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typography.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Typography</h1>
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-fr-revisiontag" class="flaggedrevs_short flaggedrevs_stable_synced plainlinks noprint"><div class="flaggedrevs_short_basic"><span aria-disabled="false" title="Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page." class="flaggedrevs-icon oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-articleSearch oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement-invisible oo-ui-iconWidget"></span><span id="mw-fr-revisiontoggle" aria-disabled="false" title="show/hide details" class="fr-toggle-arrow oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicator-down oo-ui-indicatorElement oo-ui-labelElement-invisible oo-ui-indicatorWidget"></span></div>
<div id="mw-fr-revisiondetails-wrapper" style="position:relative;"><div id="mw-fr-revisiondetails" class="flaggedrevs_short_details" style="display:none">This is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Typography">reviewed</a> on <i>22 January 2021</i>.</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art and the craft of printing and the arranging of layouts</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Typographer" redirects here. For the typewriter, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographer_(typewriter)" title="Typographer (typewriter)">Typographer (typewriter)</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Typology (disambiguation)">Typology</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trajan_typeface_specimen.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/225px-Trajan_typeface_specimen.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/338px-Trajan_typeface_specimen.png 1.5x, Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/450px-Trajan_typeface_specimen.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="468" width="225" height="266"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trajan_typeface_specimen.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A specimen sheet of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan_(typeface)" title="Trajan (typeface)">Trajan</a> typeface, which is based on the letter forms of capitalis monumentalis or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">Roman square capitals</a> used for the inscription at the base of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>, from which the typeface takes its name</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metal_movable_type.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/225px-Metal_movable_type.jpg" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/338px-Metal_movable_type.jpg 1.5x, Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/450px-Metal_movable_type.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1520" width="225" height="149"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metal_movable_type.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a> being assembled on a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composing_stick" title="Composing stick">composing stick</a> using pieces that are stored in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_case" title="Type case">type case</a> shown below it</div></div></div>
<p><b>Typography</b> is the art and technique of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">arranging type</a> to make <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legibility" title="Legibility">legible</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readability" title="Readability">readable</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">appealing</a> when displayed. The arrangement of type involves selecting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">point sizes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_length" title="Line length">line lengths</a>, line-spacing (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">leading</a>), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter-spacing" title="Letter-spacing">letter-spacing</a> (tracking), and adjusting the space between pairs of letters (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">kerning</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>). The term <i>typography</i> is also applied to the style, arrangement, and appearance of the letters, numbers, and symbols created by the process. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a>
is a closely related craft, sometimes considered part of typography;
most typographers do not design typefaces, and some type designers do
not consider themselves typographers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berry,_J_2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry,_J_2004-3">[3]</a></sup> Typography also may be used as an ornamental and decorative device, unrelated to the communication of information.
</p><p>Typography is the work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetters</a> (also known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositor_(typesetting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compositor (typesetting)">compositors</a>), typographers, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_designer" title="Graphic designer">graphic designers</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director" title="Art director">art directors</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Manga artist">manga artists</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic book artist">comic book artists</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Graffiti artist">graffiti artists</a>, and, now, anyone who arranges words, letters, numbers, and symbols for publication, display, or distribution, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerical worker">clerical workers</a> and newsletter writers to anyone self-publishing materials. Until the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Digital Age</a>,
typography was a specialized occupation. Digitization opened up
typography to new generations of previously unrelated designers and lay
users. As the capability to create typography has become ubiquitous, the
application of principles and best practices developed over generations
of skilled workers and professionals has diminished.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Thus, at a time when scientific techniques can provide evidence that supports established practice (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legibility" title="Legibility">legibility</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand recognition">brand recognition</a> achieved through the appropriate use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serifs</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">letter case</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter form">letter forms</a>,
contrast, spacing, etc.) through understanding the limitations of human
vision, typography may be encountered that fails to achieve its
principal objective: effective communication.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" lang="en"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Evolution"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Evolution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Experimental_typeface_uses"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Experimental typeface uses</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Techniques"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Techniques</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Scope"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Scope</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Text_typefaces"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Text typefaces</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Color"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Color</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Principles_of_the_typographic_craft"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Principles of the typographic craft</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Display_graphics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Display graphics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Advertising"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Advertising</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Inscriptional_and_architectural_lettering"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Inscriptional and architectural lettering</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Supporting_organizations"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Supporting organizations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#General_sources"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">General sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p class="fix-short-section">The word "typography" in English comes from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> roots <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text" lang="grc">τύπος</span> <i title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization" lang="grc-Latn">typos</i> ('impression') and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text" lang="grc">-γραφία</span> <i title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization" lang="grc-Latn">-graphia</i> ('writing').
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">History of Western typography</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_typography_in_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of typography in East Asia">History of typography in East Asia</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png 1.5x, Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1248" width="220" height="220"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A revolving type case for wooden type in China, an illustration shown in a book published in 1313 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Zhen (official)">Wang Zhen</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JikjiType.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-JikjiType.gif" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/JikjiType.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="181" width="220" height="163"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JikjiType.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Korean movable type from 1377 used for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikji" title="Jikji">Jikji</a></div></div></div>
<p>Although typically applied to printed, published, broadcast, and
reproduced materials in contemporary times, all words, letters, symbols,
and numbers written alongside the earliest naturalistic drawings by
humans may be called typography. The word, <i>typography</i>, is derived from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words τύπος <i>typos</i> "form" or "impression" and γράφειν <i>graphein</i> "to write", traces its origins to the first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(numismatics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punch (numismatics)">punches</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">dies</a> used to make <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">seals</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient times</a>, which ties the concept to printing. The uneven spacing of the impressions on brick stamps found in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian">Mesopotamian</a> cities of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>, dating from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_millennium_B.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Second millennium B.C.">second millennium B.C.</a>, may be evidence of type, wherein the reuse of identical characters was applied to create cuneiform text.<sup id="cite_ref-brickstamps_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brickstamps-6">[6]</a></sup> Babylonian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a> were used to create an impression on a surface by rolling the seal on wet clay.<sup id="cite_ref-Clair_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clair-7">[7]</a></sup> Typography was also implemented in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaistos_Disc" title="Phaistos Disc">Phaistos Disc</a>, an enigmatic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> printed item from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, which dates to between 1850 and 1600 B.C.<sup id="cite_ref-Brekle1997_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brekle1997-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diamond1997_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond1997-10">[10]</a></sup> It has been proposed that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_lead_pipe_inscription" title="Roman lead pipe inscription">Roman lead pipe inscriptions</a> were created with movable type printing,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> but German typographer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Brekle" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Brekle">Herbert Brekle</a> recently dismissed this view.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>The essential criterion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">type identity</a> was met by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> print artifacts such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruefening_Abbey_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruefening Abbey inscription">Pruefening Abbey inscription</a> of 1119 that was created by the same technique as the Phaistos Disc.<sup id="cite_ref-Brekle1997_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brekle1997-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lehmann-Haupt1940_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann-Haupt1940-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> The silver <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarpiece_of_Pellegrino_II" title="Altarpiece of Pellegrino II">altarpiece of patriarch Pellegrinus II</a> (1195–1204) in the cathedral of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale</a> was printed with individual letter punches.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipinsky1986_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipinsky1986-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koch1994_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch1994-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Apparently, the same printing technique may be found in tenth to twelfth century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipinsky1986_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipinsky1986-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koch1994_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch1994-19">[19]</a></sup> Other early examples include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_letter_tile" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual letter tile">individual letter tiles</a>
where the words are formed by assembling single letter tiles in the
desired order, which were reasonably widespread in medieval Northern
Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Brekle1997_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brekle1997-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lehmann-Haupt1940_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann-Haupt1940-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>Typography with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> was invented during the eleventh-century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> in China by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi_Sheng" title="Bi Sheng">Bi Sheng</a> (990–1051).<sup id="cite_ref-needham_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham-21">[21]</a></sup>
His movable type system was manufactured from ceramic materials, and
clay type printing continued to be practiced in China until the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>.
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Zhen (official)">Wang Zhen</a>
was one of the pioneers of wooden movable type. Although the wooden
type was more durable under the mechanical rigors of handling, repeated
printing wore the character faces down and the types could be replaced
only by carving new pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-ts_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Metal movable type was first invented in Korea during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo Dynasty</a>, approximately 1230. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Sui" title="Hua Sui">Hua Sui</a>
introduced bronze type printing to China in 1490 AD. The diffusion of
both movable-type systems was limited and the technology did not spread
beyond East and Central Asia, however.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECh'on199319_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECh'on199319-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pressing-16th_century.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Pressing-16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Pressing-16th_century.jpg 1.5x, Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Pressing-16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="1266" width="220" height="166"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pressing-16th_century.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A sixteenth century workshop in Germany showing a printing press and many of the activities involved in the process of printing</div></div></div>
<p>Modern lead-based movable type, along with the mechanical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, is most often attributed to the goldsmith <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> in 1439.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> His type pieces, made from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a>, suited printing purposes so well that the alloy is still used today.<sup id="cite_ref-EB:_Printing_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB:_Printing-28">[28]</a></sup> Gutenberg developed specialized techniques for casting and combining cheap copies of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">letter punches</a> in the vast quantities required to print multiple copies of texts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> This technical breakthrough was instrumental in starting the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing Revolution">Printing Revolution</a> and the first book printed with lead-based movable type was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a>.
</p><p>Rapidly advancing technology revolutionized typography in the
latter twentieth century. During the 1960s some camera-ready typesetting
could be produced in any office or workshop with stand-alone machines
such as those introduced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> (see: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Selectric_typewriter" title="IBM Selectric typewriter">IBM Selectric typewriter</a>). During the same period <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letraset" title="Letraset">Letraset</a> introduced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_transfer" title="Dry transfer">Dry transfer</a> technology that allowed designers to transfer types instantly.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> The famous Lorem Ipsum gained popularity due to its usage in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letraset" title="Letraset">Letraset</a>. During the mid-1980s personal computers such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a>
allowed type designers to create typefaces digitally using commercial
graphic design software. Digital technology also enabled designers to
create more experimental typefaces as well as the practical typefaces of
traditional typography. Designs for typefaces could be created faster
with the new technology, and for more specific functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Clair_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clair-7">[7]</a></sup>
The cost for developing typefaces was drastically lowered, becoming
widely available to the masses. The change has been called the
"democratization of type" and has given new designers more opportunities
to enter the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothenberg1990_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothenberg1990-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Evolution">Evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The design of typefaces has developed alongside the development of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
Although typography has evolved significantly from its origins, it is a
largely conservative art that tends to cleave closely to tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Crystal_Reference_Encyclopedia_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Crystal_Reference_Encyclopedia-33">[33]</a></sup> This is because <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legibility" title="Legibility">legibility</a>
is paramount, and so the typefaces that are the most readable usually
are retained. In addition, the evolution of typography is inextricably
intertwined with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettering" title="Lettering">lettering</a> by hand and related art forms, especially formal styles, which thrived for centuries preceding typography,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Crystal_Reference_Encyclopedia_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Crystal_Reference_Encyclopedia-33">[33]</a></sup> and so the evolution of typography must be discussed with reference to this relationship.
</p><p>In the nascent stages of European <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, the typeface (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a>, or Gothic) was designed in imitation of the popular hand-lettering styles of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribes">scribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Columbia_Encyclopedia_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Columbia_Encyclopedia-34">[34]</a></sup>
Initially, this typeface was difficult to read, because each letter was
set in place individually and made to fit tightly into the allocated
space.<sup id="cite_ref-Infoamerica_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infoamerica-35">[35]</a></sup>
The art of manuscript writing, whose origin was during Hellenistic and
Roman bookmaking, reached its zenith in the illuminated manuscripts of
the Middle Ages. Metal typefaces notably altered the style, making it
"crisp and uncompromising", and also brought about "new standards of
composition".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Crystal_Reference_Encyclopedia_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Crystal_Reference_Encyclopedia-33">[33]</a></sup>
During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period in France, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Garamond" title="Claude Garamond">Claude Garamond</a>
was partially responsible for the adoption of Roman typeface that
eventually supplanted the more commonly used Gothic (blackletter).<sup id="cite_ref-Haley_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haley-36">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>8</span></sup> Roman typeface also was based on hand-lettering styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_type_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_type-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>The development of Roman typeface can be traced back to Greek
lapidary letters. Greek lapidary letters were carved into stone and "one
of the first formal uses of Western <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Letterforms">letterforms</a>";
after that, Roman lapidary letterforms evolved into the monumental
capitals, which laid the foundation for Western typographical design,
especially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a> typefaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Haley_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haley-36">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>10</span></sup>
There are two styles of Roman typefaces: the old style, and the modern.
The former is characterized by its similarly weighted lines, while the
latter is distinguished by its contrast of light and heavy lines.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Columbia_Encyclopedia_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Columbia_Encyclopedia-34">[34]</a></sup> Often, these styles are combined.
</p><p>By the twentieth century, computers turned typeface design into a
rather simplified process. This has allowed the number of typefaces and
styles to proliferate exponentially, as there now are thousands
available.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Columbia_Encyclopedia_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Columbia_Encyclopedia-34">[34]</a></sup> Unfortunately, confusion between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font" title="Font">font</a> (the various styles of a single typeface) occurred in 1984 when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>
mislabeled typefaces as fonts for Apple computers and his error has
been perpetuated throughout the computer industry, leading to common
misuse by the public of the term "font" when typeface is the proper
term.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Experimental_typeface_uses">Experimental typeface uses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Experimental typeface uses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>"Experimental typography" is defined as the unconventional and more artistic approach to typeface selection. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a> was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> pioneer of this practice in the early twentieth century. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carson_(graphic_designer)" title="David Carson (graphic designer)">David Carson</a> is often associated with this movement, particularly for his work in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Gun_(magazine)" title="Ray Gun (magazine)">Ray Gun</a></i>
magazine in the 1990s. His work caused an uproar in the design
community due to his abandonment of standard practices in typeface
selection, layout, and design. Experimental typography is said to place
emphasis on expressing emotion, rather than having a concern for
legibility while communicating ideas, hence considered bordering on
being art.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Techniques">Techniques</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Techniques">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>There are many facets to the expressive use of typography, and with
those come many different techniques to help with visual aid and the
graphic design. Spacing and kerning, size-specific spacing, x-height and
vertical proportions, character variation, width, weight, and contrast,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
are several techniques that are necessary to be taken into
consideration when thinking about the appropriateness of specific
typefaces or creating them. When placing two or more differing and/or
contrasting fonts together, these techniques come into play for
organizational strategies and demanding attractive qualities. For
example, if the bulk of a title has a more unfamiliar or unusual font,
simpler sans-serif fonts will help complement the title while attracting
more attention to the piece as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Scope">Scope</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scope">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In contemporary use, the practice and study of typography include a
broad range, covering all aspects of letter design and application, both
mechanical (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">type design</a>, and typefaces) and manual (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">handwriting</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>). Typographical elements may appear in a wide variety of situations, including:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document" title="Document">Documents</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation" title="Presentation">Presentations</a></li>
<li>Display typography (described below)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps">Maps</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeling_(map_design)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labeling (map design)">labels</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashboard" title="Dashboard">Vehicle instrument panels</a></li>
<li>As a component of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a>—type on household appliances, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pens</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">wristwatches</a>, for example</li>
<li>As a component in modern poetry (see, for example, the poetry of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._e._cummings" class="mw-redirect" title="E. e. cummings">e. e. cummings</a>)</li></ul>
<p>Since digitization, typographical uses have spread to a wider range of applications, appearing on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">LCD</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> screens, and hand-held <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>.
</p><p>Recent research in psychology has studied the effects of
typography on human cognition. The research points toward multiple
applications such as helping readers remember the content better and
strategically use fonts to help dyslexic readers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Text_typefaces">Text typefaces</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Text typefaces">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg 1.5x, Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="3807" width="220" height="289"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A specimen sheet by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Caslon" title="William Caslon">William Caslon</a> shows printed examples of Roman typefaces.</div></div></div>
<p>Traditionally, text is <i>composed</i> to create a readable,
coherent, and visually satisfying typeface that works invisibly, without
the awareness of the reader. Even distribution of typeset material,
with a minimum of distractions and anomalies, aims to produce clarity
and transparency.
</p><p>Choice of typeface(s) is the primary aspect of text typography—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a>,
editorial, educational, religious, scientific, spiritual, and
commercial writing all have differing characteristics and requirements
of appropriate typefaces (and their fonts or styles). For historic
material, established text typefaces frequently are chosen according to a
scheme of historical <i>genre</i> acquired by a long process of accretion, with considerable overlap among historical periods.
</p><p>Contemporary books are more likely to be set with state-of-the-art "text romans" or "book romans" typefaces with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serifs</a> and design values echoing present-day design arts, which are closely based on traditional models such as those of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Jenson" title="Nicolas Jenson">Nicolas Jenson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Griffo" title="Francesco Griffo">Francesco Griffo</a> (a punchcutter who created the model for Aldine typefaces), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Garamond" title="Claude Garamond">Claude Garamond</a>.
With their more specialized requirements, newspapers and magazines rely
on compact, tightly fitted styles of text typefaces with serifs
specially designed for the task, which offer maximum flexibility,
readability, legibility, and efficient use of page space. Sans serif
text typefaces (without serifs) often are used for introductory
paragraphs, incidental text, and whole short articles. A current fashion
is to pair a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">sans-serif</a> typeface for headings with a high-performance serif typeface of matching style for the text of an article.
</p><p>Typesetting conventions are modulated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, word structures, word frequencies, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> constructs and linguistic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>. Typesetting conventions also are subject to specific cultural conventions. For example, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> it is customary to insert a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">non-breaking space</a> before a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> (:) or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a> (;) in a sentence, while in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> it is not.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Color">Color</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Color">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">Type color</a></div>
<p>In typesetting, <i>color</i> is the overall density of the ink on the page, determined mainly by the typeface, but also by the word spacing, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">leading</a>, and depth of the margins.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> Text layout, tone, or color of the set text, and the interplay of text with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_space_(visual_arts)" title="White space (visual arts)">white space</a> of the page in combination with other graphic elements impart a "feel" or "resonance" to the subject matter. With <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printed</a>
media, typographers also are concerned with binding margins, paper
selection, and printing methods when determining the correct color of
the page.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Principles_of_the_typographic_craft">Principles of the typographic craft</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Principles of the typographic craft">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Three fundamental aspects of typography are <i>legibility</i>, <i>readability</i>, and <i>aesthetics</i>.
Although in a non-technical sense "legible" and "readable" are often
used synonymously, typographically they are separate but related
concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-Tracy1986_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracy1986-42">[42]</a></sup> Legibility and readability tend to support aesthetic aspects of a product.
</p><p><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legibility" title="Legibility">Legibility</a></i>
describes how easily individual characters can be distinguished from
one another. It is described by Walter Tracy as "the quality of being
decipherable and recognisable".<sup id="cite_ref-Tracy1986_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracy1986-42">[42]</a></sup>
For instance, if a "b" and an "h", or a "3" and an "8", are difficult
to distinguish at small sizes, this is a problem of legibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Tracy1986_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracy1986-42">[42]</a></sup> Typographers are concerned with legibility insofar as it is their job to select the correct font to use. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_Script" title="Brush Script">Brush Script</a>
is an example of a font containing many characters that might be
difficult to distinguish. The selection of cases influences the
legibility of typography because using only upper-case letters (<i>all-caps</i>) reduces legibility.
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readability" title="Readability">Readability</a>
refers to how easy it is to read the text as a whole, as opposed to the
individual character recognition described by legibility. Use of
margins, word- and line-spacing, and clear document structure all impact
readability. Some fonts or font styles, for instance <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">sans-serif</a> fonts, are considered to have low readability and so be unsuited for large quantities of prose.<sup id="cite_ref-Tracy1986_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracy1986-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oscar_wilde_english_renaissance_of_art_2.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Oscar_wilde_english_renaissance_of_art_2.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Oscar_wilde_english_renaissance_of_art_2.png 1.5x, Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Oscar_wilde_english_renaissance_of_art_2.png 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="2969" width="220" height="268"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oscar_wilde_english_renaissance_of_art_2.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><b>Text typeset</b> example in Iowan Old Style roman, italics, and small caps, optimized at approximately ten words per line, typeface sized at 14 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">points</a> on 1.4 × <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">leading</a>, with 0.2 points extra <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter-spacing" title="Letter-spacing">tracking</a> using an extract of an essay by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> <i>The English Renaissance of Art</i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1882</div></div></div>
<p>Legibility "refers to perception" (being able to see as determined by
physical limitations of the eye), and readability "refers to
comprehension" (understanding the meaning).<sup id="cite_ref-Tracy1986_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracy1986-42">[42]</a></sup> Good typographers and graphic designers aim to achieve excellence in both.
</p><p>"The typeface chosen should be legible. That is, it should be
read without effort. Sometimes legibility is simply a matter of type
size; more often, however, it is a matter of typeface design. Case
selection always influences legibility. In general, typefaces that are
true to the basic letterforms are more legible than typefaces that have
been condensed, expanded, embellished, or abstracted.
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>However,
even a legible typeface can become unreadable through poor setting and
placement, just as a less legible typeface can be made more readable
through good design.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig&Scala2006_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig&Scala2006-43">[43]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Studies of both legibility and readability have examined a wide range
of factors including type size and type design. For example, comparing <span style="font-family:serif"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a></span> vs. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">sans-serif</a> type, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman type</a> vs. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique type</a></i>, and <span style="font-family:serif"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic type</a></i></span>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_length" title="Line length">line length</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">line spacing</a>, color contrast, the design of right-hand edge (for example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(typesetting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification (typesetting)">justification</a>, straight right hand edge) vs. ragged right, and whether text is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphenated</a>.
Justified copy must be adjusted tightly during typesetting to prevent
loss of readability, something beyond the capabilities of typical
personal computers.
</p><p>Legibility research has been published since the late nineteenth
century. Although there often are commonalities and agreement on many
topics, others often create poignant areas of conflict and variation of
opinion. For example, Alex Poole asserts that no one has provided a
conclusive answer as to which typeface style, serif or sans serif,
provides the most legibility,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2015)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> although differences of opinion exist regarding such debates. Other topics such as justified <i>vs</i> unjustified type, use of hyphens, and proper typefaces for people with reading difficulties such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>, have continued to be subjects of debate.
</p><p>Legibility is usually measured through the speed of reading, with
comprehension scores used to check for effectiveness (that is, not a
rushed or careless read). For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Tinker" title="Miles Tinker">Miles Tinker</a>,
who published numerous studies from the 1930s to the 1960s, used a
speed of reading test that required participants to spot incongruous
words as an effectiveness filter.
</p><p>The <i>Readability of Print Unit</i> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Royal College of Art</a> under Professor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_(graphic_designer)" title="Herbert Spencer (graphic designer)">Herbert Spencer</a> with Brian Coe and Linda Reynolds<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> did important work in this area. It was one of the centres that revealed the importance of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade" title="Saccade">saccadic</a>
rhythm of eye movement for readability—in particular, the ability to
take in (i.e., recognise the meaning of groups of) about three words at
once and the physiognomy of the eye, which means the eye tires if the
line required more than 3 or 4 of these saccadic jumps. More than this
is found to introduce strain and errors in reading (e.g., Doubling). The
use of all-caps renders words indistinguishable as groups, all letters
presenting a uniform line to the eye, requiring special effort for
separation and understanding.
</p><p>These days, legibility research tends to be limited to critical
issues or the testing of specific design solutions (for example, when
new typefaces are developed). Examples of critical issues include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> for people with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">visual impairment</a>, typefaces and case selection for highway and street signs, or for other conditions where legibility may make a key difference.
</p><p>Much of the legibility research literature is
atheoretical—various factors were tested individually or in combination
(inevitably so, as the different factors are interdependent), but many
tests were carried out in the absence of a model of reading or visual
perception. Some typographers believe that the overall word shape (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouma" title="Bouma">Bouma</a>)
is essential in readability and that the theory of parallel letter
recognition is either wrong, less important, or not the entire picture.
Word shape differs by outline, influenced by ascending and descending
elements of lower case letters and enables reading the entire word
without having to parse out each letter (for example, dog is easily
distinguished from cat) and that becomes more influential to being able
to read groups of words at a time.
</p><p>Studies distinguishing between Bouma recognition and parallel
letter recognition with regard to how people recognize words when they
read, have favored parallel letter recognition, which is widely accepted
by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychologists</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Some commonly agreed findings of legibility research include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Colin Wheildon's studies oppose some of these statements. It's hard to determine the validity of the sources for these">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Text set in lower case is more legible than text set all in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letter">upper case</a> (capitals, all-caps), presumably because lower case letter structures and word shapes are more distinctive.</li>
<li>Extenders (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">ascenders</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">descenders</a>, and other projecting parts) increase <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salience_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salience (communication)">salience</a> (prominence).</li>
<li>Regular upright type (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman type</a>) is found to be more legible than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic type</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a>,
without dazzling brightness, also has been found to be important, with
black on yellow/cream being most effective along with white on blue.</li>
<li>Positive images (<i>e.g.,</i> black on white) make handheld material easier to read than negative or reversed (<i>e.g.,</i> white on black). Even this commonly accepted practice has some exceptions, however (for example, in some cases of disability,<sup id="cite_ref-Trust_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trust-46">[46]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2015)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> and designing the most effective signs for drivers).</li>
<li>The upper portions of letters (ascenders) play a stronger part in the recognition process than the lower portions.</li></ul>
<table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/50px-Question_book-new.png" decoding="async" srcset="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/75px-Question_book-new.png 1.5x, Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/100px-Question_book-new.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" width="50" height="39"></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The aesthetic concerns in typography deal not only with the careful
selection of one or two harmonizing typefaces and relative type sizes
but also with laying out elements to be printed on a flat surface
tastefully and appealingly, among others. For this reason, typographers
attempt to observe <i>typographical principles</i>, the most common of which are listed below:
</p>
<ul><li>Limit up to three colors, which should harmonize to each other
and with the color of the paper and the dominant color(s) of the photo
or graphics</li>
<li>Limit to two typefaces on a single page, which should "match"</li>
<li>Limit up to three fonts and sizes</li>
<li>Select the size of leading to be optimal and most pleasing to the eyes.</li>
<li>The number of different enhancements such as greater size, bold,
italic fonts, capitalization, or different typeface, different color, as
used for headlines and emphasized words inside the text block, should
be limited and consistent and be judiciously selected</li>
<li>Avoid underlining like pest and should not be on top of another enhancement</li>
<li>Text should be placed judiciously to lead the eye from one text cognitively natural way to the next text</li>
<li>Multi-line headline should be segmented by phrases (no phrase should be split into two lines)</li>
<li>No <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widows_and_orphans" title="Widows and orphans">widows and orphans</a> (no beginning line of paragraph at the bottom of page, no last line of paragraph at the top of page)</li>
<li>Likewise no headline is at the page bottom</li>
<li>The last line of a paragraph should flush with the preceding lines and not stand alone below a picture</li>
<li>The printing elements should not be scattered in the hodgepodge fashion across the page unless it truly conveys hodgepodge.</li>
<li>The letters V and W at the beginning of a paragraph line should
extent a little to the left of the vertical left flush line to give an
optical impression of being flush with lines below.</li></ul>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latex_example_type.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Latex_example_type.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Latex_example_type.png 1.5x, Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Latex_example_type.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="283" width="220" height="171"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latex_example_type.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Text typeset using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a> digital typesetting software, often used for academic papers and journals</div></div></div>
<p>Readability also may be compromised by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter-spacing" title="Letter-spacing">letter-spacing</a>, word spacing, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">leading</a>
that is too tight or too loose. It may be improved when generous
vertical space separates text lines, making it easier for the eye to
distinguish one line from the next, or previous line. Poorly designed
typefaces and those that are too tightly or loosely fitted also may
result in poor legibility. Underlining also may reduce readability by
eliminating the recognition effect contributed by the descending
elements of letters.
</p><p>Periodical publications, especially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>,
use typographical elements to achieve an attractive, distinctive
appearance, to aid readers in navigating the publication, and in some
cases for dramatic effect. By formulating a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guide</a>, a publication or periodical standardizes with a relatively small collection of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a>,
each used for specific elements within the publication, and makes
consistent use of typefaces, case, type sizes, italic, boldface, colors,
and other typographic features such as combining large and small
capital letters together. Some publications, such as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, go so far as to commission a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_type_designers" title="List of type designers">type designer</a> to create customized typefaces for their exclusive use.
</p><p>Different periodical publications design their publications,
including their typography, to achieve a particular tone or style. For
example, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>
uses a bold, colorful, and comparatively modern style through their use
of a variety of typefaces and colors; type sizes vary widely, and the
newspaper's name is placed on a colored background. In contrast, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> uses a more traditional approach, with fewer colors, less typeface variation, and more <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(typography)" title="Column (typography)">columns</a>.
</p><p>Especially on the front page of newspapers and on magazine covers, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headline" title="Headline">headlines</a> often are set in larger display typefaces to attract attention, and are placed near the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nameplate_(publishing)" title="Nameplate (publishing)">masthead</a>.
</p><p><i>Typography utilized to characterize text:</i> Typography is
intended to reveal the character of the text. Through the use of
typography, a body of text can instantaneously reveal the mood the
author intends to convey to its readers. The message that a body of text
conveys has a direct relationship with the typeface that is chosen.
Therefore, when a person focuses on typography and setting type, they
must pay very close attention to the typeface they decide to choose.
Choosing the correct typeface for a body of text can only be done after
thoroughly reading the text, understanding its context, and
understanding what the text is wishing to convey. Once the typographer
has an understanding of the text, then they have the responsibility of
using the appropriate typeface to honor the writing done by the author
of the text. Knowledge of choosing the correct typeface comes along with
understanding the historical background of typefaces and understanding
the reason why that typeface was created. For example, if the body of
the text is titled “Commercial Real Estate Transactions” and further
elaborates on the real estate market throughout the body, then the
appropriate typeface to use in this instance is a serif typeface. This
typeface would be appropriate because the author intends to inform its
audience on a serious topic and not entertain his audience with an
anecdote; therefore, a serif typeface would effectively convey a sense
of seriousness to the audience instantaneously. The typographer would
also employ larger-sized font for the title of the text to convey a
sense of importance to the title of the text which directly informs the
reader of the structure in which the text is intended to be read, as
well as increasing readability from varying viewing distances.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Typography utilized to make reading practical:</i> Typography
not only has a direct correlation with honoring the tone of the text but
also shares the responsibility of making the audience commence the
reading process as well as sustaining the audience's attention
throughout the body of the text. Although typography can potentially be
utilized to attract the reader's attention to commence the reading
process and create a beautiful/attractive piece of text, the craft of
typography is not limited to aesthetics. Typography is a craft that is
not stringently encompassed with the aesthetic appeal of the text. On
the contrary, the object of typography is to make the reading experience
practical and useful. The use of bold colors, multiple typefaces, and
colorful backgrounds in a typographic design may be eye-catching;
however, it may not be appropriate for all bodies of text and could
potentially make text illegible. Overuse of design elements such as
colors and typefaces can create an unsettling reading experience,
preventing the author of the text from conveying their message to
readers.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Display_graphics">Display graphics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Display graphics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Wilkes_Booth_wanted_poster_new.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-John_Wilkes_Booth_wanted_poster_new.jpg" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-John_Wilkes_Booth_wanted_poster_new.jpg 1.5x, Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-John_Wilkes_Booth_wanted_poster_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1805" width="220" height="397"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Wilkes_Booth_wanted_poster_new.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Nineteenth century wanted poster for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> (the assassin of U.S. President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>) printed with lead and woodcut type, and incorporating photography</div></div></div>
<p>Type may be combined with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_space" title="Negative space">negative space</a>
and images, forming relationships and dialog between the words and
images for special effects. Display designs are a potent element in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>.
Some sign designers exhibit less concern for readability, sacrificing
it for an artistic manner. Color and size of type elements may be much
more prevalent than in solely text designs. Most display items exploit
type at larger sizes, where the details of letter design are magnified.
Color is used for its emotional effect in conveying the tone and nature
of subject matter.
</p><p>Display typography encompasses:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisement">Advertisements</a> in publications, such as newspapers and magazines</li>
<li>Magazine and newspaper headline type</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign" title="Sign">Signs</a> and other large-scale-letter designs, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_sign" title="Information sign">information signs</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">billboards</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">Posters</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochure" title="Brochure">Brochures</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyer_(pamphlet)" title="Flyer (pamphlet)">flyers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li>
<li>Business communications and advertising</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Book covers</a></li>
<li>Typographic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">logos</a>, trademarks, and word marks</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li>
<li>Inscriptions</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architectural</a> lettering</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_typography" title="Kinetic typography">Kinetic typography</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture">motion pictures</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">vending machine</a> displays, online, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer screen">computer screen</a> displays</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Advertising">Advertising</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Advertising">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Typography has long been a vital part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)" title="Promotion (marketing)">promotional material</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>.
Designers often use typefaces to set a theme and mood in an
advertisement (for example, using bold, large text to convey a
particular message to the reader).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>
Choice of typeface is often used to draw attention to a particular
advertisement, combined with efficient use of color, shapes, and images.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> Today, typography in advertising often reflects a company's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a>.
</p><p>A brand may use typography to express its theme, personality, and message.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>
Just by looking at the typeface, viewers can get an idea about the
message and personality of the brand, which the brands are fully aware
of and are tapping into the power of good typography.
</p><p>Typefaces used in advertisements convey different messages to the
reader: classical ones are for a strong personality, while more modern
ones may convey clean, neutral look. Bold typefaces are used for making
statements and attracting attention. In any design, a balance has to be
achieved between the visual impact and communication aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
Digital technology in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has
enabled the creation of typefaces for advertising that are more
experimental than traditional typefaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothenberg1990_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothenberg1990-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Inscriptional_and_architectural_lettering">Inscriptional and architectural lettering</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inscriptional and architectural lettering">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EncycBrit1913.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-EncycBrit1913.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-EncycBrit1913.png 1.5x, Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/EncycBrit1913.png 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="256" width="220" height="130"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EncycBrit1913.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A display advertisement for the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> from a 1913 issue of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a></i> magazine</div></div></div>
<p>The history of inscriptional lettering is intimately tied to the
history of writing, the evolution of letterforms and the craft of the
hand. The widespread use of the computer and various etching and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive_blasting" title="Abrasive blasting">sandblasting</a> techniques today has made the hand carved monument a rarity, and the number of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_cutting" title="Letter cutting">letter-carvers</a> left in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> continues to dwindle.
</p><p>For monumental lettering to be effective, it must be considered
carefully in its context. Proportions of letters need to be altered as
their size and distance from the viewer increases. An expert monument
designer gains understanding of these nuances through much practice and
observation of the craft. Letters drawn by hand and for a specific
project have the possibility of being richly specific and profoundly
beautiful in the hand of a master. Each also may take up to an hour to
carve, so it is no wonder that the automated sandblasting process has
become the industry standard.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup>
</p><p>To create a sandblasted letter, a rubber mat is laser-cut from a
computer file and glued to the stone. The blasted sand then bites a
coarse groove or channel into the exposed surface. Unfortunately, many
of the computer applications that create these files and interface with
the laser cutter do not have a wide selection of many typefaces, and
often have inferior versions of those typefaces that are available. What
now can be done in minutes, however, lacks the striking architecture
and geometry of the chisel-cut letter that allows light to play across
its distinct interior planes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allography#Typography" title="Allography">Allography</a>, different representations of the same grapheme or character in different typefaces have the same meaning</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">Letterpress printing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographic_alignment" title="Typographic alignment">Typographic alignment</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Typographical_symbols" title="Category:Typographical symbols">Category:Typographical symbols</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Supporting_organizations">Supporting organizations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Supporting organizations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATypI" title="ATypI">ATypI</a>: Association Typographique Internationale ("International Typographic Association")</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Typographic_Designers" title="International Society of Typographic Designers">International Society of Typographic Designers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Typographic_Aficionados" title="Society of Typographic Aficionados">Society of Typographic Aficionados</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_Directors_Club" title="Type Directors Club">Type Directors Club</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringhurst, Robert. <i>The Elements of Typographic Style</i>, version 3.1. Canada: Hartley & Marks, 2005. p. 32.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("../../upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("../../upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("../../upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("../../upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{xxx-font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFPipes1997" class="citation cs2">Pipes, Alan (1997), <i>Production For Graphic Designers</i> (2nd ed.), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice-Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Production+For+Graphic+Designers&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Berry,_J_2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berry,_J_2004_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2004" class="citation web cs1">Berry, John D. (16 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creativepro.com/article/dot-font-being-a-typographer">"dot-font: Being a Typographer"</a>. <i>CreativePro</i>. Creative Publishing Network and CreativePro<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CreativePro&rft.atitle=dot-font%3A+Being+a+Typographer&rft.date=2004-08-16&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativepro.com%2Farticle%2Fdot-font-being-a-typographer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2012" class="citation journal cs1">Koch, Beth E (2012). "Emotion in Typographic Design: An Empirical Examination". <i>Visible Language</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 208–227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visible+Language&rft.atitle=Emotion+in+Typographic+Design%3A+An+Empirical+Examination&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=208-227&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Beth+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2014" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Sue (2014) [2001]. <i>Typography and language in everyday life: Prescriptions and practices</i>. London, New York: Routledge. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582357556" title="Special:BookSources/9780582357556"><bdi>9780582357556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Typography+and+language+in+everyday+life%3A+Prescriptions+and+practices&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780582357556&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-brickstamps-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brickstamps_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFSassMarzahn2010" class="citation book cs1">Sass, Benjamin; Marzahn, Joachim (2010). <i>Aramaic and Figural Stamp Impressions on Bricks of the Sixth Century B.C. from Babylon</i>. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 11, 20, 160. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06184-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06184-1"><bdi>978-3-447-06184-1</bdi></a>. <q>"the latter has cuneiform signs that look as if made with a movable type, and impressions from Assur display the same phenomenon</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aramaic+and+Figural+Stamp+Impressions+on+Bricks+of+the+Sixth+Century+B.C.+from+Babylon&rft.pages=11%2C+20%2C+160&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06184-1&rft.aulast=Sass&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Marzahn%2C+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Clair-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clair_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clair_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFClairBusic-Snyder2012" class="citation book cs1">Clair, Kate; Busic-Snyder, Cynthia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf0iDYCr6w0C"><i>A Typographic Workbook: A Primer to History, Techniques, and Artistry</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 4, 123. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-39988-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-39988-0"><bdi>978-1-118-39988-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Typographic+Workbook%3A+A+Primer+to+History%2C+Techniques%2C+and+Artistry&rft.pages=4%2C+123&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-39988-0&rft.aulast=Clair&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Busic-Snyder%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLf0iDYCr6w0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brekle1997-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brekle1997_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brekle1997_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brekle1997_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFBrekle1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_E._Brekle" title="Herbert E. Brekle">Brekle, Herbert E</a> (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022750/http://www.typeforum.de/news_332.htm">"Das typographische Prinzip. Versuch einer Begriffsklärung"</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg-Jahrbuch" title="Gutenberg-Jahrbuch">Gutenberg-Jahrbuch</a></i> (in German), <b>72</b>: 58–63, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typeforum.de/news_332.htm">the original</a> on 16 July 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gutenberg-Jahrbuch&rft.atitle=Das+typographische+Prinzip.+Versuch+einer+Begriffskl%C3%A4rung&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=58-63&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Brekle&rft.aufirst=Herbert+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typeforum.de%2Fnews_332.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1959" class="citation cs2">Schwartz, Benjamin (1959), "The Phaistos disk", <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Near_Eastern_Studies" title="Journal of Near Eastern Studies">Journal of Near Eastern Studies</a></i>, <b>18</b> (2): 105–12, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F371517">10.1086/371517</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162272726">162272726</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Phaistos+disk&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-12&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F371517&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162272726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Diamond1997-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diamond1997_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Diamond, Jared</a>, "13: Necessity's Mother: The evolution of technology", <i>Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Society</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03891-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03891-0"><bdi>978-0-393-03891-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13%3A+Necessity%27s+Mother%3A+The+evolution+of+technology&rft.btitle=Guns%2C+Germs%2C+and+Steel%3A+The+Fates+of+Human+Society&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03891-0&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFLanciani1975" class="citation cs2">Lanciani,
R (1975) [Classe di Scienze Morali, Rom 1881], "Topografia di Roma
antica. I commentarii di Frontino intorno le acque e gli acquedotti.
Silloge epigrafica aquaria" [Topography of ancient Rome. The
commentaries of Frontini around the waters and the aqueducts], <i>Memorie della Reale Accademia dei Lincei</i>, III (in Italian), Quasar, <b>IV</b>: 215–616</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memorie+della+Reale+Accademia+dei+Lincei&rft.atitle=Topografia+di+Roma+antica.+I+commentarii+di+Frontino+intorno+le+acque+e+gli+acquedotti.+Silloge+epigrafica+aquaria&rft.volume=IV&rft.pages=215-616&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Lanciani&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFPace1986" class="citation cs2">Pace, Pietrantonio (1986), <i>Gli acquedotti di Roma e il Aquaeductu di Frontino</i> [<i>The aqueducts of Rome and the aqueduct of Frontino</i>] (in Italian) (2nd ed.), Rome: Art Studio S. Eligio</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+acquedotti+di+Roma+e+il+Aquaeductu+di+Frontino&rft.place=Rome&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Art+Studio+S.+Eligio&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=Pietrantonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFHodge1992" class="citation cs2">Hodge, A. Trevor (1992), <i>Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply</i>, London: Duckworth, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-2194-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-2194-3"><bdi>978-0-7156-2194-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Aqueducts+%26+Water+Supply&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-2194-3&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=A.+Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFBrekle2010" class="citation cs2">———
(2010), "Herstellungstechniken von Inschriften auf römischen
Wasserleitungsrohren aus Blei", in Hanneforth, Thomas; Fanselow,
Gisbert (eds.), <i>Language and Logos. Studies in Theoretical and Computational Linguistics</i>, Studia grammatica, <b>72</b>, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, pp. 419–37, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-05-004931-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-05-004931-1"><bdi>978-3-05-004931-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herstellungstechniken+von+Inschriften+auf+r%C3%B6mischen+Wasserleitungsrohren+aus+Blei&rft.btitle=Language+and+Logos.+Studies+in+Theoretical+and+Computational+Linguistics&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Studia+grammatica&rft.pages=419-37&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-05-004931-1&rft.aulast=Brekle&rft.aufirst=Herbert+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFBrekle2005" class="citation cs2">——— (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typeforum.de/news_308.htm"><i>Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119. Eine paläographisch-typographische Untersuchung</i></a> (brief summary) (in German), Regensburg: Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-937527-06-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-937527-06-2"><bdi>978-3-937527-06-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Pr%C3%BCfeninger+Weihinschrift+von+1119.+Eine+pal%C3%A4ographisch-typographische+Untersuchung&rft.place=Regensburg&rft.pub=Scriptorium+Verlag+f%C3%BCr+Kultur+und+Wissenschaft&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-937527-06-2&rft.aulast=Brekle&rft.aufirst=Herbert+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typeforum.de%2Fnews_308.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lehmann-Haupt1940-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lehmann-Haupt1940_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lehmann-Haupt1940_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann-Haupt1940" class="citation cs2">Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (1940), "Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII. Jahrhunderts", <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg-Jahrbuch" title="Gutenberg-Jahrbuch">Gutenberg-Jahrbuch</a></i> (in German): 93–97</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gutenberg-Jahrbuch&rft.atitle=Englische+Holzstempelalphabete+des+XIII.+Jahrhunderts&rft.pages=93-97&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Lehmann-Haupt&rft.aufirst=Hellmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFHupp1906" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hupp" title="Otto Hupp">Hupp, Otto</a> (1906), "Die Prüfeninger Weiheinschrift von 1119", <i>Studien aus Kunst und Geschichte, Festschrift für Friedrich Schneider</i> (in German), Freiburg i. Br.: Herder</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Pr%C3%BCfeninger+Weiheinschrift+von+1119&rft.btitle=Studien+aus+Kunst+und+Geschichte%2C+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Friedrich+Schneider&rft.place=Freiburg+i.+Br.&rft.pub=Herder&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hupp&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lipinsky1986-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lipinsky1986_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lipinsky1986_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFLipinsky1986" class="citation cs2">Lipinsky,
Angelo (1986), "La pala argentea del Patriarca Pellegrino nella
Collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni con caratteri mobili", <i>Ateneo Veneto</i> (in Italian), <b>24</b>: 75–80</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ateneo+Veneto&rft.atitle=La+pala+argentea+del+Patriarca+Pellegrino+nella+Collegiata+di+Cividale+e+le+sue+iscrizioni+con+caratteri+mobili&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=75-80&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Lipinsky&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Koch1994-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koch1994_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch1994_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFKoch1994" class="citation cs2">Koch, Walter (1994), <i>Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik (1985–1991)</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumenta_Germaniae_Historica" title="Monumenta Germaniae Historica">Monumenta Germaniae Historica</a>: Hilfsmittel (in German), <b>14</b>, München, p. 213, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88612-114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88612-114-4"><bdi>978-3-88612-114-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literaturbericht+zur+mittelalterlichen+und+neuzeitlichen+Epigraphik+%281985%E2%80%931991%29&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.series=Monumenta+Germaniae+Historica%3A+Hilfsmittel&rft.pages=213&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-88612-114-4&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFBrekle2011" class="citation cs2">——— (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epub.uni-regensburg.de/20788/6/Die_typographische_Herstellungstechnik_der_Inschriften_auf_dem_silbernen_Altaraufsatz_im_Dom_von_Cividale.pdf"><i>Die typographische Herstellungstechnik der Inschriften auf dem silbernen Altaraufsatz im Dom von Cividale</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a>: Regensburg</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+typographische+Herstellungstechnik+der+Inschriften+auf+dem+silbernen+Altaraufsatz+im+Dom+von+Cividale&rft.place=DE&rft.pub=Regensburg&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Brekle&rft.aufirst=Herbert+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepub.uni-regensburg.de%2F20788%2F6%2FDie_typographische_Herstellungstechnik_der_Inschriften_auf_dem_silbernen_Altaraufsatz_im_Dom_von_Cividale.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-needham-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (1994). <i>The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32995-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32995-8"><bdi>978-0-521-32995-8</bdi></a>. <q>Bi Sheng... who first devised, about 1045, the art of printing with movable type</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shorter+Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-32995-8&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ts-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ts_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFTsien1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin</a> (1985). <i>Paper and Printing</i>. Needham, Joseph <i>Science and Civilization in China:</i>. vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–217. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08690-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08690-5"><bdi>978-0-521-08690-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paper+and+Printing&rft.series=Needham%2C+Joseph+%27%27Science+and+Civilization+in+China%3A%27%27&rft.pages=201-217&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08690-5&rft.aulast=Tsien&rft.aufirst=Tsuen-Hsuin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECh'on199319-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECh'on199319_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCh'on1993">Ch'on 1993</a>, p. 19.</span>
</li>
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<li id="cite_note-Infoamerica-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Infoamerica_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoamerica.org/museo/pdf/evolucion.pdf">"The Evolution of Typography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Infoamerica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infoamerica&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Typography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoamerica.org%2Fmuseo%2Fpdf%2Fevolucion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1988" class="citation cs2">Reynolds, Linda (1988), "Legibility of Type", <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_(magazine)" title="Baseline (magazine)">Baseline</a></i>, vol. 10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baseline&rft.atitle=Legibility+of+Type&rft.volume=10&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Trust-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trust_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411081228/http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/Database/Writing/writingclearly.html"><i>Writing clearly</i></a>, UK: National Literacy Trust, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/Database/Writing/writingclearly.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+clearly&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=National+Literacy+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.literacytrust.org.uk%2FDatabase%2FWriting%2Fwritingclearly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://larsen.com/insights/typography/">"Typography: Often invisible, always essential | Insights | Larsen"</a>. <i>Larsen</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Larsen&rft.atitle=Typography%3A+Often+invisible%2C+always+essential+%7C+Insights+%7C+Larsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flarsen.com%2Finsights%2Ftypography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bopdesign.com/bop-blog/2013/07/what-is-typography/">"What Is Typography? | The Importance of Typography in Web Design"</a>. <i>Bop Design</i>. 8 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bop+Design&rft.atitle=What+Is+Typography%3F+%7C+The+Importance+of+Typography+in+Web+Design&rft.date=2013-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bopdesign.com%2Fbop-blog%2F2013%2F07%2Fwhat-is-typography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley, Thomas Blaine. <i>The Technique of Advertising Production</i>. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1940. p. 40.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley, Thomas Blaine. <i>The Technique of Advertising Production</i>. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1940.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creativebloq.com/how-to/choose-the-right-typeface-for-a-brand">"Brand Typography: A Complete Guide"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brand+Typography%3A+A+Complete+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativebloq.com%2Fhow-to%2Fchoose-the-right-typeface-for-a-brand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glaser, C. Knight, J. <i>When Typography Speaks Louder Than Words</i>. 13 April 2012.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historygraphicdesign.com/a-graphic-renaissance/printing-comes-to-europe/827-typography-2">"Typography"</a>. <i>History of Graphic Design</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Graphic+Design&rft.atitle=Typography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historygraphicdesign.com%2Fa-graphic-renaissance%2Fprinting-comes-to-europe%2F827-typography-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruzaqir.blogspot.com.au/2007/05/typograpy-english.html">"Typogrphy: Inscriptional and architectural lettering"</a>. <i>My self and my world</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+self+and+my+world&rft.atitle=Typogrphy%3A+Inscriptional+and+architectural+lettering&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fruzaqir.blogspot.com.au%2F2007%2F05%2Ftypograpy-english.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="General_sources">General sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFBringhurst2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bringhurst" title="Robert Bringhurst">Bringhurst, Robert</a> (2004), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style" title="The Elements of Typographic Style"><i>The Elements of Typographic Style</i></a> (3rd ed.), Point Roberts, WA: Hartley & Marks, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88179-133-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88179-133-4"><bdi>978-0-88179-133-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Typographic+Style&rft.place=Point+Roberts%2C+WA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Hartley+%26+Marks&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-88179-133-4&rft.aulast=Bringhurst&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Standard Test Method of Comparative Legibility by Means of Polarizing Filter Instrumentation</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a>, D7298</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Test+Method+of+Comparative+Legibility+by+Means+of+Polarizing+Filter+Instrumentation&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFCh'on1993" class="citation cs2">Ch'on, Hye-bong (1993), "Typography in Korea", <i>Koreana</i>, <b>7</b> (2): 10–19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Koreana&rft.atitle=Typography+in+Korea&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=10-19&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ch%27on&rft.aufirst=Hye-bong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFGill2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Gill, Eric</a> (2000) [1931], <i>An Essay on Typography</i>, Boston: David R Godine, p. 188, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87923-950-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87923-950-3"><bdi>978-0-87923-950-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Essay+on+Typography&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=David+R+Godine&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87923-950-3&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Dowding, Geoffrey. <i>Finer Points in the Spacing and Arrangement of the Printed Word</i>, 2nd ed. Point Roberts, WA: Hartley and Marks, 1999.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFHellerMeggs2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Heller_(graphic_design)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Heller (graphic design)">Heller, Steven</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_B._Meggs" title="Philip B. Meggs">Meggs, Philip B</a> (2001), <i>Texts on Type: Critical Writings on Typography</i>, New York: Allworth Press, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-082-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-082-7"><bdi>978-1-58115-082-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texts+on+Type%3A+Critical+Writings+on+Typography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Allworth+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-082-7&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Meggs%2C+Philip+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>. A compilation of more than fifty texts on the history, practice, and aesthetics of typeface design and typography</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFJury2004" class="citation cs2">Jury, David (2004), <i>About Face: Reviving the Rules of Typography</i>, Mies, Switzerland: Rotovision, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88046-798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88046-798-2"><bdi>978-2-88046-798-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About+Face%3A+Reviving+the+Rules+of+Typography&rft.place=Mies%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Rotovision&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-88046-798-2&rft.aulast=Jury&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>, 159 pp.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1990" class="citation cs2">Lawson, Alexander (1990), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy_of_a_Typeface" title="Anatomy of a Typeface"><i>Anatomy of a Typeface</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87923-333-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87923-333-4"><bdi>978-0-87923-333-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+Typeface&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87923-333-4&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>, devotes entire chapters to the development and uses of individual or small groupings of typefaces</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_de_Sousa2007" class="citation cs2">Martínez de Sousa, José (2007), <i>Manual de estilo de la lengua española</i> [<i>Style manual of the Spanish language</i>] (in Spanish) (3rd ed.), Gijón: Trea</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+de+estilo+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Gij%C3%B3n&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Trea&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+de+Sousa&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_de_Sousa2008" class="citation cs2">——— (2008), <i>Ortografía y ortotipografía del español actual</i> [<i>Orthography and orthotypography of current Spanish</i>] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.), Gijón: Trea</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ortograf%C3%ADa+y+ortotipograf%C3%ADa+del+espa%C3%B1ol+actual&rft.place=Gij%C3%B3n&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Trea&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+de+Sousa&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li>McLean, Ruari. <i>The Thames and Hudson Manual of Typography</i>. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1992.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFMestresCostaOlivaFité2009" class="citation cs2">Mestres, Josep M; Costa, Joan; Oliva, Mireia; Fité, Ricard (2009), <i>Manual d'estil. La redacció i l'edició de textos</i> [<i>Style manual. The redaction & edition of texts</i>] (in Catalan) (4th rev. i ampl. ed.), Vic/Barcelona: Eumo/UB/UPF/Rosa Sensat</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+d%27estil.+La+redacci%C3%B3+i+l%27edici%C3%B3+de+textos&rft.place=Vic%2FBarcelona&rft.edition=4th+rev.+i+ampl.&rft.pub=Eumo%2FUB%2FUPF%2FRosa+Sensat&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mestres&rft.aufirst=Josep+M&rft.au=Costa%2C+Joan&rft.au=Oliva%2C+Mireia&rft.au=Fit%C3%A9%2C+Ricard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFPapazian2000" class="citation cs2">Papazian, Hrant H (2000), "Improving the Tool", in Swanson, Gunnar (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicdesignrea00swan"><i>Graphic Design and Reading: explorations of an uneasy relationship</i></a>, New York: Allworth Press, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-063-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-063-6"><bdi>978-1-58115-063-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Improving+the+Tool&rft.btitle=Graphic+Design+and+Reading%3A+explorations+of+an+uneasy+relationship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Allworth+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-063-6&rft.aulast=Papazian&rft.aufirst=Hrant+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraphicdesignrea00swan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFPujoli_Solà2000" class="citation cs2">Pujol, JM; i Solà, Joan (2000), <i>Ortotipografia. Manual de l'author, l'autoeditor i el dissenyador gràfic</i> [<i>Orthotypography. Manual of the authors, the self-editor and the graphic designer</i>] (in Catalan) (2nd rev ed.), Barcelona: Columna</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ortotipografia.+Manual+de+l%27author%2C+l%27autoeditor+i+el+dissenyador+gr%C3%A0fic&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.edition=2nd+rev&rft.pub=Columna&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Pujol&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=i+Sol%C3%A0%2C+Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2000" class="citation cs2">Swanson, Gunnar (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicdesignrea00swan"><i>Graphic Design and Reading: explorations of an uneasy relationship</i></a>, New York: Allworth Press, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-063-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-063-6"><bdi>978-1-58115-063-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Design+and+Reading%3A+explorations+of+an+uneasy+relationship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Allworth+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-063-6&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraphicdesignrea00swan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFTschichold1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold">Tschichold, Jan</a> (1991), <i>The Form of the Book: Essays on the Morality of Good Design</i>, Vancouver: Hartley & Marks, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88179-034-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88179-034-4"><bdi>978-0-88179-034-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Form+of+the+Book%3A+Essays+on+the+Morality+of+Good+Design&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Hartley+%26+Marks&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88179-034-4&rft.aulast=Tschichold&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>. A comprehensive collection of essays on the typographic art. A more classic companion to <a href="#CITEREFBringhurst2002">Bringhurst 2002</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBringhurst2002 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</li>
<li>Tschichold, Jan. <i>The New Typography</i>. New ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFWarde2000" class="citation cs2">Warde, Beatrice (2000), "The Crystal Goblet, or Printing Should Be Invisible", in Swanson, Gunnar (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicdesignrea00swan"><i>Graphic Design and Reading: explorations of an uneasy relationship</i></a>, New York: Allworth Press, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-063-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-063-6"><bdi>978-1-58115-063-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Crystal+Goblet%2C+or+Printing+Should+Be+Invisible&rft.btitle=Graphic+Design+and+Reading%3A+explorations+of+an+uneasy+relationship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Allworth+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-063-6&rft.aulast=Warde&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraphicdesignrea00swan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1999" class="citation cs2">White, Alex W (1999), <i>Type in Use – Effective typography for electronic publishing</i> (2.0 ed.), New York: W. W. Norton & Company, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-73034-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-73034-0"><bdi>978-0-393-73034-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Type+in+Use+%E2%80%93+Effective+typography+for+electronic+publishing&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2.0&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-393-73034-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Alex+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale</i> [<i>Lexic of the typographic rules used at the National press</i>] (in French), Imprimerie nationale, 2002, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7433-0482-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7433-0482-9"><bdi>978-2-7433-0482-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexique+des+r%C3%A8gles+typographiques+en+usage+%C3%A0+l%27Imprimerie+nationale&rft.pub=Imprimerie+nationale&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-7433-0482-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><i>Type Foundries of America and Their Catalogues</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884718069" title="Special:BookSources/9781884718069">9781884718069</a> and <i>A Typographical Journey through the Inland Printer, 1883-1900</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780916526047" title="Special:BookSources/9780916526047">9780916526047</a> by Maurice Annenberg<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[1]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/30px-Commons-logo.png" decoding="async" class="noviewer" srcset="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/45px-Commons-logo.png 1.5x, Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/59px-Commons-logo.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" width="30" height="40"></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Typography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Typography"><span style="">Typography</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
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<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.png" decoding="async" class="noviewer" srcset="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.png 1.5x, Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" width="40" height="40"></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/typography" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:typography">typography</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20070430010944/http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/search?topicAlias=typography">AIGA typography</a> – Articles and interviews relating to typography from AIGA's Voice section</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312143430/http://www.decodeunicode.org/">Decode Unicode</a> – A wiki with all 98,884 Unicode characters, including full text search capability</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/International/layout">Layout & typography</a> – W3C Internationalization (i18n) Activity</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Typography"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Typography">"Typography" </a></span>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 509–548.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Typography&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=509-548&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Typography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;xxx-font-size:88%;xxxx-font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{xxx-font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{xxx-font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{xxx-font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Typography" title="Template:Typography"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Typography" title="Template talk:Typography"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Typography&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Typography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Typography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_(paper)" title="Page (paper)">Page</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_of_page_construction" title="Canons of page construction">Canons of page construction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(typography)" title="Column (typography)">Column</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even_working" title="Even working">Even working</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margin_(typography)" title="Margin (typography)">Margin</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_numbering" title="Page numbering">Page numbering</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagination" title="Pagination">Pagination</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">Pull quote</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Recto and verso</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragraph" title="Paragraph">Paragraph</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographic_alignment" title="Typographic alignment">Alignment</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">Leading</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_(typography)" title="River (typography)">River</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_spacing" title="Sentence spacing">Sentence spacing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widows_and_orphans" title="Widows and orphans">Widows and orphans</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface_anatomy" title="Typeface anatomy">Typeface anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_(typography)" title="Counter (typography)">Counter</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Dingbat</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Glyph</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">Kerning</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter-spacing" title="Letter-spacing">Letter-spacing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_ligature" title="Orthographic ligature">Ligature</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotated_letter" title="Rotated letter">Rotation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript">Subscript and superscript</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">Swash</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_figures" title="Text figures">Text figures</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">Tittle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">Capitalization</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">All caps</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_case" title="Camel case">Camel case</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Letter case</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">Small caps</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Visual distinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">Italics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">Oblique</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Bold</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underline" class="mw-redirect" title="Underline">Underline</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard_bold" title="Blackboard bold">Blackboard bold</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Vertical aspects</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">Ascender</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">Baseline</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_height" title="Cap height">Cap height</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">Descender</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_line" title="Mean line">Median</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overshoot_(typography)" title="Overshoot (typography)">Overshoot</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-height" title="X-height">x-height</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">slab serif</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter type</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotunda_(script)" title="Rotunda (script)">Rotunda</a></li>
<li><i title="German-language text" lang="de"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwabacher" title="Schwabacher">Schwabacher</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">Uncial</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Specialist</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_type" title="Record type">Record type</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_typeface" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline typeface">Outline typeface</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_typeface" title="Display typeface">Display typeface</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Script_typeface" title="Script typeface">script</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat face</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse-contrast_typefaces" title="Reverse-contrast typefaces">reverse-contrast</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">Dashes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_punctuation" title="Hanging punctuation">Hanging punctuation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">Hyphen-minus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphenation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">Prime mark</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">Quotation mark</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etaoin_shrdlu" title="Etaoin shrdlu">Etaoin shrdlu</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font" title="Font">Font</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font_catalog" title="Font catalog">Font catalog</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_position_only" title="For position only">For position only</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">Letterpress</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorem_ipsum" title="Lorem ipsum">Lorem ipsum</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprinting" title="Microprinting">Microprinting</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtypography" title="Microtypography">Microtypography</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangram" title="Pangram">Pangram</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">Phototypesetting</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">Punchcutting</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">Type color</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_typefaces" title="List of typefaces">list</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographic_unit" title="Typographic unit">Typographic units</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agate_(typography)" title="Agate (typography)">Agate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero_(typography)" title="Cicero (typography)">Cicero</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">Em</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">En</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_space" title="Figure space">Figure space</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Measure (typography)">Measure</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paren_space" title="Paren space">Paren space</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pica_(typography)" title="Pica (typography)">Pica</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">Point</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_point-size_names" title="Traditional point-size names">traditional point-size names</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_typographic_units" title="Metric typographic units">Proposed metric units</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">Thin space</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twip" title="Twip">Twip</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_typography" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital typography">Digital typography</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font_hinting" title="Font hinting">Hinting</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font_rasterization" title="Font rasterization">Rasterization</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_typographic_features" title="List of typographic features">Typographic features</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_typography" title="Web typography">Web typography</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentionally_blank_page" title="Intentionally blank page">Intentionally blank page</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guide</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_foundry" title="Type foundry">Type foundry</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">History</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_of_typefaces" title="Intellectual property protection of typefaces">Intellectual property protection of typefaces</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_lettering" title="Technical lettering">Technical lettering</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related tables</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation">Punctuation and other typographic symbols</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.png" decoding="async" title="Category" srcset="Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.png 1.5x, Typography%20-%20Wikipedia_files/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" width="16" height="14"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Typography" title="Category:Typography">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Design" title="Template:Design"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Design" title="Template talk:Design"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Design&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:lemonchiffon;"><div id="*_Outline_*_Designer">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_design" title="Outline of design">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">Designer</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background:lemonchiffon;"><div id="Disciplines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disciplines</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lemonchiffon;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication<br>design</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_design" title="Corporate design">Corporate design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibit_design" title="Exhibit design">Exhibit design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_title_design" title="Film title design">Film title design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_graphic_design" title="Motion graphic design">Motion</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamp_design" title="Postage stamp design">Postage stamp design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_design" title="Print design">Print design</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_design" title="News design">News design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_design" title="Retail design">Retail design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signage" title="Signage">Signage</a> / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_sign_design" title="Traffic sign design">Traffic sign design</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Typography</a> / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lemonchiffon;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental<br>design</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_lighting_design" title="Architectural lighting design">Architectural lighting design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_design" title="Building design">Building design</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">Computer-aided</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_design" title="Hotel design">Hotel design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiential_interior_design" title="Experiential interior design">EID</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyline_design" title="Keyline design">Keyline design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">Landscape design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_design" title="Spatial design">Spatial design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lemonchiffon;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Industrial<br>design</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_suspension_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive suspension design">Automotive suspension design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMF_design" title="CMF design">CMF design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar_design" title="Electric guitar design">Electric guitar design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture design</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_furniture_design" title="Sustainable furniture design">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_design" title="Motorcycle design">Motorcycle design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_lens_design" title="Photographic lens design">Photographic lens design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">Product design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Production design">Production design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_design" title="Sensory design">Sensory design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_design" title="Service design">Service design</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lemonchiffon;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction<br>design</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience design">Experience design</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_experience_design" title="Employee experience design">EED</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">Game design</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Level design">Level design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Video game design</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_design" title="Icon design">Icon design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersive_design" title="Immersive design">Immersive design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_interaction_design" title="Sonic interaction design">Sonic interaction design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lemonchiffon;">Other<br><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a> / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">glass design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelry_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry design">Jewelry design</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_art_design" title="Game art design">Game art design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_designer" title="Property designer">Property design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting_designer" title="Lighting designer">Stage/set lighting design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Textile design</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lemonchiffon;">Other<br>design<br>& <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">Behavioural design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_design" title="Boiler design">Boiler design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_design" title="Database design">Database design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_design" title="Drug design">Drug design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_system_design" title="Electrical system design">Electrical system design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Experimental design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_design" title="Filter design">Filter design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_design" title="Geometric design">Geometric design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_design" title="Job design">Job design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">Integrated circuit design</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">Circuit design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_design_(electronics)" title="Physical design (electronics)">Physical design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_network_design_(IC)" title="Power network design (IC)">Power network design</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_design" title="Nucleic acid design">Nucleic acid design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization design">Organization design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_design" title="Protein design">Protein design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_design" title="Social design">Social design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_design" title="Strategic design">Strategic design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background:lemonchiffon;"><div id="Approaches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Approaches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity-centered_design" title="Activity-centered design">Activity-centered</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_web_design" title="Adaptive web design">Adaptive web</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_design" title="Affective design">Affective</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">By committee</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">By contract</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-K_theory" title="C-K theory">C-K theory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_closure" title="Design closure">Closure</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Co-design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concept-oriented_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concept-oriented design (page does not exist)">Concept-oriented</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_design" title="Configuration design">Configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_design" title="Contextual design">Contextual</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_design" title="Continuous design">Continuous</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_problem-solving" title="Creative problem-solving">Creative problem-solving</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_design" title="Critical design">Critical</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">Design fiction</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_design" title="Defensive design">Defensive</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect-led_design%E2%80%93build" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect-led design–build">architect-led</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_design" title="Diffuse design">Diffuse</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">Domain-driven</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecodesign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecodesign">Ecodesign</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_neutral_design" title="Energy neutral design">Energy neutral</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">Engineering design process</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_design" title="Probabilistic design">Probabilistic design</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error-tolerant_design" title="Error-tolerant design">Error-tolerant</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault-tolerant_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant design">Fault-tolerant</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework-oriented_design" title="Framework-oriented design">Framework-oriented</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_for_assembly" title="Design for assembly">For assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_for_behaviour_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Design for behaviour change">For behaviour change</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_for_manufacturability" title="Design for manufacturability">For manufacturability</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_for_Six_Sigma" title="Design for Six Sigma">For Six Sigma</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_for_testing" title="Design for testing">For testing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_for_X" title="Design for X">For X</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_design" title="Functional design">Functional</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_design" title="Generative design">Generative</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-centered_design" title="Human-centered design">HCD</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_design" title="Integrated design">Integrated</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_topside_design" title="Integrated topside design">Integrated topside</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence-based_design" title="Intelligence-based design">Intelligence-based</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">Iterative</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-level_design" title="Low-level design">Low-level</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadesign" title="Metadesign">Metadesign</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind mapping</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">Modular</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Wave_(design)" title="New Wave (design)">New Wave</a></li>