diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00002.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00002.xml index 2e290ecc..fec16668 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00002.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00002.xml @@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ n="20"/>r

From the ocean that is the majestic Calukya lineage there arose a moon of a king whose pair of lotus feet is strewn with the light of gems on the diadems of enemy kings bowed down by the mere frown of his elegant brows: King mahārāja Satyāśraya Pulakeśin II, the Favourite of Fortune śrī-vallabha. His dear younger brother His Majesty the supremely pious King mahārāja Viṣṇuvardhana—who is known as Viṣamasiddhi because he prevails even over forts in adverse viṣama conditions on land, water, woodland and hills; who is a cow of plenty kāma-dhenu through his showering of rains of goods on the destitute, the helpless and the twice-born; who is Makaradhvaja Kāma thanks to his beautiful body which appears to young women like Madana Kāma himself; who has drowned the power of the Kali age in the oceans of his gift-giving; who embellishes the entire circle of directions with the mark of his spotless fame arising from victory in many a battle; as versed in discipline vinaya as Manu, as widely pr̥thu reputed as Pr̥thu, as intelligent as Br̥haspati the Guru—instructs the gathered householders kuṭumbin inhabiting the village Kālvakoṇḍa in Dimila district viṣaya of the following matter.

To wit: to the two grandsons of Brahmaśarman, who had studied and understood the Vedas and Vedāṅgas, the sons of Durgaśarman, who had mastered the injunctions of his own school śākhā and was engaged in performing his ritual duties, namely to Viṣṇuśarman and Mādhavaśarman of the Gautama gotra and the Taittirīya school caraṇa, who know the essence of many texts of lore āgama such as the Vedas, Vedāṅgas, Itihāsas, Purāṇas, treatises of law dharma-śāstra and so on, and who are residents of the village Ceṟupūra in Pḻaki district viṣaya, on the occasion of an eclipse of the moon in the Śrāvaṇa month I have given this village, converted to a rent-free holding agrahāra by a remission of all taxes in order to augment my own merit, vitality, health and glory. Let no-one pose an obstacle to this ruling. In this connection, these two verses were sung by Vyāsa.

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

A donor of land rejoices in heaven for sixty millennia, while a seizer of granted land and a condoner of such seizure shall reside in hell for just as many.

The executor ājñapti is Aṭavidurjaya, born in the majestic Matsya family, who has bowed down his enemies by the strength and valour of his own arms. Year 18, month 4, day 15.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00012.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00012.xml index eeda5958..fa8a6832 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00012.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00012.xml @@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ to Utpitoṟu-boya Pālaśarman of the Kāṇva gotra, one sh

Let futureI follow Fleet in understanding gamya as āgāmin. royal officers rājavallabha observe, and enforce the observance of, all exemptions with regard to it. There are also these verses relevant to this matter:

-

There has never been and will never be a gift superior to the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin superior to the seizing of the same. +

There has never been and will never be a gift surpassing the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin surpassing the seizing of the same.

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time. diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00013.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00013.xml index f343a473..50f700b3 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00013.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00013.xml @@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ Glory! May the king mahārāja to Revaśarman, two; to Irukuṭūru-boya, two.

If anyone transgresses our decree, that villain deserves corporal punishment.

-

There has never been and will never be a gift superior to the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin superior to the seizing of the same.

+

There has never been and will never be a gift surpassing the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin surpassing the seizing of the same.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, imbibes the sin of the slayer of a hundred thousand cows.

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

This decree was written likhita by the engraver vardhaki Gaṁgavijaya in the thirtieth year reckoned as a year of the progressive triumphant reign of His Majesty King mahārāja Jayasiṁha Vallabha, in the month Āśvayuja, in the bright fortnight, on the tenth day, under the Śravaṇa asterism, on Monday. Welfare! diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00015.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00015.xml index b465d1eb..17e83d43 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00015.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00015.xml @@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ n="22"/>-paryyantaṁ kṣetrāA gap in the hill in the area northeast of the village.

For the sake of increasing my merit dharma and glory, I have granted the fields delineated by four boundaries as above, converted into a Brahmanic gift brahma-deya by a remission of all taxes, the donation being sanctified by a libation of water. He who poses an obstruction to this field exempt from all taxes shall incur the sin of slaughtering a thousand Brahmins in Vāraṇaśī. Whoever transgresses my decree, that villain deserves corporal punishment and he, moreover, shall incur the five great sins. There are also these verses pertinent to this:

-

There has never been and will never be a gift superior to the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin superior to the seizing of the same.

+

There has never been and will never be a gift surpassing the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin surpassing the seizing of the same.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

The executor ājñapti is Niravadya, the village headman of Sakalalokāśraya Śrī Pr̥thivī Jayasiṁha II.As already pointed out by Hultzsch, gāmuṇḍī must be connected to gāmuṇḍa, meaning ‘village headman’ and probably derived from Sanskrit grāma-kūṭa (see also s.v.). The executor’s name may have been Sakalalokāśraya (compare the executor possibly named Sarvajanāśraya in the Niḍupaṟu Grant of Jayasiṁha I), but this epithet is applied to Jayasiṁha II in line 8 and is more likely to refer to him here. It may have been Pr̥thivī or Pr̥thivīgāmuṇḍī, but the honorific preceding Pr̥thivī rather implies that it is a title of the king (short for Pr̥thivīvallabha?), and gāmuṇḍī is probably a common noun. Hultzsch speaks of the entire string niravadya-sakala-lokāśraya-śrī-pr̥thivī-gāmuṇḍin as a name, yet he does recognise that most of this string refers to the king and assumes that the headman was named after his sovereign; as another possibility, he proposes that the executor may have been Gobaḍḍi, named in line 14. I find this unlikely and believe that the name was Niravadya, but I have not investigated whether he can be identical, or related, to Niravadya Dhavala.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00029.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00029.xml index ffefe77f..a568ff9d 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00029.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00029.xml @@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ n="3v"/>

solidly taking the van for his lord, annihilated an enemy army in pitched battle fiery with sparks struck by the clash of weapon on weapon.

Moreover, he is Kāma in physical beauty, Yama in wrath, Arjuna in valour and Śūdraka in daring deeds.

To him we Amma I have granted the village named Drujjūru, converted into a rent-free holding mānya by a remission of all taxes. Its boundaries are as follows. To the east, the border is none other than the border of Tāḻugummi. To the south, the border is none other than the border of Goṭṭiprolu. To the west, the border is none other than the border of Malkaporamu. To the north, the border is none other than the border of Adupu. Let no obstacle be posed to his enjoyment of his rights over it. So too Vyāsa has said:

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

The executor ājñapti is the castellan kaṭaka-rāja.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00032.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00032.xml index 1b5baf79..975f472e 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00032.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00032.xml @@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ n="62"/>Uttarataḥ

Pure in descent and even purer in conduct, proven worthy of high office niyukta-karman by trials of honesty upadhā, he is esteemed by honest men, has a numerous flock of honest dependants poṣya, and is kind in speech and action to all living beings.

Being pleased with his excessive troubles undertaken on our behalf, we have granted to him the village Diggubaṟṟu.

Its boundaries are as follows. To the east, Krañca. To the south, Kranūru. To the west andIt is also possible that space was left blank for the name of the western boundary and was never filled; see the apparatus to line 61. to the north, Palukaunu. Let no-one pose an obstacle to his enjoyment of his rights over it.

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00034.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00034.xml index 3cb6f0a3..394dfa6d 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00034.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00034.xml @@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ n="9" break="no"/>śataM

His observance is purifying, his guiding principle naya is that of Manu,Due to a lacuna of two characters, the interpretation of the first hemistich is not entirely certain, but its purport must have been something much like that translated here. and the recitation of the Vedas and Om praṇava is second nature to him.

Let it be known to you that on the occasion of the winter solstice we have given to him the field formerly belonging toDue to a lacuna, the interpretation of the text is again uncertain here. the krama reciter Dāmodara, to the west of the village named Ākulamannaṇḍu, converted into a rent-free holding agrahāra by a remission of all taxes, the donation being sanctified by a libation of water, on the grounds that he Viddamayya is in fact his Dāmodara’s maternal grandson.

Its boundaries are as follows. To the east, the great canal koḍuAccording to Kielhorn's note, kōḍu means “rivulet, branch of a river” in Telugu, but in Kannaḍa, “peak or top of a hill.”. To the south, a canal koḍu. To the west, the border of the village Kraṁkaṭavvā. To the north, the same. Let no-one pose an obstacle to his enjoyment of his rights over it.

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00035.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00035.xml index 9dc8fded..b94da55b 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00035.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00035.xml @@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ n="40" break="no"/>r

Hey, great lowly amahat is the virtue of Koramiya, for his intellect can discern knowledge of the future does not discern knowledge he has obtained, his conduct is dedicated to blameless action adverse to blameless action, and his mind is not inclined toward consuming leftovers śeṣa bent on all sensual enjoyments.Yet again, Fleet translates the stanza at face value. However, the most straightforward interpretation of the last statement is indeed as Fleet translates it, his mind is inclined to all kinds of enjoyment, but I fail to see how this could support a claim for great virtue (much less, as Fleet puts it, religious merit). Given this, I feel we must search for alternative interpretations of all the statements, which would make their purport the opposite. While the text aho mahat easily allows the reading aho ’mahat, I do not find it easy to arrive at a negative meaning for the first two statements and a positive one for the third. Nonetheless, with a bit of a stretch such meanings can be found, and I am quite confident that the composer had something much like this in mind. That said, the positive meanings are more natural in all quarters except the one about enjoyments, whereas one would rather expect a “laudation by abuse” to work the other way round and yield the positive meaning only after careful scrutiny.

To that one named Koramiya, the head official mukhya of the treasury of gold and the chancellery, śrīkaraṇaOr, as Fleet takes it, the records office of the treasury of gold. we have given on the occasion of the winter solstice the village named Elavaṟṟu, converted into a rent-free holding agrahāra by a remission of all taxes, the donation being sanctified by a libation of water. Let this be known to you.

Its boundaries are as follows. To the east, the border is Gomaḍuvu. To the southeast, the border of Ḍagguṁbaṟṟu. To the south, the border of Iṇṭhūru. To the southwest and west, the border of Preṁpaṟṟu. To the northwest, the border of Tuṟimiṇḍu. To the north and northeast, the border of Amutunūru. Let no-one pose an obstacle to his enjoyment of his rights over it. He who does so shall have the five great sins. Vyāsa spoke thus,

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

The executor ājñapti is the castellan kaṭaka-rāja. The poetry is Potana Bhaṭṭa’s. Written likhita by Jontācārya.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00036.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00036.xml index d55e1fd1..5004d881 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00036.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00036.xml @@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ The son of his brother the heir-apparent Having been requested by these two, our Amma II’s father-in-law and mother-in-law, on the occasion of the winter solstice we have given a field sufficient for sowing twelve khaṇḍikās of kodrava seed by the royal measure in the eastern direction of the village named Guṇḍugolanu to Vāmanaśarman, grandson of the Vājasaneya Vāmanabhaṭṭa of the Bhāradvāja gotra, a resident of the village Kallūru and son of Śivvanabhaṭṭa, the donation being sanctified by a libation of water. Let this be known to you. Substantiated as a copperplate charter with a remission of all taxes.

The boundaries of this field are as follows. To the east, Tepalamupariya. To the south, Punnīsvaramma-nagaruvu. To the west, the pannasaPannasa is an obscure term that may mean land held in some sort of tenure. See pannasa. of Bhaṭāri. To the north, Guṇḍiyabhaṭlaveṟuvu. Let no-one pose an obstacle to his enjoyment of his rights over it. He who does so shall be conjoined with the five great sins. So too Vyāsa has said:

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

The executor ājñapti is the castellan kaṭaka-rāja. The guardians of this charter shall be the lords Kalvapa, Akṣī and Umācepu, who are soldiers of the marches velā-bhaṭaThe term velā-bhaṭa also occurs the Pāṁbaṟṟu grant of Amma II, where it is applied to a Ballaladeva, a member of the Paṭṭavardhinī family. I tentatively translate it as a soldier of the marches, but other meanings are possible, including "soldier of the coastland" or "soldier of the harbour." entitled to crane feather fans balāka-piṁccha and parasols, and who possess a great force of elephants and two thousands of both kinds of troops.I do not fully understand this sentence; see also the commentary. The segmentation of the string kalvapākṣīvumācepu into three names is in particular arbitrary; by my intuition these are plausible names and the v may be epenthetic between ī and u. Both kinds of troops may meen cavalry and infantry, but the compound where this phrase occurs is itself uncertainly interpreted, and its place in the syntax is problematic. The poetry is Potana Bhaṭṭa’s.

This excellent charter, handed out by Rājamahendra Amma II, was written likhita by the one named Koṇḍācārya, who is comparable to Viśvakarman.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00037.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00037.xml index f7bc864b..c1fbafbd 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00037.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00037.xml @@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ with great devotion for the purpose of the famous charity hall The whole of this stanza is rather poorly composed. While its essence is definitely in agreement with my translation here, some details may have ben conceived differently in the mind of its composer. In particular, the relative pronoun yatra, which I along with Fleet translate as “whereby,” is problematic. In addition, some of the words may have been intended in a different meaning and/or as a different part of the sentence. These include śrīmat, which I translate as “rich” qualifying the village, while Fleet seems to take it in compound with the following words, translating “holy and famous” (?); uccair, which I understand to mean “publicly,” while Fleet may have construed it together with santuṣṭā, translating “with great pleasure”; and iṣṭaṁ, which I translate “attractive” while Fleet takes it to mean “wished for by him”.

It has been donated on the occasion of the winter solstice for the purpose of the renovation of what is broken and cracked khaṇḍa-sphuṭita, with a remission of all taxes, substantiated as a copperplate charter.

Its boundaries are as follows. To the east, Āruvilli. To the south, Korukolanu. To the west, Yiḍiyūru. To the north, Yullikodamaṇḍru. The boundaries of its fields are as follows. To the east, Śarkarakuṟṟu. To the south, Iṟṟulakoḻu. To the west, the verge of the fields of Iḍiyūru. To the north, Kaṁcariguṇḍu.Fleet, who consulted Hultzsch on the Telugu words, notes that Śarkarakuṟṟu may be the name of a village, as Telugu kuṟṟu means a small hamlet and is a frequent ending in village names. He translates pola-garusu as „waste land,” but according to Jens Thomas (personal communication, November 2021), garusu means “border” in early Telugu. Fleet’s translation speaks of the rock(?) called Kañcariguṇḍu, but he gives no explanation of this name. Let no-one pose an obstacle to the enjoyment of rights over it. He who does so shall be conjoined with the five great sins.

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

The headmanship grāmakūṭatva of this village has been granted in perpetuity to Kusumāyudha, the son of Kaṭṭalāmbā.Fleet makes no comment on this, but given that the donor is probably herself a courtesan, it seems likely that this man is the son of a courtesan. His name is the name of the god Kāma, and his descent is indicated by his mother’s, rather than his father’s, name. For this village there is an exemption from the tax called kappa.Fleet’s translation of this sentence goes, That, belonging to this village, which is named kappa, is exempt from taxes. To this he adds a note saying that kappa seems to be a Kannaḍa word meaning “tribute,” but the exact bearing of the passage is not apparent. Intuitively, I believe the intent of the composer was what I translate here. Although there is no way for the sentence to mean this through proper Sanskrit syntax, I believe this clause was added by a clerk whose grasp of Sanskrit was poor.

The executor ājñapti is the castellan kaṭakādhīśa, and Bhaṭṭadeva is the writer lekhaka. The poet Kavicakravartin is the composer of the poetry in this charter. The end of this stanza is based on the restoration suggested by Fleet.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00039.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00039.xml index 1843e8bc..0dec029a 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00039.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00039.xml @@ -825,7 +825,7 @@ Magnificent like Indra the Lord of the

Truthfulness, purity, compassion, generosity, religious observance and a magnanimous mindset: all this and more comes to him instinctively even in the Kali age.

To that one named Dommana, on the occasion of the winter solstice we have given the village named Māṁgallu, converted into a rent-free holding agrahāra by a remission of all taxes, the donation being sanctified by a libation of water. Let this be known to you.

Its boundaries are as follows.Throughout this passage, I translate the Telugu phrases tentatively and incompletely on the basis of words occurring in other Eastern Cālukya inscriptions and translated by the respective editors. To the east, the yilindi pond at the verge of the fields of Koḍupulūr. To the southeast, the pannasaPannasa is an obscure term that may mean land held in some sort of tenure. See pannasa. of Kuṟṟalabola. To the south, the border of Laṁjiyamāḍa. To the southwest, the river Munna. To the west, Pallikaṇṭi-bhaṭāraṇḍu. To the northwest, the triple boundary juncture. To the north, the tamarind tree at the verge of the fields of Koṇḍṟūru. To the northeast, the pulugudlaEstienne-Monod translates l’étang au lotus. pond at the triple boundary juncture. Let no-one pose an obstacle to his enjoyment of his rights over it. He who does so shall be conjoined with the five great sins. So Vyāsa has said:

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

Over and over again, Rāmabhadra begs all these future kings: “Each in your own time, you shall respect this framework of legality that is universally applicable to kings!”

The executor ājñapti is the castellan kaḍaka-rāja. The composition is by Potana Bhaṭṭa.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00040.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00040.xml index c0ea57b2..5f759594 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00040.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00040.xml @@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ n="51"/>Its boundaries are as follows. To the east, a mound dūba in the centre of the Yisupakaṭṭala tank ceṟuvu at the verge of the fields of the village Maṇḍayūru.Here and below, I translate the Telugu on the basis of the commentary by KR and a smattering of words picked up from related inscriptions, without any claim to authority or correctness. To the southeast, a cluster of silk-cotton trees at the triple boundary juncture with the villages Ālapaṟṟu and Jūṁṭūru i.e. Cūṁṭūru. To the south, the Kuṇḍiviḍḍi pond guṇṭha on the north of the ancient village sitePerhaps rather, “of the boundary village”? Cūṁṭūru. To the southwest, the temple of Poṭyavva, the village goddess of Cūṁṭūru. To the west, reṭipaḍumaṭidari. To the northwest, the Gārala pond guṇṭha at the verge of the fields of the village Valiveru. To the north, a swamp paḍuva belonging to the village Tepparāla. To the northeast, the Naḍupani pond guṇṭha at the triple boundary juncture with the villages Koḍa-Gāḻidipaṟṟu and Valiveru.

“May the most excellent decree pronounced by the two princelings remain inviolable for a very long time!”—for that purpose this respectable decree,The syntax of this stanza is quite awkward. I see no other way to make sense of rājakoktam and the two iterations of śāsanam than to assume that the text from stheyād to rājakoktaṁ was intended to stand as if in quote marks, referring to a charter issued by Bhīma and Naravāhana, which is now endorsed by a royal charter. which makes the doctrine of the Jina prosper, has been issued: this decree of that Lord of Veṅgī: Ammarāja of honourable fame, the repository of manifest virtues, whose feet are intensely brightened by the jasmine buds in the jewelled tiaras and head wreaths of droves of other rulers awed by his valour.

Let no-one pose an obstacle to the enjoyment of rights over it. He who does so shall be conjoined with the five great sins. So too Vyāsa has said:

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

Over and over again, Rāmabhadra begs all these future kings: “Each in your own time, you shall respect this framework of legality that is universally applicable to kings!”

Hereby I offer my respectful obeisance añjali to all future kings on earth, whether born in my lineage or a different royal lineage, who with minds averted from sin observe this ruling dharma of mine in its integrity.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00042.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00042.xml index 37325195..6b54463b 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00042.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00042.xml @@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ n="7" break="no"/>t-

To the grandson of His Reverence Viṣṇuśarman, who was born in the extremely pure Kāśyapa gotra and who was skilled in all arts and branches of lore āgama; the son of Cāmyanaśarman, who was devoted to conducting himself according to the teaching of Manu; to Viṣṇuśarman, a resident of Geraṇḍa who is thoroughly versed in the Vedas and Vedāṅgas, engaged in the the six duties of a Brahmin, devoted to the LordThe text is ambiguous here and the meaning may be that he is devoted to his lord, i.e. to the king. I believe that religious devotion to a god was more likely intended here. and dedicated to honourable observances, on the occasion of the winter solstice we have given a field sufficient for sowing twelve khaṇḍikās of kodrava seed by the royal measure in the eastern direction of the village named Nammūru,Or Nanammūru; see the apparatus to line 25. with a remission of all taxes, the donation being sanctified by a libation of water.

The boundaries of this field are as follows. To the east, the border is a pond with a demarcation stone. To the south, the border is none other than the border of the pannasaPannasa is an obscure term that may mean land held in some sort of tenure. See pannasa. of Pandi-Pedderi. To the west, the border is Kroppeṭi Tūrppu. To the north, the Īndula pond. The field is situated within these boundaries. Let no-one pose an obstacle to his enjoyment of his rights over it. He who does so shall have the five great sins.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty millennia.

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00045.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00045.xml index a24e524e..f49331f4 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00045.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00045.xml @@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ n="69" break="no"/>sta-bhuvanāśrayasya devālayasya dīpa-s

Built here at the Samasta-Bhuvanāśraya temple a stone temple and a painted monastery maṭha of three stories, and this Prabhūtarāśi received from the king three villages, land, and a thousand nanny goats.

Let no-one pose an obstacle to the enjoyment of rights over it. He who does so shall be tainted with the five great sins. So too it has been said:

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

The donor of this decree shall be King Amma for the sake of glory. Its composer kartr̥ is the master guru Vidyeśvara II; the executor ājñapti is the castellan kaṭaka-nāyaka.

For the purpose of lights, whitewash, charity kitchen and offerings at that Samasta-Bhuvanāśraya temple, a thousand nanny goats There was evidently a fifth plate in this set, which may have been melted down by the finder along with the seal. Since the text of the grant ends formally in line 68, it seems likely that this last sentence was added as an afterthought or appendix, and probably did not occupy much of the fifth plate. It may have stated that the goats were the gift of someone else, although they are said to be the king’s gift in verse 20. Compare the Jaḷayūru grant of Viṣṇuvardhana III, where a similar appendix records that the homestead land to go with the royal donation of cultivable land was the gift of the executor, and a less clear Telugu appendix in the Kalucuṁbaṟṟu grant of Amma II.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00049.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00049.xml index 89fa046e..89c69d13 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00049.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00049.xml @@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ The son of this abode of honourable virtue and of the faithful Cīḍamambā is

Its boundaries are as follows.Throughout this passage, I translate the Telugu phrases tentatively on the basis of VV’s translation and words occurring in other Eastern Cālukya inscriptions. To the east, the western bank of the tank in the middle of Kauta. To the southeast, the western bank of the Wood-apple Pond at the triple boundary juncture of Mrontukaṟṟu, Bālūru and Raṇastipūṇḍi. To the south, the road on the ridge sloping to the bank of the Big Tank. To the southwest, the Tamarind Pond at the triple boundary juncture of Pālūru,This name is evidently identical to Bālūru above. VV in his translation normalises the former to Pālūru. Goṟukeṭu and Raṇastipūṇḍi. To the west, a bush in KoṟukeṭuEvidently the same name as Goṟukeṭu above. VV normalises both to Koṟukēṟu in his translation. To the northwest, the border is none other than the border of Ḻulla. To the north, the border is none other than the border of Kaḻapaṟṟu and Eḻṭa. To the northeast, the triple boundary juncture of Eḻṭa, Mrontukaṟṟu and Raṇastipūṇḍi.

The boundaries of the llaṁghana field named Tāṁkalapolamu,The meaning of the text is not clear here; see the apparatus to line 92. VV translates, The boundaries of the Āmallaṅghana(?) field in the fields of Tāṅkala. which is attached to this rent-free holding agrahāra named Raṇastipūṇḍi, are as follows. To the east and to the south, Gāṁgaleru.According to VV, this is the name of a river. To the west, Kollikuṟṟu near Siripodipūṇḍi, Goṅgalanrolu and Ḻulla.Here too, I follow the translation of VV, including his indication of uncertainty. To the north, the border is none other than the border of Siripodipūṇḍi.

Let no-one pose an obstacle to the enjoyment of rights over it. He who does so shall have the five great sins. So too has the reverend master Vyāsa spoken:

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

Of this decree issued in the course of the eighth regnal year in the month Siṁha, the recipient is the lord of Brahmins, with the title “His Honour the Commander of Law Enforcement daṇḍanāyaka”.

The executor ājñapti is Nr̥pakāma; Bhīmana Bhaṭṭa, the son of Rāciya Pedderi is the author of these verses; and the writer lekhaka of the decree is Jontācārya.VV reads the prose in line 97 with this stanza, taking the prose to be a description of Nr̥pakāma. This is possible, but it seems more likely to me that the prose passage is yet another description of Minister Vajra. Nr̥pakāma is certainly different from the Nr̥pakāma mentioned in the Ārumbāka grant of Bādapa, who was already old when that grant was issued. Bhīmana Bhaṭṭa, the son of Rāciya Pedderi is also the executor of the Korumelli and Kalidiṇḍi grants of Rājarāja I, where his title is kaṭakeśa and the name or title Nr̥pakāma does not appear. Nonetheless, the Nr̥pakāma mentioned here as executor may be the same person as Bhīmana Bhaṭṭa, in which case Jontācārya was both the composer and the writer. Finally, Jontācārya in turn is probably, but not certainly, different from the Jontācārya who was the writer of several grants of Amma II. diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00050.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00050.xml index a29974a9..187f3deb 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00050.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00050.xml @@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ n="5v"/>

Having understood that, let them the people addressed avoid and prevent infringement of the conferred rights. Whoever transgresses my decree, that villain deserves corporal punishment.

Furthermore, the executor ājñapti in this matter is His Majesty Aṇaghavarman,Or perhaps Amoghavarman, see the apparatus to line. I have no clue who this obviously illustrious personage may have been, nor does Hultzsch offer an opinion. the supreme devotee of Maheśvara who is a sun among men resembling the sun crowning the summit of the Sunrise Mountain, a Noble Mountain kula-parvata to the circle of the earth that is the Ayyaṇa lineage, victorious in the clash of many a battle.

Furthermore, there are two ślokas sung by BrahmāOr: by Brahmins.relevant in this matter.

-

There has never been and will never be a gift superior to the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin superior to the seizing of the same.

+

There has never been and will never be a gift surpassing the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin surpassing the seizing of the same.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, imbibes the sin of the slayer of a hundred thousand cows.

The tablet was given in the second year of the progressive triumphant reign, on the full moon of Vaiśākha,See the commentary. on the occasion of an eclipse. Let there be welfare svasti to all beings. Written likhita by Pāṁbeya the most excellent atharvan priest.Or, “the atharvan priest Pāṁbeya Sarvottama.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00053.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00053.xml index 27fa19d4..a7d8f646 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00053.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00053.xml @@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ n="5v"/>

Moreover, whosoever would pose an obstacle to the donee’s rights out of a lack of discernment moha or out of greed shall be conjoined with the five great sins. In addition, there are also the following verses of Veda-vyāsa on this matter.

One who takes away income vr̥tti sanctioned aṅkita by a royal decree śāsana incurs the fate of one who murders his lord, a cow, a Brahmin, a child, a woman or an ascetic.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

With regard to this decree written likhita by Kanakarāma, there are sixty-four shares. One share each for these names. This passage is again obscure. Hultzsch tentatively emends the text to mean “One share each for these Brahmins” and believes that the Brahmins referred to may include the four boḷs mentioned in lines 28-29 above, in addition to the principal donee Ceṇḍiśarman. He further assumes that the pronoun eteṣām, “these”, implies that the Brahmins in question would have been assembled in the king’s presence when he made the grant. I have no opinion pro or contra, except that the required emendation is a major one (not the rectification of a scribal error), and that is the assumption that the donees were assembled is correct, this gathering would probably have taken place at the village in question and not in the king’s presence. I wonder if the donees were in fact listed on an additional plate that is now lost.

one share. Coḍa-boḷ, one third share.See the commentary. diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00057.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00057.xml index dff50407..12ea7a61 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00057.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00057.xml @@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ n="27"/>kadeveluvu vr̥kṣamūla-caityaṁbu kṣ

Greetings from the majestic encampment of victory.Or perhaps, “the encampment at Vijayavāṭa.” See the apparatus to line 1. The grandson of His Majesty King mahārāja Viṣṇuvardhana, who attained victory by quashing the aggression of enemies in many battles and who was eager to adorn the lineage of the majestic Caḷukyas—who are of the Mānavya gotra, who are sons of Hārītī, who are protected by the band of Mothers, who have conquered the entirety of rulers by means of the mere sight of the Boar emblem they have acquired by the grace of the divine Nārāyaṇa, and whose limbs have been hallowed through washing in the purificatory ablutions avabhr̥tha of the Aśvamedha sacrifice—; the dear son of the majestic King mahārāja Indra Bhaṭṭāraka, His Majesty King mahārāja Viṣṇuvardhana II, who was deliberately appointed as heir by his mother and father and whose ever-increasing valour forces the entire circle of subordinate rulers sāmanta to bow, who achieves prosperity by means in accordance with the textbooks of moral duty dharmaśāstra composed by Manu and so on, who is true to his word like Yudhiṣṭhira, as versed in polity naya as Br̥haspati and as versed in discipline vinaya as Manu—having been petitioned by the son of the forehead ornament of the Ayyaṇa family of Mudinī village named Pr̥thivīvallabha, namely by Bhaṭṭāraka Mañcirāja, who had received instruction from Kanakanandi Ācārya, who was a disciple of Gihanandi Ācārya who inhabited the village named Purucai in Dramiḷa territory viṣaya and was a member in the Yāpanīya Vr̥kṣamūla congregation saṁgha of Ponnikall—Viṣṇuvardhana II commands military officers senāpati, royal agents rāja-puruṣa and other functionaries as well as householders inhabiting the royal seat rājadhānī named Kasimi in Minuṁbāka district viṣaya as follows:Both the reading and the interpretation of the text is problematic at the end of this passage. See the apparatus and the commentary for my reasoning.

Upon receipt of this copperplate charter, let it be known to you that in the ongoing second year of the victorious reign, in the course of the month Jyeṣṭha, in the bright fortnight, on the thirteenth, a Monday,PS in his discussion of the grants translates candra-dine as Wednesday. in order to augment our merit, vitality, health and glory, I have given to the Bhaṭṭāra Mañci monastery vihāra, which is a residence of the Arhats, with a remission of all taxes, the Kavi Alambu field which has an extent of two nivartanas and, to the east of that field, the Toṭa field which is of an extent suitable for the planting of a thousand betelnut trees. The extents of itsI assume that the boundaries pertain to the field and the orchard as a combined entity, but this is not clear from the text. borders are as follows. To the east and south, the Viḷaṭṭura Kuṭi field. To the west, Kasimi. To the north, a Brahmin’s granted land brahma-deya.

The authority ājñapti is the king’s own mouth.

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

A donor of land rejoices in heaven for sixty millennia, while a seizer of granted land and a condoner of such seizure shall reside in hell for just as many.

That one who takes away that which has been sanctioned aṅkita by a royal decree śāsana incurs the fate of one who murders his lord, cows, Brahmins, children, women or ascetics.

Pray what man would ever partake again of those donations given by kings in the past to generate merit dharma, wealth artha and fame, which are now comparable to discarded garlands or vomit?

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00060.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00060.xml index 658dcbca..78e60d37 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00060.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00060.xml @@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ n="23" break="no"/>-sahasrānṇi
Plates

Greetings. The dear son of His Majesty King mahārāja Viṣṇuvardhana II, who was eager to adorn the lineage of the majestic Calukhyas—who are of the Mānavya gotra which is praised by the entire world, who are sons of Hāriti, who are protected by the Mothers who are the mothers of the seven worlds, who are devoted to the feet of the divine Lord Mahāsena, to whom enemy territories instantaneously submit at the mere sight of the superior Boar emblem they have acquired by the grace of the majestic Nārāyaṇa, and whose bodies have been hallowed through washing in the purificatory ablutions avabhr̥tha of the Aśvamedha sacrifice—was His Majesty King mahārāja Sarvalokāśraya Maṅgi Yuvarāja, whose valour bowed down the entire circle of subordinate rulers sāmanta and whose exquisite reputation as Vijayasiddhi who prevails in victory was sung as far as the shores of the ocean. His son, His Majesty the supremely pious King mahārāja Jayasiṁha Vallabha II—who was deliberately appointed as heir by his mother and father and whose pair of lotus feet were bedecked by a mass of beams from gems fitted to the surfaces of the crowns of enemy kings bowed down by the blade of his sword, who is ferocious as the sun, yet pleasing like the moon to the eyes and minds of all people, whose power is as irresistible as the spear of Guha Skanda, and who is endowed with the three powers śakti-traya—commands as follows.

To wit: let it be known that in the third year of our progressive triumphant reign, on the occasion of Viṣṇupāda,According to Ramesan, this occasion is obviously the Viṣṇusaṁkrānti. I have no knowledge of a festival by this name and have not researched it. in order to acquire merit for our mother and father as well as for ourselves, a field sufficient for sowing twelve khaṇḍikās of kodrava in Pennātavāḍi district viṣaya, at the village named Cendaṟa, in the eastern direction of that village—to the south is the border of the village named Kṟoyuru; to the west is a tank taṭāka; to the north is a tank taṭāka and the border of the field of Cevarapalli-boya; to the east is the border of the village Kalvatoṟu;I am far from certain in my interpretation of the arrangement of the boundaries. The east is mentioned twice, for the first time with a declensional ending that does not make sense in the context. I assume that this first mention of the east was intended to signify that the granted land is to the east of Cendaṟa, but if so, then the regular list of boundaries in the four directions begins with the south rather than with the customary east. Other possibilities of interpreting the list may be to assume that Cendaṟa is to the east of the donated land, in which case Kalvatoṟu, listed at the end, is also to the east; or that Cendaṟa is to the southeast, and Kalvatoṟu is directly to the east, in which case no southern boundary is listed. in the midst of these—has been given by us, Jayasiṁha II to Dugamaḍiśarman, a resident of Vaṅgipaṟu belonging to the Kāṇva gotra and to the school of the Āpastamba sūtra, son of Maḍiśarman and grandson of Dugamaḍiśarman, the donation being sanctified by a libation of water. The reverend Vyāsa too has said:

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

The executor is Vissarami

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00061.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00061.xml index 036aa148..e335ce04 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00061.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00061.xml @@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ n="27" break="no"/>naṁ veti

The grandson of His Majesty King mahārāja Viṣṇuvardhana II, who attained sovereignty through his triad of virtues in which he was quite beyond other kingsI do not know what triad of virtues guṇa-traya may have been intended here. Finding no similar phrase in related grants, I suspect that this may be a scribal omission (see the apparatus to line 7). With the emendation I suggest there, the meaning would be “whose virtues were quite beyond other kings and who attained sovereignty through the triad of his powers.” and who was eager to adorn the lineage of the majestic Caḷukyas—who are of the Mānavya gotra which is praised by the entire world, who are sons of Hariti,The phrase “who attained kingship by the grace of Kauśikī’s boon” is practically universal at this point and was probably omitted here out of neglect. who are protected by the band of Mothers, who were deliberately appointed to kingship by Lord Mahāsena, to whom all kingsSee the apparatus to line 4 for the tentative restoration that I translate here. instantaneously submit at the mere sight of the superior Boar emblem they have acquired by the grace of the divine Nārāyaṇa, and whose bodies have been hallowed through washing in the purificatory ablutions avabhr̥tha of the Aśvamedha sacrifice; the son of His Majesty King mahārāja Vijayasiddhi Maṅgi Yuvarāja, who surpasses the virtues of his father, and who is endowed with the three powers:See the apparatus to line 8 for the tentative restoration that I translate here. His Majesty the supremely pious King mahārāja Viṣṇuvardhana III—whose command is as incontrovertible as that of Śakra, who blazes like the sun, who gladdens the mind like the moonSee the apparatus to line 10. and who is as majestic as Nārāyaṇa possesses Śrī—commands as follows

To wit: let it be known to you that to Nandiśarman, a resident of Vaṁgīpura of the KāṇvaSee the apparatus to line 13. gotra and the Taittirīya school, son of Nandiśarman and grandson of Dun,The name partly lost here may have been Durganandiśarman, and father and grandfather may have been mixed up by the scribe. See also the commentary and the apparatus to lines 13 and 14. we have given in the southeastern direction of the village named Koṇḍakaṟipḻola in Nātavāḍi district viṣaya—To the east, the border is the road between Kṟokiyūru and Kaṟāru.Here and below in connection to Koṇḍakaṟipḻola and Padakaṁkūru, I assume without complete confidence that panta is a form of Sanskrit patha or pathin. The same form occurs in the Nutulapaṟu grant of Maṅgi Yuvarāja in association of a (probable) village name. The form panthaḥ is used with a village name (explicitly specified as a village) in the Pamiḍimukkala plates (set 2) of Viṣṇuvardhana II and the Peddāpurappāḍu plates (set 3) of Viṣṇuvardhana II, where it is distinguished from a rathyā-mārgaḥ. To the south, the border is a cliff. To the west, the border is a cliff. To the north, the border is the road between Koṇḍakaṟipḻola and Padakaṁkūru—in the midst of these boundaries, a field sufficient for sowing twelve khaṇḍikās of kodrava seed in order to acquire merit puṇya for our mother and father and ourselves, in the year that is the fifth year of our progressive victorious reign, on the occasion of an eclipse of the moon being in progress,See the apparatus to line 20 for my doubts concerning the reading of this phrase. the donation being sanctified by a libation of water. The reverend Vyāsa too has said:

-

Many kings have enjoyed the land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have enjoyed the land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

It is possible i.e. easy to give away what is yours, even if it is a great thing; but it is hard to preserve that given away by another. When it comes to the question, “donation or preservation of previous grants?”—the answer is that preservation is superior to donation.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00065.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00065.xml index b9c82608..95e3c3bf 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00065.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00065.xml @@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ n="23" break="no"/>raṇātThe village named Varppoṁgu in Piṣṭapura district viṣaya—To the east of that village is the village named Śrīvāḍa. To the south is the village named Narāva. To the west is the village named Pulkuṇṟa. To the north is the village named Kāravāḍa. Thus are its four boundaries.—this village Varppoṁgu has been granted by us, Vijayāditya II at the holy site of the god Trikoṭīśvara, on the occasion of an eclipse of the moon, the donation being sanctified by a libation of water, to the caturvedin Candanaśarman, son of Potaśarman who was engaged in the six duties of a Brahmin and grandson of Revaśarman, who was thoroughly versed in the Vedas and Vedāṅgas and was a resident of Iṇḍupuṟevu of the Kāśyapa gotra. Let no-one pose an obstacle to his enjoyment of his rights over it. He who does so shall be conjoined with the five great sins. Vyāsa too has uttered these verses.

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

-

There has never been and will never be a gift superior to the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin superior to the seizing of the same.

+

There has never been and will never be a gift surpassing the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin surpassing the seizing of the same.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00070.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00070.xml index 2d8b2776..6cee1d38 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00070.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00070.xml @@ -616,9 +616,9 @@ n="33" break="no"/>vyāt

Greetings. In order to augment his majesty, vitality, health and dominion, His Majesty the supremely pious Supreme Lord parameśvara of Emperors mahārājādhirāja, the Sovereign bhaṭṭāraka Vijayāditya Bādapa, shelter of the entire universe samasta-bhuvanāśraya, convokes all householders kuṭumbin—including foremost the territorial overseers rāṣṭrakūṭa—who reside in Velānāṇḍu district viṣaya and commands them as follows. To our minister Māvaśarman, who has undertaken pains for our sake, we have given the village named Īnteṟu, exempt from all taxes. Let this be known to you gentlemen.The closing phrase has been garbled by the scribe, but was certainly meant to convey this message.

The eastern boundary of this village is the Kavala pond guṇṭha and the high road. To the southeast its boundary is a columnar rock staṁbha-śilā, the temple’s fields gūḍi-polamu and the great reservoir peṁjeṟuvu. To the south, Īreṟū. To the southwest, Īreṟa.The names Īreṟū and Īreṟa clearly denote the same place, probably a village, probably not identical to Īnteṟu, the object of the grant. To the west, Īreṟa. To the northwest, the pond called Ocean. To the north, the Avuṟu stream koḍu. To the northeast, the triple boundary juncture trisaṁpāta and the Avuṟu tank kuṇṭha.

The executor ājñapti of this ruling dharma is Pāṇḍarāṁga, the storehouse of glory, son of the castellan kaṭaka-rāja and the sole principal of the domestic staff mūla-varga.I am not aware of any other occurrence of the term mūla-varga, but varga can mean “a group or cadre of officers” (Sircar IEG s.v.), so I assume the term means the officers in charge of the administration of the capital or the royal palace. This is to my knowledge the only attestation of a Pāṇḍarāṅga in the 10th century. He must be, or at least claim to be, a descendant of the great Pāṇḍarāṅga, possibly a great-great-grandson. It is also possible that the grant is spurious and claims an anachronistic authority here, but I would expect a spurious grant not to include so many unusual details as the present one.

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

-

There has never been and will never be a gift superior to the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin superior to the seizing of the same.

+

There has never been and will never be a gift surpassing the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin surpassing the seizing of the same.

“Each in your own time, you shall respect this framework of legality that is universally applicable to kings!”—thus Rāmabhadra begs all these future kings over and over again.

This poetry is Divākara’s. The decree is the writing lekhya of Vīra. Its owner svāmin, for as long as the moon and stars last, is Malla the son of Māvaśarman.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00071.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00071.xml index bf302250..9083195d 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00071.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00071.xml @@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ n="71"/>nāgamaTo these two, Malliyarāja and Goṇḍiyarāja, being pleased with their tribulations undertaken on our behalf, we have granted the Pottepināṇḍu three-hundred in your district, substantiated as a copperplate charter with a remission of all taxes. Let this be known to you.

Its boundaries are as follows. To the east, the river named Paṁpavādi.MN suggests that this is the Pampāvatī river near modern Hampi, but this seems far from certain. The name is less than identical (see also the apparatus to line 60), and the region is too far outside the Eastern Cālukya domain. The donated land is bounded on the west by Minuṁbākanāṇḍū. A Mīnuṁbāka viṣaya is featured in the Peddāpurappāḍu plates (set 2) of Viṣṇuvardhana II, with a capital (rāja-dhānī) at Kasimi or Kisimi. The first editor of these plates (47-48) identifies this place as Kasimkoṭa in the Pithapuram taluk of East Godavari District. Even if that identification is incorrect, a district where Viṣṇuvardhana II (or a contemporary of his) granted land could not have been to the west of the Pampāvatī. To the south, Uttaravarusa. To the west, Minuṁbāka-nāṇḍū. To the north, the Vedeguna seventy.MN silently normalises the word ḍebhbhadi to ḍebbadi, Telugu for seventy. I assume that the interpretation is correct.

The prince yuvarāja who controls an elephant force and whose troops are a host of two thousand and thirty-two warriors.These words are not linked in any way to the surrounding text. MN and his editor are probably correct in assuming that the person mentioned here is charged with enforcing and protecting the grant as per the next sentence. MN believes that this yuvarāja is the Eastern Cālukya crown prince. His editor objects, noting that this is probably a different dignitary, and points to the yuvarāja Ballaladeva velā-bhaṭa in the Pāṁbaṟṟu grant of Amma II for a parallel, whom he equates to velā-bhaṭa in the Guṇḍugolanu grant of Amma II, where he seems to be charged with the protection of the grant and is said to possess a force of elephants and (or four) two thousand warriors. The relevant passages of both these grants are problematic, but at any rate, the yuvarāja mentioned here is indeed probably not a Cālukya crown prince. This decree is to be protected as long as the moon, the stars, the earth and the noble mountains kula-śaila remain. Let no-one pose an obstacle over it. He who does so shall have the five great sins. So Vyāsa has said:

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty millennia.

Hereby I offer my respectful obeisance añjali to all future kings on earth, whether born in my lineage or a different royal lineage, who with minds averted from sin observe this ruling dharma of mine in its integrity.

Even a dog, though a consumer of the vomit of others, does not eat its own puke. The villain who revokes his own gift is more miserable than a dog.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00072.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00072.xml index c260589d..af10d640 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00072.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00072.xml @@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ n="20" break="no"/>śrir̥Plates

Greetings. From the ocean that is the lineage of the majestic Calukyas—who are of the Mānavya gotra which is praised by the entire world,The standard phrase “who are sons of Hāritī” was probably omitted by the scribe here., who attained kingship by the grace of Kauśikī’s boon, who were deliberately appointed to kingship by Lord Mahāsena, who are protected by the band of Mothers, who acquired the superior Boar emblem by the grace of the divine Nārāyaṇa, and whose bodies have been hallowed through washing in the purificatory ablutions avabhr̥tha of the Aśvamedha sacrifice—had arisen a moon who was His Majesty King mahārāja Jayasiṁha Vallabha I, who earned his great good reputation by his political acumen naya, discipline vinaya and valour. His dear younger brother was Indra Bhaṭṭāraka whose valour equalled Indra’s. His son was His Majesty King mahārāja Viṣṇuvardhana II, who perfumed the complete circle of the quarters with pleasant fragrance from the efflorescence of his glory achieved by martial victory attained in the clash of many a battle. His dear son, His Majesty King mahārāja Sarvalokāśraya Maṅgi Yuvarāja, who surpasses the virtues of his father, who is endowed with the three powers, who is His Majesty Vijayasiddhi prevailing in victory in applications of sciences such as critical investigation ānvīkṣikī and whose pair of feet are tinted by the hues of the rays from the many gems fitted to the surfaces of the crowns of prominent enemy kings bowed down by the blade of his sword, commands thus.

I have granted land in the Veṁgi district viṣaya, at the village named Elūru, to Śrīdharaśarman of the Bhāradvāja gotra and the Taittirīya school, a resident of Ayyavoḷu, grandson of Viṣṇuśarman and son of Vennaśarman, engaged in the the six duties of a Brahmin. Item, in the eastern direction of the village. A termite mound to the east. A termite mound to the south. A termite mound to the west. An oxbow lakeSee the apparatus to line 17 about this word. to the north. A field demarcated with these four boundaries, comprising an area sufficient for sowing twelve khaṇḍikās of kodrava seed. Item, in the northern direction of the village. The MūlāṁbuOr perhaps “the pond in Mūla” if this word ends in a Telugu locative rather than the Sanskrit word ambu. pond to the east. An oxbow lake to the south. The border of the village ColivinthiThe stem form of this name may be Colivinnu. to the west. An oxbow lake to the north. A field demarcated with these four boundaries, comprising an area sufficient for sowing twelve khaṇḍikās of kodrava seed. These have been given, the donation being sanctified by a libation of water, on the occasion of the annaprāśa ceremony of prince Viṣṇuvardhana III. Also, a homestead plot together with a flower garden. All these were donated with an exemption from all taxes, in the year that is the tenth year of the progressive triumphant reign.

-

There has never been and will never be a gift superior to the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin superior to the seizing of the same.

+

There has never been and will never be a gift surpassing the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin surpassing the seizing of the same.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by anotherThe text ends abruptly here.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00075.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00075.xml index 34e98a9d..1add89ef 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00075.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00075.xml @@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ n="3v"/>

Let it be known to you that to the one named Ḻaṁgāthikaśvara, of the Kauṇḍinya gotra and the Vājasaneya school, grandson of Sabbiśarman and son of Vīthiśarman, on the occasion of his having been a help to our sword, we have given, the donation being sanctified by a libation of water and converted into a rent-free holding agrahāra by a remission of all taxes, the village named Pañcapāka along with its twelve hamlets, as well as the hamlet Koppani, the hill of the village Potūru, the hamlet Vallani and the village Podaṟupāka.

The boundaries of these are as follows.The Telugu phrases in the boundary description are translated very tentatively, with the aid of Jens Thomas. To the east, the eastern extremity of the hill of the village Potūru. To the southeast, the way shelter paṁdri named Sattavu and the scree of the hill mroḍlāni garugu. To the south, the old road coming from the vicinity of Kanaṟuvat toward Ummeṁggi. To the southwest too, that same road. To the west, the Nijjhara river between the hamlets of Ummeṁggi and Koppani. To the northwest, the border is none other than the border of Śarkarakutti. To the north, the Paṁpā river. To the northeast, the border is none other than the border of cīkulūri vāka.

Let no-one pose an obstacle over this ruling dharma. He who does so shall go to hell, conjoined with the five great sins. So too has the reverend Vyāsa said.

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty millennia.

Over and over again, Rāmabhadra begs all these future kings: “Each in your own time, you shall respect this framework of legality that is universally applicable to kings!”

Hereby I offer my respectful obeisance añjali to all future kings on earth, whether born in my lineage or a different royal lineage, who with minds averted from sin observe this ruling dharma of mine in its integrity.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00078.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00078.xml index af1fb105..5c2da3c3 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00078.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00078.xml @@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ n="5v"/>

I Rājarāja I, with water in the hand for sanctification, have given the village named Korumelli, converted into a rent-free holding agrahāra at an eclipse of the moon. May it remain as long as the moon and stars. The nature of its boundaries shall now be told.

To the east, the border is the kimaṭṭi-kāliya of Kūḍakuniyyūru. To the south, the border is none other than the border of the villages Vānapalli, Saṁppataniya and Māvuṇḍeṭi. To the southwest, the border is that of Godāvari. To the west, the border is būruvu-doṁgla.Could this mean a hollow silk-cotton tree? To the northwest, the border is none other than the border of the villages Veneṭi and Māsara. To the north, the border is māsara-ponbeḍuvamu khalmeṇḍi-kāliyu. To the northeast, the border is the kaḍali-cāṭi to the north of Eṟuvaṁka. Let no-one pose an obstacle to his enjoyment of his rights over it. He who does so shall be conjoined with the five great sins. So too has a multitude of great sages beginning with the reverend Vyāsa said:

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty millennia.

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

The executor ājñapti is the Castellan kaṭakeśa, Rāciya Pedderi’s son named Bhīmana. The author of the verses is Potana Bhaṭṭa. The writer lekhaka of this grant is Gaṇḍācārya.

The annual income collectible from this village has been set by the king at twenty-five niṣkas in coinage and two hundred and fifty khaṇḍakas of grain.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00080.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00080.xml index 116b7416..20f6d648 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00080.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00080.xml @@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ n="55"/>koṇḍaloya| pesaledu

The bordersThe word for borders appears twice, probably due to inattentive correction in the text. See the apparatus to line 31. Throughout this passage, my segmentation into names and words is conjectural and may be off in several places. of this village in the intercardinal directions are as follows. To the southeast, it is up to the line extending from the Cemromula tank in Viriguṇṭa to the uñca pannasa of tūbhāmogaḍlanūyi. In the southwestern direction, the boundary is up to the line extending from the western cāṭṟayi of Rāvi-guṇṭa to the border of Elamañci and Kuṭṟu-kallu. In the northwestern direction, the boundary is up to the border of Ṭiggi and Ṟaï. In the northeastern direction, the boundary is up to the border of Muvvuṁ-ḍoṁka and Podalu. Thus it is demarcated by four boundaries in the intercardinal directions.

Let no-one pose an obstacle to the enjoyment of rights over it. He who does so shall be conjoined with the five great sins. There is no conflict of interest concerning the sāda and ari-sāda taxes applicable to this village.This sentence may mean something entirely different. A tax named sāda appears in Sircar’s Indian Epigraphical Glossary, attested in an inscription of the Kalyāṇī Cālukya yuvarāja Mallikārjuna. Vyāsa has said:

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

The extent of all the fields at this village amounts to that sowable with a thousand and fifty measures of kodrava seed.

May there be blessing for the sin-destroying teaching of the Kings of Victors jinendra: the sun that splits the clouds asunder when it clashes with the darkness of unworthy authorities unpleasant fords.

The executor ājñapti is the Great Queen Ayyaṇa.See the commentary. The land has been designated by the charter of King Kubja Viṣṇuvardhana.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00081.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00081.xml index 9244348b..03d7e662 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00081.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00081.xml @@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ n="25"/>svasti

Greetings. The grandson of His Majesty King Viṣṇuvardhana II,According to PS, It is known from the broken piece that no earlier king is mentioned than Maṅgi. But I would expect the current king’s father and grandfather to be named, and Viṣṇuvardhana II could very well have been mentioned in line 5. who was eager to adorn the lineage of the majestic Chaḷukyas—who are of the Mānavya gotra which is praised by the entire world, who are sons of Hāritī, who attained kingship by the grace of Kauśikī’s boon, who were deliberately appointed to kingship by Lord Mahāsena, who are protected by the band of Mothers, to whom all kings instantaneously submit at the mere sight of the Boar emblem they have acquired by the grace of the divine Nārāyaṇa and whose limbs have been hallowed through washing in the purificatory ablutions avabhr̥tha of the Aśvamedha sacrifice— the son of His Majesty Maṅgi Dugarāja, whose pair of lotus feet were tinted by the hues of the rays from the many gems fitted to the surfaces of the crowns of all the enemy kings bowed down by the blade of his own sword, who attained victory in the clash of many a battle: His Majesty the supremely pious King Viṣṇuvardhana III, who was deliberately appointed as heir by his mother and father, whose ever-increasing valour forces the entire circle of subordinate rulers sāmanta to bow, who breaks the entire army and even the mind of enemy kings with the trident comprised of his own three powers śakti-traya, who—because of his magnanimity illuminating the summit of the majestic Sunrise Mountain that is his own dynasty—is as sound as Mount Meru and as fierce as the sun,The eulogy is probably a little garbled here: Viṣṇuvardhana’s illumination of the mountain of his dynasty should be adjacent to his comparison to the sun. Compare also ll. 14-15 of the Pithapuram plates (set 1) of Jayasiṁha I. who has widespread glory like Pr̥thu, commands as follows.

Informs the householders.This phrase was probably erroneously added to line 16, where it breaks the sentence completely after the name of the village and the district. In many related grants, the king addresses the householders and overseers of a particular village and its district, so the words were probably inserted here under the influence of that practice. To the grandson of Devaśarman—a resident of Pasiṇḍipaṟu belonging to the Taittirīya school and the Bhāradvāja gotra, learned in three Vedas and the Āpastamba sūtra—and son of Droṇamaṇḍa learned in the Vedas and Vedāṅgas, namely Govindaśarman, who is familiar with numerous disciplines kalā and treatises śāstra, on the occasion of an eclipse of the moon I have given, accompanied by a libation of water, a homestead plot along with a herb and flower gardenAccording to PS’s discussion, the donation includes garden and vāta or, elsewhere, gardens and residential locality (vāta)”. My assumption, which may be wrong, is that the Telugu word toṭa and the Sanskrit word vāṭa refer to two related but different things, the first probably being a herb or vegetable garden, and the second a flower garden. Flower gardens (puṣpa-vāṭikā) are mentioned in association with a homestead plot in the Jaḷayūru grant of Viṣṇuvardhana III, the London Plates of Maṅgi Yuvarājaand the Elūru Grant of Maṅgi Yuvarāja, but toṭa is, as far as I am aware, unique in the corpus. at the village named Boṇḍāḍa in PrāṅgguṇāḷaThe spelling of the name here and at the end of the charter is strange. It is certainly the same district that is called variously called Pāgunavara and Prakuṇora. district viṣaya. I have also given to him a field sufficient for the sowing of thirty khaṇḍikas of paddy seed in the southeastern direction, the revenue of that field being a hundred, i.e. 100, maṟuntru.I do not understand this part; see the apparatus to line 17 for the textual problem involved. I assume that abhyantara means some kind of revenue (cf. Sircar’s IEG, s.v. abhyantarasiddhi) to which the donee is entitled from this field. PS suggests that the term abhyantara-kṣetra means wet land, but does not justify this in any way. In his summary, he calls this a field “of hundred maṟuntrus” once and “hundred maṟturs” another time, apparently separate from the paddy field. It is not clear whether the word maṟuntru is so straightforward to him that he does not deign to explain it, or if he is as ignorant of the meaning as I am. At any rate, I definitely do not think the text is about two fields.

The disposition of the borders of this field is as follows. To the east, the border of the bhoya field of the village Kāḷasīya-vāṭa. To the south, the border of the bhoya field of the village Tuṁkhtalapaṟu. To the west, a canal.The reading and interpretation are problematic here; see the apparatus to line 19. To the north, the field called the field of Kāmadeva. I worship with bowed head that sagacious king of a future age who does not confiscate this ruling dharma but protects it. There are these two ślokas sung by Vyāsa:

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty millennia.

The executor ājñapti of this decree is Kakaṇḍiveḷḷi Muṭlu, a householder of the province rāṣṭra that is the district viṣaya of Prāguṇāla.The name may be Kaṇḍiveḷḷi Muṭlu, and he may be a territorial overseer (rāṣṭrakūṭa) of Prāguṇāla district. See the apparatus to line 24. Blessings.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00083.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00083.xml index 78fd8706..9f4c9f98 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00083.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00083.xml @@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ n="28" break="no"/>ṭuru

Its boundaries are as follows. To the east, the boundary is Kalpaṭṭanabu. To the south, the boundary is Tāḻkaṭuru. To the west, the boundary is Niḍuṁgāḍu. To the north, the boundary is Jakkanaceṟuvu. It is located in the midst of these four boundaries. Let no-one pose an obstacle to the enjoyment of rights over it. He who does so shall be conjoined with the five great sins. Vyāsa too has said:

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

-

There has never been and will never be a gift superior to the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin superior to the seizing of the same.

+

There has never been and will never be a gift surpassing the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin surpassing the seizing of the same.

He who accepts granted land and he who offers land: both of these doers of meritorious deeds are guaranteed to dwell in heaven.

It is possible i.e. easy to give away what is yours, even if it is a great thing; but it is hard to preserve the property of another.I translate the emendation suggested in the apparatus to line 37, but not included in the body of the edition. When it comes to the question, “donation or preservation of previous grants?”—the answer is that preservation is superior to donation.

The executor ājñapti of this ruling dharma is the impeccable superintendent of justice dharma-saṁgrahaI assume that dharma-saṁgraha is synonymous to dharmādhyakṣa or dharmādhikaraṇika, but it may be the title of a different official, or it may be used in a non-technical figurative sense as “storehouse of justice”. known as Eṟeyamma, who is valiant and fond of discipline.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00086.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00086.xml index 73692494..7a9fb3f1 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00086.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00086.xml @@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ n="72" break="no"/>vam astu| śāntir astu

Having obtained such a most excellent son capable of serving ends pertaining to both this world and the otherworld, that Rājāditya experienced utter happiness.

Thereupon that Vijayāditya, the supremely pious Supreme Lord parameśvara of Emperors rājādhirāja, the Supreme Sovereign parama-bhaṭṭāraka and Universal Ruler sārvabhauma, having concluded all worldly activity and being dedicated solely to dharma, with a fondly loving mind and with extraordinary sympathy, has on the occasion of an eclipse of the sun given the village named Kāṭlapaṟṟu, as a Brahmanical holding agrahāra with an exemption from all taxes, to that most excellent Brahmin Rājāditya. And having given it, he commands the householders kuṭumbin—including foremost the territorial overseers rāṣṭrakūṭa—of the Veṅgī thousand-village territory deśa as follows:

Let it be known to you that we have given the village Kāṭlapaṟṟu in the district viṣaya called the Veṅgī-thousand to this Rājāditya as a Brahmanical holding agrahāra with an exemption from all taxes. The boundaries of this village are as follows. To the east, the border is Velivrolu. To the southeast, the Elaṁbaṟa reservoir ceṟuvu. To the south, Virppaṟṟu. To the southwest, the fields belonging to the village Virppaṟṟu. To the west, Rāvulapaṟṟu. To the northwest, Gogulamaṇḍa. To the north, Bamminipaṟṟu and Bodyamapūṇḍi. In the northeastern direction, the fields of Velivrolu. The village is situated in the midst of these boundaries in the eight directions. Let no-one pose an obstacle to the enjoyment of rights over it. He who does so shall be conjoined with the five great sins. So too has the reverend Vyāsa said:

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty millennia.

Hereby I offer my respectful obeisance añjali to all future kings on earth, whether born in my lineage or a different royal lineage, who with minds averted from sin observe this ruling dharma of mine in its integrity.

The executor ājñapti of this grant is Pāṇḍarāṅga. Let it be well. Let there be peace.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00087.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00087.xml index 2bb93a94..b09c78d5 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00087.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00087.xml @@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ n="5v"/>

An image of Nakula and Sahadeva in the way he follows dharma as they followed Dharma Yudhiṣṭhira and in being famous among actorsOr the meaning applied to Indapa may be that he was famous throughout India (Bhārata), as understood by PS. as they were famed in the Mahābhārata, in being skilled in all weapons and in being a leader of soldiers whose enemies are hard to defeat as they were leaders of the soldiers of Duryodhana’s enemy Yudhiṣṭhira.PS seems to understand that the second hemistich likens Indapa to Dharmarāja. The emendations he proposes are noted in the apparatus to line 43, but even with these (in my opinion incorrect) emendations, the meaning he desires does not obtain.

To that one named Indapa-rāja II, the village named Pulivaṟṟa in your district has been given by us, converted into a rent-free holding mānya with a remission of all taxes and consolidatedThe expression śāsanārūḍha is not familiar to me. It is interpretable in the context as meaning “consolidated as” or “raised to the status of” a copperplate charter, but I wonder if siṁhāsanārūḍha was rather intended (though the case ending would also need to be different in that case). as a copperplate charter. Let this be known to you.

Its boundaries are as follows. To the east, the border is Māvalūru. To the south, the border is Kaṁcekavvapūṇḍi. To the west, the border is Goravapūṇḍi. To the north, the border is Velaṇṭhūru. Let no-one pose an obstacle to the enjoyment of rights over it. He who does so shall have the five great sins. So too Vyāsa has said:

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

The executor ājñapti is the castellan kaṭṭa-rāja. The poetry is Mahākāla Bhaṭṭa’s. Written likhita by Jāntācārya.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00088.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00088.xml index 51c5e417..8bd22c17 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00088.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00088.xml @@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ n="3v"/>

In year three of the years of the progressive triumphant reign. There are also these two ślokas sung by Vyāsa.It is not possible to say whether only the first two of the following four stanzas are attributed to Vyāsa, or if the composer (or forger) of the grant was simply inattentive and used the dual where the plural would have been appropriate.

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit/reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

-

There has never been and will never be a gift superior to the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin superior to the seizing of the same.

+

There has never been and will never be a gift surpassing the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin surpassing the seizing of the same.

The property of a Brahmin is terrible poison: it is not actual poison that is properly called poison. Poison kills just the one man, while seizing the property of a Brahmin destroys his progeny.

The executor ājñapti of this ruling dharma is Paramiśvara.If the grant is genuine, Paramiśvara may be identical to Parameśvaravarman, the executor of the Guḍivāḍa plates (set 1) of Jayasiṁha I. May there be wellbeing for beings.I translate what I assume to have been the composer’s intent. See the apparatus to line 28.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00090.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00090.xml index e0a52231..49c434f8 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00090.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00090.xml @@ -239,8 +239,8 @@ n="3v"/>

Greetings. The dear son of His Majesty King mahārāja Viṣṇuvardhana II—who permeated the entire circle of the earth with his reputation ornamented by the ornaments of victory achieved on the field of many a battle, who had cast off the filth of the Kali age by bathing in the purificatory ablutions avabhr̥tha of the Aśvamedha sacrificeSee the apparatus to line 7. and who was the dear son of Indra Bhaṭṭāraka—who equalled the Divine Indra in power and valour and who ornamented the family of the majestic Caḷukyas—who are of the Mānavya gotra which is praised by the entire world, who are sons of Hāriti, who attained kingship by the grace of Kauśikī’s boon, who are protected by the band of Mothers, to whom all kings instantaneously submit at the mere sight of the Boar emblem they have acquired by the grace of the divine Nārāyaṇa, and who enjoy imperturbable status—this son of Viṣṇuvardhana II, namely His Majesty King mahārāja Sarvalokāśraya Maṅgi Yuvarāja, the supreme devotee of the Bhagavat Viṣṇu—who was deliberately appointed as heir by his mother and father, who has achieved dominion over the circle of the earth by means of his three powers śakti-traya, whose reputation has reached the edges of the ring comprised of the shores of the four oceans, who has earned the affection of the sphere of his subjects through observing the compendium of legal treatises dharma-śāstra composed by Manu and others—commands thus.

I have donated land in Karmarāṣṭra district at the village named Peñceṟekuru to the Vājasaneyin Goḷaśarman, son of Nāgaśarman, a resident of Indrapura of the Kātyāyana school and the Kauṇḍinya gotra engaged in the six duties of a Brahmin, as well asSee the apparatus to line 15 about a small textual problem here. to his sister’s husband Vinayaśarman of the Bhāradvāja gotra, a resident of that place.This probably means that Vinayaśarman was also a resident of Indrapura. This is how the ARIE report interpreted the expression. It is also possible that Vinayaśarman was a resident of the village Peñceṟekuru. Item, to the north of the road to Ceḷiyūru, to the east of the Sages’ Field muni-kṣetra, to the eastOne or the other of the “east”-s in this demarcation may be a mistake for “west”. of the Ascetics’ Field śravaṇa-kṣetra,This may have been land owned by Jains, or possibly by Buddhists. to the south of the Kuduti Brahmin field. Item, to the east of the Kuduti Brahmin’s field, to the south of the Dantiya Brahmin field, to the west of the river Pulleṟu, to the north of the Koḻasāmi Brahmin field. Item, to the west. The total extent is forty-two nivartanas.I am not sure how many plots are demarcated here. There seem to be two, and the word punaḥ seems to function as the introduction of a plot other than the first. But this word is used twice, and the last “to the west” does not seem to be connected to anything. The intent may have been to say that the 42 nivartanas are not the total extent but the size of a third plot (with the size of the first two being unspecified), and that this third plot lies to the west of the second, but that would logically overlap the Kuduti field. As indicated in the edition, space was probably left blank for the specifics of the land and filled incompletely at a later time. Even though plenty of space remains blank on the plate, there is no record of the king’s actual command (to respect the donees’ rights) or of other details (such as the occasion of the donation, exemption from tax, and a libation). The description of the plots and their boundaries may thus also be unfinished.

In the second year of the victorious reign.

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

-

There has never been and will never be a gift superior to the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin superior to the seizing of the same.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

There has never been and will never be a gift surpassing the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin surpassing the seizing of the same.

The authority ājñapti is that of Śrīpāla.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00094.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00094.xml index 4839fcb4..210c565f 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00094.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00094.xml @@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ n="3v"/>

Let it be known to you that on the occasion of an eclipse of the sun we have given this village,The object being granted is not specified in the text. rendered exempt from all taxes and sanctified by a libation of water, to the grandson of Viṣṇu-bhaṭṭa and son of Eṟukamma-tredi-bhaṭṭa, namely Yajñamāṇḍa-tredi-bhaṭṭa-śarman, resident of Dveda-Goṁbaṟṟu, of the Ātreya gotra and the Āpastamba sūtra, who has completely mastered the Vedas and VedāṅgasThis qualification follows the name of the donee’s father and may have been meant to describe him, but it is in the dative case, so I translate it as describing the donee. and who is engaged in the six duties of a Brahmin such as sacrificing and being commissioned to perform sacrifices, learning and teaching. To the east is Ceṁgalava. To the south is Pañjini. To the west is Vedrukalka. To the north is Bodanaṁbu. It is located in the midst of these.

The virtuous and disciplined executor ājñapti of this ruling dharma is known in this world as Jayarūpa and is fond of lawfulness dharma.

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

-

There has never been and will never be a gift superior to the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin superior to the seizing of the same.

+

There has never been and will never be a gift surpassing the gift of land, nor has there ever been or will ever be a sin surpassing the seizing of the same.

He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty thousand years.

diff --git a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00099.xml b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00099.xml index d96b14cb..ac156992 100644 --- a/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00099.xml +++ b/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00099.xml @@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ n="3v"/>

Greetings from the victorious army camp. The grandson of His Majesty Kīrtivarman, a jewel of a king arisen from the ocean that is the family of the Calukyas—who are the sons of Hāriti, who are of the Mānavya gotra, and who have dispelled the world’s sin by bathing in the purificatory ablutions avabhr̥tha of the Aśvamedha sacrifice—; the dear son of King mahārāja Viṣṇuvardhana, who was victorious in the clash of many a battle; namely His Majesty the supremely pious King mahārāja Pr̥thivī-Jayasiṁha Vallabha, who was deliberately appointed as heir by his mother and father, whose pair of feet are engilded by a mass of beam clusters from gems on the crowns of enemy kings forced to bow by his ever-increasing valour, who as a singleton is a receptacle for two oceanlike dynasties, the Cālukya and the Ārya,I translate tentatively. See the apparatus to line 8 and the commentary about this interesting, but probably incorrectly read passage. commands the householders kuṭumbin and district officials viṣayādhikārin of the city of Piṣṭapura as follows.

Let it be known to you that we have given the field named Tombodiya on the outskirts of this city, specifically in the western direction of Piṣṭapura, converted into a rent-free holding agrahāra by a remission of all taxes, to the grandson of Kumāraśarman, a knower of the Vedas and Vedāṅgas, the son of Bhavaśarman, who was distinguished by qualities superseding even those of his father, namely to Sāmiśarman of the Gautama gotra and the Kaṭha school, devoted to his duties. Therefore, this ruling shall be observed by you sirs and by others. No one shall pose an obstacle. In this matter, for excellence.

-

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.

+

Many kings have granted land, and many have preserved it as formerly granted. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit reward accrued of granting it belongs to him at that time.