diff --git a/russell_lab/README.md b/russell_lab/README.md
index b0ec1778..3aff616a 100644
--- a/russell_lab/README.md
+++ b/russell_lab/README.md
@@ -500,13 +500,14 @@ roots =
 │  0.5162732673126048 │
 └                     ┘
 f @ roots =
-  1.84e-8
- -1.51e-8
- -2.40e-8
-  9.53e-9
- -1.16e-8
- -5.80e-9
-
+┌           ┐
+│  1.84E-08 │
+│ -1.51E-08 │
+│ -2.40E-08 │
+│  9.53E-09 │
+│ -1.16E-08 │
+│ -5.80E-09 │
+└           ┘
 refined roots =
 ┌                     ┐
 │ 0.04109147155278252 │
@@ -517,12 +518,14 @@ refined roots =
 │  0.5162732665558162 │
 └                     ┘
 f @ refined roots =
- 6.66e-16
--2.22e-16
--2.22e-16
- 1.33e-15
- 4.44e-16
--2.22e-16
+┌           ┐
+│  6.66E-16 │
+│ -2.22E-16 │
+│ -2.22E-16 │
+│  1.33E-15 │
+│  4.44E-16 │
+│ -2.22E-16 │
+└           ┘
 ```
 
 The function and the roots are illustrated in the figure below.
diff --git a/russell_lab/examples/algo_multi_root_solver_cheby.rs b/russell_lab/examples/algo_multi_root_solver_cheby.rs
index 28f27b26..ecd0d60f 100644
--- a/russell_lab/examples/algo_multi_root_solver_cheby.rs
+++ b/russell_lab/examples/algo_multi_root_solver_cheby.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use plotpy::{Curve, Legend, Plot};
 use russell_lab::math::PI;
 use russell_lab::*;
-use std::fmt::Write;
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), StrError> {
     // function
@@ -22,14 +21,14 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), StrError> {
     let roots = Vector::from(&solver.chebyshev(&interp)?);
     let f_at_roots = roots.get_mapped(|x| f(x, args).unwrap());
     println!("roots =\n{}", roots);
-    println!("f @ roots =\n{}", print_vec_exp(&f_at_roots));
+    println!("f @ roots =\n{}", vec_fmt_scientific(&f_at_roots, 2));
 
     // polish the roots
     let mut roots_refined = roots.clone();
     solver.refine(roots_refined.as_mut_data(), xa, xb, args, f)?;
     let f_at_roots_refined = roots_refined.get_mapped(|x| f(x, args).unwrap());
     println!("refined roots =\n{}", roots_refined);
-    println!("f @ refined roots =\n{}", print_vec_exp(&f_at_roots_refined));
+    println!("f @ refined roots =\n{}", vec_fmt_scientific(&f_at_roots_refined, 2));
 
     // plot the results
     let nstation = 301;
@@ -81,11 +80,3 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), StrError> {
         .unwrap();
     Ok(())
 }
-
-fn print_vec_exp(v: &Vector) -> String {
-    let mut buf = String::new();
-    for x in v {
-        writeln!(&mut buf, "{:>9.2e}", x).unwrap();
-    }
-    buf
-}
diff --git a/russell_lab/src/vector/mod.rs b/russell_lab/src/vector/mod.rs
index e20f2fdf..b66548bf 100644
--- a/russell_lab/src/vector/mod.rs
+++ b/russell_lab/src/vector/mod.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ mod vec_add;
 mod vec_all_finite;
 mod vec_approx_eq;
 mod vec_copy;
+mod vec_fmt_scientific;
 mod vec_inner;
 mod vec_max_abs_diff;
 mod vec_max_scaled;
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ pub use crate::vector::vec_add::*;
 pub use crate::vector::vec_all_finite::*;
 pub use crate::vector::vec_approx_eq::*;
 pub use crate::vector::vec_copy::*;
+pub use crate::vector::vec_fmt_scientific::*;
 pub use crate::vector::vec_inner::*;
 pub use crate::vector::vec_max_abs_diff::*;
 pub use crate::vector::vec_max_scaled::*;
diff --git a/russell_lab/src/vector/vec_fmt_scientific.rs b/russell_lab/src/vector/vec_fmt_scientific.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7144204
--- /dev/null
+++ b/russell_lab/src/vector/vec_fmt_scientific.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+use super::Vector;
+use crate::format_scientific;
+use std::cmp;
+use std::fmt::Write;
+
+pub fn vec_fmt_scientific(u: &Vector, precision: usize) -> String {
+    let mut result = String::new();
+    let f = &mut result;
+    // handle empty vector
+    if u.dim() == 0 {
+        write!(f, "[]").unwrap();
+        return result;
+    }
+    // find largest width
+    let mut width = 0;
+    let mut buf = String::new();
+    for i in 0..u.dim() {
+        write!(&mut buf, "{:.1$e}", u[i], precision).unwrap();
+        let _ = buf.split_off(buf.find('e').unwrap());
+        width = cmp::max(buf.chars().count(), width);
+        buf.clear();
+    }
+    width += 4;
+    // draw vector
+    width += 1;
+    write!(f, "┌{:1$}┐\n", " ", width + 1).unwrap();
+    for i in 0..u.dim() {
+        if i > 0 {
+            write!(f, " │\n").unwrap();
+        }
+        write!(f, "│").unwrap();
+        write!(f, "{}", format_scientific(u[i], width, precision)).unwrap();
+    }
+    write!(f, " │\n").unwrap();
+    write!(f, "└{:1$}┘", " ", width + 1).unwrap();
+    result
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::vec_fmt_scientific;
+    use crate::Vector;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn vec_fmt_scientific_works() {
+        let u = Vector::from(&[1.012444, 200.034123, 1e-8]);
+        println!("{}", vec_fmt_scientific(&u, 3));
+        assert_eq!(
+            vec_fmt_scientific(&u, 3),
+            "┌           ┐\n\
+             │ 1.012E+00 │\n\
+             │ 2.000E+02 │\n\
+             │ 1.000E-08 │\n\
+             └           ┘"
+        );
+
+        let u = Vector::from(&[1.012444, 200.034123, 1e+8]);
+        println!("{}", vec_fmt_scientific(&u, 4));
+        assert_eq!(
+            vec_fmt_scientific(&u, 4),
+            "┌            ┐\n\
+             │ 1.0124E+00 │\n\
+             │ 2.0003E+02 │\n\
+             │ 1.0000E+08 │\n\
+             └            ┘"
+        );
+    }
+}