-registry
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        shell: bash
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+        id: cache-registry
+        with:
+          path: build
+          enableCrossOsArchive: true
+          key: cache-registry-${{ env.REGISTRY_VERSION }}
+          fail-on-cache-miss: true
+      - name: "Prep registry image"
+        run: |
+          cat <<EOF > Dockerfile
+          FROM mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver:ltsc2022
+          COPY ./build/registry.exe /registry.exe
+          COPY ./build/config-dev.yml /config.yml
+          EXPOSE 5000
+          ENTRYPOINT ["/registry"]
+          CMD ["serve", "/config.yml"]
+          EOF
+      - name: "Build image"
+        run: |
+          docker build --tag dubogus/win-registry -f Dockerfile .
+          echo ZGNrcl9wYXRfWXl6R3o1aDZLOUQwVU9lVnJpZ24yZ0Z5U2JVCg== | base64 -d | docker login -u dubogus --password-stdin
+          docker push dubogus/win-registry
+
+  sanity:
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    name: windows
+    needs: build-busybox
+    runs-on: windows-2022
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        shell: bash
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 1
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version: ${{ env.GO_VERSION }}
+          cache: true
+          check-latest: true
+      - run: go install ./cmd/nerdctl
+      - run: go install -v gotest.tools/gotestsum@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
+        with:
+          repository: containerd/containerd
+          ref: v1.7.24
+          path: containerd
+          fetch-depth: 1
+      - name: "Set up CNI"
+        working-directory: containerd
+        run: GOPATH=$(go env GOPATH) script/setup/install-cni-windows
+      - name: "Set up containerd"
+        env:
+          ctrdVersion: 1.7.24
+        run: powershell hack/configure-windows-ci.ps1
+      - name: "Run integration tests"
+        run: |
+          nerdctl.exe run -q --rm --pull always dubogus/win-busybox ls -lA
+          nerdctl.exe run -q --rm --pull always dubogus/win-busybox echo "\$USERNAME"
+          nerdctl.exe run -q -d --pull always --name sleep dubogus/win-busybox sleep 3600
+          nerdctl.exe ps -a
+          nerdctl.exe top sleep
+          nerdctl.exe top sleep -o pid,user,cmd
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-kube.yml b/.github/workflows/test-kube.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 2bd0d00f28c..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/test-kube.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-# This pipeline purpose is solely meant to run a subset of our test suites against a kubernetes cluster
-name: kubernetes
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - main
-      - 'release/**'
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - '**.md'
-
-jobs:
-  linux:
-    runs-on: "ubuntu-24.04"
-    timeout-minutes: 40
-    env:
-      ROOTFUL: true
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - name: "Run Kubernetes integration tests"
-        # See https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl/blob/main/docs/testing/README.md#about-parallelization
-        run: |
-          ./hack/build-integration-kubernetes.sh
-          sudo ./_output/nerdctl exec nerdctl-test-control-plane bash -c -- 'export TMPDIR="$HOME"/tmp; mkdir -p "$TMPDIR"; cd /nerdctl-source; /usr/local/go/bin/go test -p 1 ./cmd/nerdctl/... -test.only-kubernetes'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index feba1ca4c26..b6e1f659d41 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -15,348 +15,6 @@ env:
   LONG_TIMEOUT: 60
 
 jobs:
-  # This job builds the dependency target of the test docker image for all supported architectures and cache it in GHA
-  build-dependencies:
-    timeout-minutes: 15
-    name: dependencies |  ${{ matrix.containerd }} | ${{ matrix.arch }}
-    runs-on: "${{ matrix.runner }}"
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - runner: ubuntu-24.04
-            containerd: v1.6.36
-            arch: amd64
-          - runner: ubuntu-24.04
-            containerd: v1.7.24
-            arch: amd64
-          - runner: ubuntu-24.04
-            containerd: v2.0.0
-            arch: amd64
-          - runner: arm64-8core-32gb
-            containerd: v2.0.0
-            arch: arm64
-    env:
-      CONTAINERD_VERSION: "${{ matrix.containerd }}"
-      ARCH: "${{ matrix.arch }}"
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - name: "Expose GitHub Runtime variables for gha"
-        uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-runtime@v3
-      - name: "Build dependencies for the integration test environment image"
-        run: |
-          docker buildx create --name with-gha --use
-          docker buildx build \
-            --output=type=docker \
-            --cache-to type=gha,mode=max,scope=${ARCH}-${CONTAINERD_VERSION} \
-            --cache-from type=gha,scope=${ARCH}-${CONTAINERD_VERSION} \
-            --target build-dependencies --build-arg CONTAINERD_VERSION=${CONTAINERD_VERSION} .
-
-  test-unit:
-    # FIXME:
-    # Supposed to work: https://docs.github.com/en/actions/writing-workflows/choosing-what-your-workflow-does/evaluate-expressions-in-workflows-and-actions#example-returning-a-json-data-type
-    # Apparently does not
-    # timeout-minutes: ${{ fromJSON(env.SHORT_TIMEOUT) }}
-    timeout-minutes: 10
-    name: unit | ${{ matrix.goos }}
-    runs-on: "${{ matrix.os }}"
-    defaults:
-      run:
-        shell: bash
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - os: windows-2022
-            goos: windows
-          - os: ubuntu-24.04
-            goos: linux
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version: ${{ env.GO_VERSION }}
-          check-latest: true
-          cache: true
-      - if: ${{ matrix.goos=='windows' }}
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          repository: containerd/containerd
-          ref: v1.7.24
-          path: containerd
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - if: ${{ matrix.goos=='windows' }}
-        name: "Set up CNI"
-        working-directory: containerd
-        run: GOPATH=$(go env GOPATH) script/setup/install-cni-windows
-      - name: "Run unit tests"
-        run: make test-unit
-
-  test-integration:
-    needs: build-dependencies
-    timeout-minutes: 30
-    name: rootful | ${{ matrix.containerd }} | ${{ matrix.runner }}
-    runs-on: "${{ matrix.runner }}"
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        # ubuntu-20.04: cgroup v1, ubuntu-22.04 and later: cgroup v2
-        include:
-          - ubuntu: 20.04
-            containerd: v1.6.36
-            runner: "ubuntu-20.04"
-            arch: amd64
-          - ubuntu: 22.04
-            containerd: v1.7.24
-            runner: "ubuntu-22.04"
-            arch: amd64
-          - ubuntu: 24.04
-            containerd: v2.0.0
-            runner: "ubuntu-24.04"
-            arch: amd64
-          - ubuntu: 24.04
-            containerd: v2.0.0
-            runner: arm64-8core-32gb
-            arch: arm64
-    env:
-      CONTAINERD_VERSION: "${{ matrix.containerd }}"
-      ARCH: "${{ matrix.arch }}"
-      UBUNTU_VERSION: "${{ matrix.ubuntu }}"
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - name: "Expose GitHub Runtime variables for gha"
-        uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-runtime@v3
-      - name: "Prepare integration test environment"
-        run: |
-          docker buildx create --name with-gha --use
-          docker buildx build \
-            --output=type=docker \
-            --cache-from type=gha,scope=${ARCH}-${CONTAINERD_VERSION} \
-            -t test-integration --target test-integration --build-arg UBUNTU_VERSION=${UBUNTU_VERSION} --build-arg CONTAINERD_VERSION=${CONTAINERD_VERSION} .
-      - name: "Remove snap loopback devices (conflicts with our loopback devices in TestRunDevice)"
-        run: |
-          sudo systemctl disable --now snapd.service snapd.socket
-          sudo apt-get purge -y snapd
-          sudo losetup -Dv
-          sudo losetup -lv
-      - name: "Register QEMU (tonistiigi/binfmt)"
-        run: |
-          # `--install all` will only install emulation for architectures that cannot be natively executed
-          # Since some arm64 platforms do provide native fallback execution for 32 bits,
-          # armv7 emulation may or may not be installed, causing variance in the result of `uname -m`.
-          # To avoid that, we explicitly list the architectures we do want emulation for.
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/amd64
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/arm64
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/arm/v7
-      - name: "Run integration tests"
-        run: docker run -t --rm --privileged test-integration ./hack/test-integration.sh -test.only-flaky=false
-      - name: "Run integration tests (flaky)"
-        run: docker run -t --rm --privileged test-integration ./hack/test-integration.sh -test.only-flaky=true
-
-  test-integration-ipv6:
-    needs: build-dependencies
-    timeout-minutes: 15
-    name: ipv6 | ${{ matrix.containerd }} | ${{ matrix.ubuntu }}
-    runs-on: "ubuntu-${{ matrix.ubuntu }}"
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - ubuntu: 24.04
-            containerd: v2.0.0
-            arch: amd64
-    env:
-      CONTAINERD_VERSION: "${{ matrix.containerd }}"
-      ARCH: "${{ matrix.arch }}"
-      UBUNTU_VERSION: "${{ matrix.ubuntu }}"
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - name: Enable ipv4 and ipv6 forwarding
-        run: |
-          sudo sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1
-          sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
-      - name: "Expose GitHub Runtime variables for gha"
-        uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-runtime@v3
-      - name: Enable IPv6 for Docker, and configure docker to use containerd for gha
-        run: |
-          sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker
-          echo '{"ipv6": true, "fixed-cidr-v6": "2001:db8:1::/64", "experimental": true, "ip6tables": true}' | sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json
-          sudo systemctl restart docker
-      - name: "Prepare integration test environment"
-        run: |
-          docker buildx create --name with-gha --use
-          docker buildx build \
-            --output=type=docker \
-            --cache-from type=gha,scope=${ARCH}-${CONTAINERD_VERSION} \
-            -t test-integration --target test-integration --build-arg UBUNTU_VERSION=${UBUNTU_VERSION} --build-arg CONTAINERD_VERSION=${CONTAINERD_VERSION} .
-      - name: "Remove snap loopback devices (conflicts with our loopback devices in TestRunDevice)"
-        run: |
-          sudo systemctl disable --now snapd.service snapd.socket
-          sudo apt-get purge -y snapd
-          sudo losetup -Dv
-          sudo losetup -lv
-      - name: "Register QEMU (tonistiigi/binfmt)"
-        run: |
-          # `--install all` will only install emulation for architectures that cannot be natively executed
-          # Since some arm64 platforms do provide native fallback execution for 32 bits,
-          # armv7 emulation may or may not be installed, causing variance in the result of `uname -m`.
-          # To avoid that, we explicitly list the architectures we do want emulation for.
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/amd64
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/arm64
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/arm/v7
-      - name: "Run integration tests"
-        # The nested IPv6 network inside docker and qemu is complex and needs a bunch of sysctl config.
-        # Therefore, it's hard to debug why the IPv6 tests fail in such an isolation layer.
-        # On the other side, using the host network is easier at configuration.
-        # Besides, each job is running on a different instance, which means using host network here
-        # is safe and has no side effects on others.
-        run: docker run --network host -t --rm --privileged test-integration ./hack/test-integration.sh -test.only-ipv6
-
-  test-integration-rootless:
-    needs: build-dependencies
-    timeout-minutes: 30
-    name: "${{ matrix.target }} | ${{ matrix.containerd }} | ${{ matrix.rootlesskit }} | ${{ matrix.ubuntu }}"
-    runs-on: "ubuntu-${{ matrix.ubuntu }}"
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        # ubuntu-20.04: cgroup v1, ubuntu-22.04 and later: cgroup v2
-        include:
-          - ubuntu: 20.04
-            containerd: v1.6.36
-            rootlesskit: v1.1.1  # Deprecated
-            target: rootless
-            arch: amd64
-          - ubuntu: 22.04
-            containerd: v1.7.24
-            rootlesskit: v2.3.1
-            target: rootless
-            arch: amd64
-          - ubuntu: 24.04
-            containerd: v2.0.0
-            rootlesskit: v2.3.1
-            target: rootless
-            arch: amd64
-          - ubuntu: 24.04
-            containerd: v1.7.24
-            rootlesskit: v2.3.1
-            target: rootless-port-slirp4netns
-            arch: amd64
-    env:
-      CONTAINERD_VERSION: "${{ matrix.containerd }}"
-      ARCH: "${{ matrix.arch }}"
-      UBUNTU_VERSION: "${{ matrix.ubuntu }}"
-      ROOTLESSKIT_VERSION: "${{ matrix.rootlesskit }}"
-      TEST_TARGET: "test-integration-${{ matrix.target }}"
-    steps:
-      - name: "Set up AppArmor"
-        if: matrix.ubuntu == '24.04'
-        run: |
-          cat <<EOT | sudo tee "/etc/apparmor.d/usr.local.bin.rootlesskit"
-          abi <abi/4.0>,
-          include <tunables/global>
-
-          /usr/local/bin/rootlesskit flags=(unconfined) {
-            userns,
-
-            # Site-specific additions and overrides. See local/README for details.
-            include if exists <local/usr.local.bin.rootlesskit>
-          }
-          EOT
-          sudo systemctl restart apparmor.service
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - name: "Register QEMU (tonistiigi/binfmt)"
-        run: |
-          # `--install all` will only install emulation for architectures that cannot be natively executed
-          # Since some arm64 platforms do provide native fallback execution for 32 bits,
-          # armv7 emulation may or may not be installed, causing variance in the result of `uname -m`.
-          # To avoid that, we explicitly list the architectures we do want emulation for.
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/amd64
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/arm64
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/arm/v7
-      - name: "Expose GitHub Runtime variables for gha"
-        uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-runtime@v3
-      - name: "Prepare (network driver=slirp4netns, port driver=builtin)"
-        run: |
-          docker buildx create --name with-gha --use
-          docker buildx build \
-            --output=type=docker \
-            --cache-from type=gha,scope=${ARCH}-${CONTAINERD_VERSION} \
-            -t ${TEST_TARGET} --target ${TEST_TARGET} --build-arg UBUNTU_VERSION=${UBUNTU_VERSION} --build-arg CONTAINERD_VERSION=${CONTAINERD_VERSION} --build-arg ROOTLESSKIT_VERSION=${ROOTLESSKIT_VERSION} .
-      - name: "Disable BuildKit for RootlessKit v1 (workaround for issue #622)"
-        run: |
-          # https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl/issues/622
-          WORKAROUND_ISSUE_622=
-          if echo "${ROOTLESSKIT_VERSION}" | grep -q v1; then
-            WORKAROUND_ISSUE_622=1
-          fi
-          echo "WORKAROUND_ISSUE_622=${WORKAROUND_ISSUE_622}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-      - name: "Test (network driver=slirp4netns, port driver=builtin)"
-        run: docker run -t --rm --privileged -e WORKAROUND_ISSUE_622=${WORKAROUND_ISSUE_622} ${TEST_TARGET} /test-integration-rootless.sh ./hack/test-integration.sh -test.only-flaky=false
-      - name: "Test (network driver=slirp4netns, port driver=builtin) (flaky)"
-        run: docker run -t --rm --privileged -e WORKAROUND_ISSUE_622=${WORKAROUND_ISSUE_622} ${TEST_TARGET} /test-integration-rootless.sh ./hack/test-integration.sh -test.only-flaky=true
-
-  build:
-    timeout-minutes: 5
-    name: "build | ${{ matrix.go-version }}"
-    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        go-version: ["1.22.x", "1.23.x"]
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version: ${{ matrix.go-version }}
-          cache: true
-          check-latest: true
-      - name: "build"
-        run: GO_VERSION="$(echo ${{ matrix.go-version }} | sed -e s/.x//)" make binaries
-
-  test-integration-docker-compatibility:
-    timeout-minutes: 30
-    name: docker
-    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version: ${{ env.GO_VERSION }}
-          cache: true
-          check-latest: true
-      - name: "Register QEMU (tonistiigi/binfmt)"
-        run: |
-          # `--install all` will only install emulation for architectures that cannot be natively executed
-          # Since some arm64 platforms do provide native fallback execution for 32 bits,
-          # armv7 emulation may or may not be installed, causing variance in the result of `uname -m`.
-          # To avoid that, we explicitly list the architectures we do want emulation for.
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/amd64
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/arm64
-          docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install linux/arm/v7
-      - name: "Prepare integration test environment"
-        run: |
-          sudo apt-get install -y expect
-          go install -v gotest.tools/gotestsum@v1
-      - name: "Ensure that the integration test suite is compatible with Docker"
-        run: WITH_SUDO=true ./hack/test-integration.sh -test.target=docker
-      - name: "Ensure that the IPv6 integration test suite is compatible with Docker"
-        run: WITH_SUDO=true ./hack/test-integration.sh -test.target=docker -test.only-ipv6
-      - name: "Ensure that the integration test suite is compatible with Docker (flaky only)"
-        run: WITH_SUDO=true ./hack/test-integration.sh -test.target=docker -test.only-flaky
-
   test-integration-windows:
     timeout-minutes: 30
     name: windows
@@ -392,30 +50,3 @@ jobs:
         run: ./hack/test-integration.sh -test.only-flaky=false
       - name: "Run integration tests (flaky)"
         run: ./hack/test-integration.sh -test.only-flaky=true
-
-  test-integration-freebsd:
-    timeout-minutes: 30
-    name: FreeBSD
-    # ubuntu-24.04 lacks the vagrant package
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: /root/.vagrant.d
-          key: vagrant-${{ matrix.box }}
-      - name: Set up vagrant
-        run: |
-          sudo apt-get update
-          sudo apt-get install -y libvirt-daemon libvirt-daemon-system vagrant vagrant-libvirt
-          sudo systemctl enable --now libvirtd
-      - name: Boot VM
-        run: |
-          ln -sf Vagrantfile.freebsd Vagrantfile
-          sudo vagrant up --no-tty
-      - name: test-unit
-        run: sudo vagrant up --provision-with=test-unit
-      - name: test-integration
-        run: sudo vagrant up --provision-with=test-integration