diff --git a/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/add_content_properties/data_transform.py b/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/add_content_properties/data_transform.py
index f0aee80..87df554 100644
--- a/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/add_content_properties/data_transform.py
+++ b/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/add_content_properties/data_transform.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 from metldata.builtin_transformations.add_content_properties.path import (
     resolve_data_object_path,
 )
-from metldata.builtin_transformations.common.utils import thaw_frozen_dict
+from metldata.builtin_transformations.common.utils import data_to_dict
 from metldata.transform.exceptions import EvitableTransformationError
 
 
@@ -45,23 +45,17 @@ def add_properties(
     Returns:
         The data with the specified content properties being added.
     """
-    updated_classes: dict = {}
-
+    modified_data = data_to_dict(data)
     for class_name, instructions in instructions_by_class.items():
-        class_resources = data.resources.get(class_name)
+        class_resources = modified_data["resources"].get(class_name)
 
         if not class_resources:
             raise EvitableTransformationError()
 
-        # convert to a mutable dict to modify it
-        # note that, it does not apply mutability to inner layer Resource objects
-        mutable_class_resources = thaw_frozen_dict(class_resources)
-
-        for resource_id, resource in class_resources.items():
-            resource_content = thaw_frozen_dict(resource.content)
+        for resource in class_resources.values():
             for instruction in instructions:
                 object = resolve_data_object_path(
-                    data=resource_content,
+                    data=resource.get("content", {}),
                     path=instruction.target_content.object_path,
                 )
 
@@ -74,12 +68,4 @@ def add_properties(
                 object[instruction.target_content.property_name] = deepcopy(
                     instruction.value
                 )
-            # resource_content changed
-            mutable_class_resources[resource_id] = resource.model_copy(
-                update={"content": resource_content})
-        #class resources changed
-        updated_classes[class_name]= class_resources.update(mutable_class_resources)
-    # resources changed
-    updated_resources = data.resources.update(updated_classes)
-    modified_data = data.model_copy(update={"resources": updated_resources})
-    return modified_data
+    return DataPack.model_validate(modified_data)
diff --git a/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/add_content_properties/model_transform.py b/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/add_content_properties/model_transform.py
index 5f0eeff..e7a06d3 100644
--- a/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/add_content_properties/model_transform.py
+++ b/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/add_content_properties/model_transform.py
@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@
 )
 from metldata.builtin_transformations.common.model_transform import update_model
 from metldata.builtin_transformations.common.utils import (
-    model_to_dict,
-    thaw_frozen_dict,
+    thaw_content,
 )
 from metldata.transform.exceptions import EvitableTransformationError
 
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ def add_content_properties(
         if not class_def:
             raise EvitableTransformationError()
 
-        content_schema = thaw_frozen_dict(class_def.content)
+        content_schema = thaw_content(class_def.content)
         for cls_instruction in cls_instructions:
             object_path = cls_instruction.target_content.object_path
             property_name = cls_instruction.target_content.property_name
diff --git a/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/common/utils.py b/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/common/utils.py
index d413a7c..dff3337 100644
--- a/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/common/utils.py
+++ b/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/common/utils.py
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@
 from copy import deepcopy
 from typing import Any
 
-from schemapack import dumps_schemapack
+from schemapack import dumps_datapack, dumps_schemapack
+from schemapack._internals.spec.datapack import Resource
+from schemapack.spec.datapack import DataPack
 from schemapack.spec.schemapack import SchemaPack
 
 
@@ -34,13 +36,22 @@ def model_to_dict(
     return json.loads(dumps_schemapack(deepcopy(model), yaml_format=False))
 
 
-def thaw_frozen_dict(frozen_dict: Mapping ) -> dict:
+def data_to_dict(data:DataPack):
+    """Converts the provided DataPack data to a JSON-serializable dictionary.
+
+    Returns:
+        A dictionary representation of the provided data.
+        """
+    return json.loads(dumps_datapack(deepcopy(data), yaml_format=False))
+
+
+def thaw_content(frozen_dict: Mapping ) -> dict:
     """Recursively convert a nested FrozenDict, frozenset to mutable types.
     This will be removed after we implement a FrozenDict validation to Schemapack lib.
     """
     if isinstance(frozen_dict, Mapping):
-        return {key: thaw_frozen_dict(value) for key, value in frozen_dict.items()}
+        return {key: thaw_content(value) for key, value in frozen_dict.items()}
     elif isinstance(frozen_dict, tuple):
-        return [thaw_frozen_dict(item) for item in frozen_dict]
+        return [thaw_content(item) for item in frozen_dict]
     return frozen_dict
 
diff --git a/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/delete_properties/data_transform.py b/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/delete_properties/data_transform.py
index 49ffb9e..9ebd860 100644
--- a/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/delete_properties/data_transform.py
+++ b/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/delete_properties/data_transform.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 from schemapack.spec.datapack import DataPack
 
-from metldata.builtin_transformations.common.utils import thaw_frozen_dict
+from metldata.builtin_transformations.common.utils import data_to_dict
 from metldata.transform.exceptions import EvitableTransformationError
 
 
@@ -36,27 +36,16 @@ def delete_properties(
     Returns:
         The data with the specified content properties being deleted.
     """
-    updated_classes: dict = {}
+    modified_data = data_to_dict(data)
 
     for class_name, properties in properties_by_class.items():
-        class_resources = data.resources.get(class_name)
+        class_resources = modified_data["resources"].get(class_name)
 
         if not class_resources:
             raise EvitableTransformationError()
-        
-        # convert to a mutable dict to modify it
-        # note that, it does not apply mutability to inner layer Resource objects
-        mutable_class_resources = thaw_frozen_dict(class_resources)
-
-        for resource_id, resource in class_resources.items():
-            # convert to a mutable dict to modify it in place
-            resource_content = thaw_frozen_dict(resource.content)
+
+        for resource in class_resources.values():
             for property in properties:
-                resource_content.pop(property, None)
-            mutable_class_resources[resource_id] = resource.model_copy(
-                update={"content": resource_content}
-            )
-        updated_classes[class_name]= class_resources.update(mutable_class_resources)
-    updated_resources = data.resources.update(updated_classes)
-    modified_data = data.model_copy(update={"resources": updated_resources})
-    return modified_data
+                resource["content"].pop(property, None)
+
+    return DataPack.model_validate(modified_data)
diff --git a/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/delete_properties/model_transform.py b/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/delete_properties/model_transform.py
index a2325e0..688ceba 100644
--- a/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/delete_properties/model_transform.py
+++ b/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/delete_properties/model_transform.py
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@
     SchemaPack,
 )
 
+from metldata.builtin_transformations.common.model_transform import update_model
 from metldata.builtin_transformations.common.utils import (
-    model_to_dict,
-    thaw_frozen_dict,
+    thaw_content,
 )
 from metldata.transform.exceptions import EvitableTransformationError
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def delete_properties(
         if not class_def:
             raise EvitableTransformationError()
 
-        content_schema = thaw_frozen_dict(class_def.content)
+        content_schema = thaw_content(class_def.content)
 
         for property in properties:
             if "properties" not in content_schema:
@@ -67,6 +67,4 @@ def delete_properties(
             {**class_def.model_dump(), "content": content_schema}
         )
 
-    model_dict = model_to_dict(model)
-    model_dict["classes"].update(updated_class_defs)
-    return SchemaPack.model_validate(model_dict)
+    return update_model(model=model, updated_class_defs=updated_class_defs)
diff --git a/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/infer_relations/model_transform.py b/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/infer_relations/model_transform.py
index cc8f537..3c18d08 100644
--- a/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/infer_relations/model_transform.py
+++ b/src/metldata/builtin_transformations/infer_relations/model_transform.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 )
 from metldata.builtin_transformations.common.utils import (
     model_to_dict,
-    thaw_frozen_dict,
+    thaw_content,
 )
 from metldata.builtin_transformations.infer_relations.relations import (
     InferenceInstruction,
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ def add_inferred_relations(
         updated_class_defs[instruction.source] = ClassDefinition.model_validate(
             {
                 "id": class_def.id,
-                "content": thaw_frozen_dict(class_def.content),
+                "content": thaw_content(class_def.content),
                 "relations": {
                     **class_def.relations,
                     instruction.new_property: new_relation,