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Transmission Control Protocol

TCP

  • TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol.
  • It is a transport layer protocol.
  • The application layer sends a lot of raw data and the transport layer converts it into data segments meaning it is divided into chunks, adds headers, checksums, etc.
  • It may also collect data from the network layer and then network layer divides these segments into smaller packets.
  • This provides congestion control.
  • It takes care of these things: - data received or not. - maintains order of the packets using the sequence numbers.
  • Various other protocols use TCP such as SMTP, POP3, IMAP, etc.

Features

  • TCP is connection oriented meaning it first establishes the connection and then it starts processing the data.
  • Provides error control.
  • Provides congestion control.
  • The established connection is bi-directional or full-duplex
  • This means that PC_a can send data to PC_b, PC_b can send data to PC_a, and both PC_a and PC_b can send data to each other simultaneously.
  • Using a TCP connection, there can only be two end points.

Three Way Handshake

  • This is a pre connection process.
  • First our computer will ask our friend's computer "Hey, I want to make a connection with you. Can I?".
  • The friend's computer replies "Yeah, sure.".
  • And then our computer will respond, "Okay!, I am creating a connection now.".
  • And then the connection is established.
  • This is known as Three Way Handshake.

Real world example

  • Let's say we want to connect to a server.

  • We first send a connection request to the server. We send a Synchronization Flag which means we want to establish a connection (a value inside header of a packet).

  • The packet also has a sequence number.

  • These sequence numbers are random because if they are not, then it can be hacked by hackers.

  • In return the server responds "I have got your request." and sends an Acknowledgement Flag with a sequence number as the sequence number from the previously sent packet by us and do some math with it.

  • And then client acknowledges the flag sent by the server and again sends the acknowledgement flag to the server about we are establishing a connection.

  • There is acknowledgement number also in the packet's header which is previous sequence number + 1.