README.md

awesome-fpga-programming

A curated list of awesome languages and tools to program FPGAs. This list builds upon this survey:

E. Del Sozzo, D. Conficconi, A. Zeni, M. Salaris, D. Sciuto, and M. D. Santambrogio. Pushing the Level of Abstraction of Digital System Design: a Survey on How to Program FPGAs. ACM Computing Surveys (April 2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3532989

and follows the same taxonomy to cluster state-of-the-art Hardware Description Languages (HDLs), High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools, and Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs).

Please feel free to contribute and help maintain this list updated.

Hardware Description Languages (HDLs)

The HDL taxonomy is based on the characteristics of the programming model employed in the embedded languages exploited as input. Here, we report high-level HDLs that, eventually, translates into standard HDLs, namely, VHDL/(System)Verilog.

Functional-based HDLs

HDLs embedding the characteristics of the functional languages from which they derive (e.g., SML, Haskell, and Scala).

• Chisel

  Year: 2012

  Paper: J. Bachrach, H. Vo, B. Richards, Y. Lee, A. Waterman, R. Avizienis, J. Wawrzynek, and K. Asanovic. 2012. Chisel: Constructing hardware in a Scala embedded language. In DAC Design Automation Conference 2012. 1212–1221. https://doi.org/10.1145/2228360.2228584

  Repository: https://github.com/chipsalliance/chisel3

  Website: https://www.chisel-lang.org

• Clash

  Year: 2009

  Paper: C. Baaij, M. Kooijman, J. Kuper, A. Boeijink, and M. Gerards. 2010. C𝜆ash: Structural descriptions of synchronous hardware using haskell. In 2010 13th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design: Architectures, Methods and Tools. IEEE, 714–721. https://doi.org/10.1109/DSD.2010.21

  Repository: https://github.com/clash-lang/clash-compiler

  Website: https://clash-lang.org

• DFiant

  Year: 2017

  Paper: O. Port and Y. Etsion. 2017. DFiant: A dataflow hardware description language. In 2017 27th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL). IEEE, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.23919/FPL.2017.8056858

  Repository: https://github.com/DFiantHDL/DFiant

  Website: https://dfianthdl.github.io

• Hardware ML (HML)

  Year: 2000

  Paper: Y. Li and M. Leeser. 2000. HML, a Novel Hardware Description Language and Its Translation to VHDL. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 8, 1 (2000), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/92.820756

• SpinalHDL

  Year: 2014

  Paper: C. Papon. 2017. SpinalHDL: An alternative hardware description language. FOSDEM (2017). https://doi.org/10.5446/43800

  Repository: https://github.com/SpinalHDL/SpinalHDL

  Website: https://spinalhdl.github.io/SpinalDoc-RTD/master/index.html

• VeriScala

  Year: 2019

  Paper: Y. Liu, Y. Li, Z. Qi, and H. Guan. 2019. A scala based framework for developing acceleration systems with FPGAs. Journal of Systems Architecture 98 (2019), 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2019.08.001

  Repository: https://github.com/VeriScala/VeriScala

Imperative-based HDLs

HDLs embedding the characteristics of the imperative languages from which they derive (e.g., Java, Python, and C++).

• ArchHDL

  Year: 2013

  Paper: S. Sato and K. Kise. 2013. ArchHDL: a new hardware description language for high-speed architectural evaluation. In 2013 IEEE 7th International Symposium on Embedded Multicore Socs. IEEE, 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSoC.2013.38

• HDLRuby

  Year: 2018

  Paper: L. Gauthier and Y. Ishikawa, "HDLRuby, a new high productivity hardware description language," 2018 5th International Conference on Business and Industrial Research (ICBIR), 2018, pp. 215-220, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBIR.2018.8391195.

  Repository: https://github.com/civol/HDLRuby

  Website: https://rubygems.org/gems/HDLRuby/versions/2.5.0

• Just Another HDL (JHDL)

  Year: 1998

  Paper: P. Bellows and B. Hutchings. 1998. JHDL - An HDL for Reconfigurable Systems. In IEEE Symposium on FPGAs for Custom Computing Machines. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/FPGA.1998.707895

  Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20061205060548/http://jhdl.org/

• MaxJ

  Year: 2009

  Paper: O. Lindtjorn, R. G. Clapp, O. Pell, O. Mencer, and M. J. Flynn. 2010. Surviving the end of scaling of traditional microprocessors in HPC. IEEE Hot Chips 22 (2010), 22–24.

  Website: https://www.maxeler.com/products/software/maxcompiler/

• MyHDL

  Year: 2004

  Paper: J. Decaluwe. 2004. MyHDL: a Python-Based Hardware Description Language. Linux journal 127 (2004), 84–87. https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7542

  Code: https://sourceforge.net/projects/myhdl/

• Python HDL (PHDL)

  Year: 2007

  Paper: A. Mashtizadeh. 2007. PHDL: A Python Hardware Design Framework. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/41543.

  Repository: https://github.com/wnew/phdl

• PyMTL

  Year: 2014

  Paper: D. Lockhart, G. Zibrat, and C. Batten. 2014. PyMTL: A Unified Framework for Vertically Integrated Computer Architecture Research. In 47th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/MICRO.2014.50

  Paper: S. Jiang, C. Torng. and C. Batten. 2018. An Open-Source Python-Based Hardware Generation, Simulation, and Verification Framework. In Workshop on Open-Source EDA Technology (WOSET’18). 1–5. https://www.csl.cornell.edu/~cbatten/pdfs/jiang-pymtl-woset2018.pdf

  Repository: https://github.com/pymtl/pymtl3

  Website: https://pymtl.github.io

• PyRTL

  Year: 2017

  Paper: J. Clow, G. Tzimpragos, D. Dangwal, S. Guo, J. McMahan, and T. Sherwood. 2017. A pythonic approach for rapid hardware prototyping and instrumentation. In 2017 27th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL). IEEE, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.23919/FPL.2017.8056860

  Repository: https://github.com/UCSBarchlab/PyRTL

  Website: https://ucsbarchlab.github.io/PyRTL/

• PyVerilog

  Year: 2015

  Paper: S. Takamaeda-Yamazaki. 2015. PyVerilog: A Python-Based hardware design processing toolkit for Verilog HDL. In Applied Reconfigurable Computing. Springer, 451–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16214-0_42

  Repository: https://github.com/PyHDI/Pyverilog

SystemVerilog Extension HDLs

HDLs extending SystemVerilog.

• BlueSpec SystemVerilog (BSV)

  Year: 2004

  Paper: R. Nikhil. 2004. Bluespec System Verilog: efficient, correct RTL from high level specifications. In Proceedings. Second ACM and IEEE International Conference on Formal Methods and Models for Co-Design, 2004. MEMOCODE’04. https://doi.org/10.1109/MEMCOD.2004.1459818

  Paper: T. Bourgeat, C. Pit-Claudel, A. Chlipala, and Arvind. 2020. The essence of Bluespec: a core language for rule-based hardware design. In Proceedings of the 41st ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation. 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1145/3385412.3385965

  Repository: https://github.com/B-Lang-org/bsc

  Website: http://wiki.bluespec.com

• Genesis2

  Year: 2012

  Paper: O. Shacham, S. Galal, S. Sankaranarayanan, M. Wachs, J. Brunhaver, A. Vassiliev, M. Horowitz, A. Danowitz, W. Qadeer, and S. Richardson. 2012. Avoiding Game Over: Bringing Design to the Next Level. In DAC Design Automation Conference. IEEE, 623–629. https://doi.org/10.1145/2228360.2228472

• Transaction-Level Verilog (TL-Verilog)

  Year: 2017

  Paper: S. F. Hoover. 2017. Timing-abstract circuit design in transaction-level Verilog. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD). IEEE, 525–532. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCD.2017.91

  Repository: https://github.com/TL-X-org

  Website: https://www.redwoodeda.com/tl-verilog

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) Tools

The HLS taxonomy is based on the target application and synthesis flow.

High-Level Synthesis (HLS)

These tools generate RTL for generic IPs described using high-level languages (e.g., C and C++). Here we report only “pure” HLS tools, i.e., tools that do perform the HLS process without delegating it to third-party software.

• Bambu

  Year: 2012

  Paper: C. Pilato and F. Ferrandi. 2013. Bambu: A modular framework for the high level synthesis of memory-intensive applications. In Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), 23rd International Conference on. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/FPL.2013.6645550

  Repository: https://github.com/ferrandi/PandA-bambu

  Website: https://panda.dei.polimi.it/?page_id=31

• Catapult-HLS

  Year: 2004

  Paper: T. Bollaert. 2008. Catapult synthesis: a practical introduction to interactive C synthesis. In High-Level Synthesis. Springer, 29–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8588-8_3

  Website: https://www.mentor.com/hls-lp/catapult-high-level-synthesis/

• CyberWorkBench

  Year: 2011

  Website: https://www.nec.com/en/global/prod/cwb/index.html

• DWARV

  Year: 2012

  Paper: R. Nane, V. Sima, B. Olivier, R. Meeuws, Y. Yankova, and K. Bertels. 2012. DWARV 2.0: A CoSy-based C-to-VHDL hardware compiler. In Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), 2012 22nd International Conference on. IEEE, 619–622. https://doi.org/10.1109/FPL.2012.6339221

• Dynamatic

  Year: 2017

  Paper: L. Josipović, R. Ghosal, and P. Ienne. 2018. Dynamically Scheduled High-level Synthesis. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1145/3174243.3174264

  Paper: L. Josipović, A. Guerrieri, and P. Ienne. 2020. Invited Tutorial: Dynamatic: From C/C++ to Dynamically Scheduled Circuits. In The 2020 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3373087.3375391

  Paper: L. Josipović, S. Sheikhha, A. Guerrieri, P. Ienne, and J. Cortadella. 2021. Buffer Placement and Sizing for High-Performance Dataflow Circuits. ACM Trans. Reconfigurable Technol. Syst. 15, 1, Article 4 (March 2022), 32 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3477053

  Repository: https://github.com/lana555/dynamatic

  Website: https://dynamatic.epfl.ch

• GAUT

  Year: 2009

  Paper: P. Coussy, C. Chavet, P. Bomel, D. Heller, E. Senn, and E. Martin. 2008. GAUT: A high-level synthesis tool for DSP applications. In High-Level Synthesis. Springer, 147–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8588-8_9

  Website: http://hls-labsticc.univ-ubs.fr/

• Hastlayer

  Year: 2015

  Repository: https://github.com/Lombiq/Hastlayer-SDK

  Website: https://hastlayer.com

• HDL Coder

  Year: 2003

  Documentation: https://www.mathworks.com/help/pdf_doc/hdlcoder/hdlcoder_ug.pdf

  Website: https://www.mathworks.com/products/hdl-coder.html

• Intel HLS Compiler

  Year: 2017

  Documentation: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/programmable/683349/22-1/pro-edition-reference-manual.html

  Website: https://www.intel.it/content/www/it/it/software/programmable/quartus-prime/hls-compiler.html

• Kiwi

  Year: 2008

  Paper: S. Singh and D. J. Greaves. 2008. Kiwi: Synthesis of FPGA circuits from parallel programs. In 2008 16th International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines. IEEE, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/FCCM.2008.46

  Website: https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~djg11/kiwi/

• LegUp

  Year: 2009

  Paper: A. Canis, J. Choi, M. Aldham, V. Zhang, A. Kammoona, J. H. Anderson, S. Brown, and T. Czajkowski. 2011. LegUp: high-level synthesis for FPGA-based processor/accelerator systems. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM/SIGDA international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays. ACM, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 33–36. https://doi.org/10.1145/1950413.1950423

  Paper: A. Canis, J. Choi, M. Aldham, V. Zhang, A. Kammoona, T. Czajkowski, S. D. Brown, and J. H. Anderson. 2013. LegUp: An open-source high-level synthesis tool for FPGA-based processor/accelerator systems. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. 13, 2, Article 24 (September 2013), 27 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2514740

  Repository: https://github.com/wincle626/HLS_Legup

  Website: https://www.legupcomputing.com/

• ROCCC

  Year: 2009

  Paper: J. Villarreal, A. Park, W. Najjar, and R. Halstead. 2010. Designing modular hardware accelerators in C with ROCCC 2.0. In Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM), 2010 18th IEEE Annual International Symposium on. IEEE, 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1109/FCCM.2010.28

  Repository: https://github.com/nxt4hll/roccc-2.0

  Website: http://roccc.cs.ucr.edu/

• Stratus HLS

  Year: 2015

  Paper: D. Pursleyand, T. Yeh. 2017. High-level low-power system design optimization. In VLSI Design, Automation and Test (VLSI-DAT), 2017 International Symposium on. IEEE, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSI-DAT.2017.7939656

  Website: https://www.cadence.com/ko_KR/home/tools/digital-design-and-signoff/synthesis/stratus-high-level-synthesis.html

• Vitis HLS

  Year: 2020

  Documentation: https://docs.xilinx.com/r/en-US/ug1399-vitis-hls/Getting-Started-with-Vitis-HLS

• Vivado HLS

  Year: 2013

  Documentation: https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation-navigation/design-hubs/dh0012-vivado-high-level-synthesis-hub.html

• XLS

  Year: 2020

  Repository: https://github.com/google/xls/

  Website: https://google.github.io/xls/

Accelerator-Centric Synthesis (ACS)

These tools focus on hardware acceleration of algorithms and automatize the whole design flow, from the HLS process to the bitstream generation.

• Altera OpenCL SDK (AOCL)

  Year: 2012

  Paper: T. S. Czajkowski, U. Aydonat, D. Denisenko, J. Freeman, M. Kinsner, D. Neto, J. Wong, P. Yiannacouras, and D. P. Singh. 2012. From OpenCL to high-performance hardware on FPGAs. In 22nd international conference on field programmable logic and applications (FPL). IEEE, 531–534. https://doi.org/10.1109/FPL.2012.6339272

  Documentation: https://www.intel.com/content/dam/support/jp/ja/programmable/support-resources/bulk-container/pdfs/literature/hb/opencl-sdk/aocl-getting-started.pdf

• Intel oneAPI

  Year: 2019

  Documentation: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/fpga-documentation.html?s=Newest

  Website: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/fpga.html

• Intel OpenCL SDK

  Year: 2015

  Documentation: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/programmable/support-resources/design-software/opencl-support.html?s=Newest

  Website: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/software/programmable/sdk-for-opencl/overview.html

• SDAccel

  Year: 2014

  Documentation: https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation-navigation/design-hubs/dh0058-sdaccel-hub.html

  Website: https://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/software-zone/sdaccel.html

• SDSoC

  Year: 2015

  Documentation: https://www.xilinx.com/support/documents/sw_manuals/xilinx2019_1/ug1027-sdsoc-user-guide.pdf

  Website: https://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/software-zone/sdsoc.html

• TAPAS

  Year: 2018

  Paper: S. Margerm, A. Sharifian, A. Guha, A. Shriraman, and G. Pokam. 2018. TAPAS: Generating parallel accelerators from parallel programs. In 2018 51st Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO). IEEE, 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1109/MICRO.2018.00028

  Repository: https://github.com/sfu-arch/tapas

• Xilinx Vitis

  Year: 2019

  Documentation: https://docs.xilinx.com/v/u/en-US/ug1416-vitis-documentation

  Website: https://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/vitis.html

Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs)

We cluster DSLs based on their domain of interest: single application domain, architectural models, intermediate languages and infrastructure for DSLs.

Application Domain

DSLs concentrating on a given application domain (e.g., image processing and packet processing).

• Darkroom

  Year: 2014

  Paper: J. Hegarty, J. Brunhaver, Z. De Vito, J. Ragan-Kelley, N. Cohen, S. Bell, A. Vasilyev, M. Horowitz, and P. Hanrahan. 2014. Darkroom: compiling high-level image processing code into hardware pipelines. ACM Trans. Graph. 33, 4 (2014), 144–1. https://doi.org/10.1145/2601097.2601174

  Repository: https://github.com/jameshegarty/darkroom

  Website: http://darkroom-lang.org

• ExaSlang 4

  Year: 2014

  Paper: C. Schmitt, M. Schmid, F. Hannig, J. Teich, S. Kuckuk, and H. Köstler. 2015. Generation of multigrid-based numerical solvers for FPGA accelerators. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on High-Performance Stencil Computations (HiStencils). 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1680.9760

  Repository: https://github.com/lssfau/ExaStencils

  Website: https://www.exastencils.fau.de

• Halide-HLS

  Year: 2017

  Paper: J. Pu, S. Bell, X. Yang, J. Setter, S. Richardson, J. Ragan-Kelley, and M. Horowitz. 2017. Programming Heterogeneous Systems from an Image Processing DSL. ACM Trans. Archit. Code Optim. 14, 3, Article 26 (Aug. 2017), 25 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3107953

  Repository: https://github.com/jingpu/Halide-HLS

• HeteroHalide

  Year: 2020

  Paper: J. Li, Y. Chi, and J. Cong. 2020. HeteroHalide: From image processing DSL to efficient FPGA acceleration. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays. 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1145/3373087.3375320

  Repository: https://github.com/UCLA-VAST/heterohalide

• Hipacc

  Year: 2014

  Paper: O. Reiche, M. Schmid, F. Hannig, R. Membarth, and J. Teich. 2014. Code generation from a domain-specific language for C-based HLS of hardware accelerators. In 2014 international conference on hardware/software codesign and system synthesis (CODES+ ISSS). IEEE, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/2656075.2656081

  Paper: R. Membarth, O. Reiche, F. Hannig, J. Teich, M. Körner, and W. Eckert. 2015. Hipacc: A domain-specific language and compiler for image processing. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 27, 1 (2015), 210–224. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2015.2394802

  Paper: O. Reiche, M. A. Özkan, R. Membarth, J. Teich, and F. Hannig. 2017. Generating FPGA-based image processing accelerators with Hipacc. In Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD '17). IEEE Press, 1026–1033. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2017.8203894

  Repository: https://github.com/hipacc/hipacc-fpga

  Website: https://hipacc-lang.org/install.html

• P4-to-VHDL

  Year: 2014

  Paper: P. Benáček, V. Pu, and H. Kubátová. 2016. P4-to-VHDL: Automatic generation of 100 gbps packet parsers. In 2016 IEEE 24th Annual International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/FCCM.2016.46

  Paper: J. Cabal, P. Benáček, L. Kekely, M. Kekely, V. Puš, and J. Kořenek. 2018. Configurable FPGA packet parser for terabit networks with guaranteed wire-speed throughput. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays. 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1145/3174243.3174250

• P4FPGA

  Year: 2017

  Paper: H. Wang, R. Soulé, H. T. Dang, K. S. Lee, V. Shrivastav, N. Foster, and H. Weatherspoon. 2017. P4fpga: A rapid prototyping framework for p4. In Proceedings of the Symposium on SDN Research. 122–135. https://doi.org/10.1145/3050220.3050234

  Repository: https://github.com/p4fpga/p4fpga

  Website: http://p4fpga.github.io

• P4HLS

  Year: 2018

  Paper: J. S. da Silva, F. Boyer, and J. M. P. Langlois. 2018. P4-compatible high-level synthesis of low latency 100 Gb/s streaming packet parsers in FPGAs. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays. 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1145/3174243.3174270

  Repository: https://github.com/engjefersonsantiago/P4HLS

• PolyMage

  Year: 2016

  Paper: N. Chugh, V. Vasista, S. Purini, and U. Bondhugula. 2016. A DSL compiler for accelerating image processing pipelines on FPGAs. In Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation. 327–338. https://doi.org/10.1145/2967938.2967969

  Repository: https://bitbucket.org/udayb/polymage/src/master/

  Website: http://mcl.csa.iisc.ernet.in/polymage.html

• Rigel

  Year: 2016

  Paper: J. Hegarty, R. Daly, Z. DeVito, J. Ragan-Kelley, M. Horowitz, and P. Hanrahan. 2016. Rigel: Flexible Multi-Rate Image Processing Hardware. ACM Trans. Graph. 35, 4, Article 85 (July 2016), 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2897824.2925892

  Repository: https://github.com/jameshegarty/rigel

• RIPL

  Year: 2016

  Paper: R. Stewart, K. Duncan, G. Michaelson, P. Garcia, D. Bhowmik, and A. M. Wallace. 2018. RIPL: A Parallel Image Processing Language for FPGAs. ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems 11, 1 (2018), 7:1–7:24. https://doi.org/10.1145/3180481

  Repository: https://github.com/robstewart57/ripl

  Website: https://robstewart57.github.io/ripl/

• Spiral

  Year: 2012

  Paper: P. Milder, F. Franchetti, J. C. Hoe, and M. Püschel. 2012. Computer generation of hardware for linear digital signal processing transforms. ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems 17, 2 (2012), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1145/2159542.2159547

  Paper: F. Franchetti, T. M. Low, D. T. Popovici, R. M. Veras, D. G. Spampinato, J. R. Johnson, M. Püschel, J. C. Hoe, and J. M. F. Moura. 2018. SPIRAL: Extreme performance portability. Proc. IEEE 106, 11 (2018), 1935–1968. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2018.2873289

  Website: http://spiral.net/index.html

Architectural Domain

DSLs concentrating on a given architectural model (e.g., spatial architecture and systolic array).

• Spatial

  Year: 2018

  Paper: D. Koeplinger, M. Feldman, R. Prabhakar, Y. Zhang, S. Hadjis, R. Fiszel, T. Zhao, L. Nardi, A. Pedram, C. Kozyrakis, , and K. Olukotun. 2018. Spatial: A language and compiler for application accelerators. In Proceedings of the 39th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation. 296–311. https://doi.org/10.1145/3192366.3192379

  Repository: https://github.com/stanford-ppl/spatial

  Website: https://spatial-lang.org

• SPGen

  Year: 2020

  Paper: Y. Watanabe, J. Lee, K. Sano, T. Boku, and M. Sato. 2020. Design and preliminary evaluation of openacc compiler for fpga with opencl and stream processing dsl. In Proceedings of the International Conference on High Performance Computing in Asia-Pacific Region Workshops. 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3373271.3373274

• SuSy

  Year: 2020

  Paper: Y. Lai, H. Rong, S. Zheng, W. Zhang, X. Cui, Y. Jia, J. Wang, B. Sullivan, Z. Zhang, Y. Liang, Y. Zhang, J. Cong, N. George, J. Alvarez, C. Hughes, and P. Dubey 2020. SuSy: a programming model for productive construction of high-performance systolic arrays on FPGAs. In 2020 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD). IEEE, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1145/3400302.3415644

  Repository: https://github.com/IntelLabs/t2sp

Intermediate Infrastructure

Solutions proposing an intermediate layer lying between the DSL and the RTL/HLS code.

• AnyHLS

  Year: 2020

  Paper: M. A. Özkan, A. Pérard-Gayot, R. Membarth, P. Slusallek, R. Leißa, S. Hack, J. Teich, and F. Hannig. 2020. AnyHLS: High-Level Synthesis With Partial Evaluation. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 39, 11 (2020), 3202–3214. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2020.3012172

  Repository: https://github.com/AnyDSL/anyhls

  Website: https://anydsl.github.io

• Calyx

  Year: 2021

  Paper: R. Nigam, S. Thomas, Z. Li, and A. Sampson. 2021. A compiler infrastructure for accelerator generators. In Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems. 804–817. https://doi.org/10.1145/3445814.3446712

  Repository: https://github.com/cucapra/calyx

  Website: https://calyxir.org

• Delite Hardware Definition Language (DHDL)

  Year: 2016

  Paper: D. Koeplinger, R. Prabhakar, Y. Zhang, C. Delimitrou, C. Kozyrakis, and K. Olukotun. 2016. Automatic Generation of Efficient Accelerators for Reconfigurable Hardware. In 2016 ACM/IEEE 43rd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA). 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCA.2016.20

  Paper: R. Prabhakar, D. Koeplinger, K. J. Brown, H. Lee, C. De Sa, C. Kozyrakis, and K. Olukotun. 2016. Generating configurable hardware from parallel patterns. Acm Sigplan Notices 51, 4 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1145/2872362.2872415

  Repository: https://bitbucket.org/raghup17/dhdl/src/master/

• FROST

  Year: 2017

  Paper: E. Del Sozzo, R. Baghdadi, S. Amarasinghe, and M. D. Santambrogio. 2017. A Common Backend for Hardware Acceleration on FPGA. In Computer Design (ICCD), 2017 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 427–430. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCD.2017.75

  Paper: E. Del Sozzo, R. Baghdadi, S. Amarasinghe, and M. D. Santambrogio. 2018. A unified backend for targeting fpgas from dsls. In 2018 IEEE 29th International Conference on Application-specific Systems, Architectures and Processors (ASAP). IEEE, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.2018.8445108

• HeteroCL

  Year: 2019

  Paper: Y. Lai, Y. Chi, Y. Hu, J. Wang, C. H. Yu, Y. Zhou, J. Cong, and Z. Zhang. 2019. HeteroCL: A multi-paradigm programming infrastructure for software-defined reconfigurable computing. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays. 242–251. https://doi.org/10.1145/3289602.3293910

  Repository: https://github.com/cornell-zhang/heterocl

  Website: https://heterocl.csl.cornell.edu

• Infrastructure for Delite-based DSLs

  Year: 2014

  Paper: N. George, H. Lee, D. Novo, T. Rompf, K. J. Brown, A. K. Sujeeth, M. Odersky, K. Olukotun, and P. Ienne. 2014. Hardware system synthesis from domain-specific languages. In 2014 24th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL). IEEE, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/FPL.2014.6927454

• LIFT

  Year: 2019

  Paper: M. Kristien, B. Bodin, M. Steuwer, and C. Dubach. 2019. High-level synthesis of functional patterns with Lift. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Libraries, Languages and Compilers for Array Programming. 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1145/3315454.3329957

  Repository: https://github.com/lift-project/lift

  Website: http://www.lift-project.org