NOTE:此示例代码可以在 https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-14/recipe-03 中找到,其中包含一个C++示例。该示例在CMake 3.5版(或更高版本)中是有效的,并且已经在GNU/Linux、macOS和Windows上进行过测试。
在这个示例中,我们将重用前一个示例中的方法,但是使用ThreadSanitizer或TSan,结合CTest和CDash,来检查数据竞争,并将它们报告给CDash。ThreadSanitizer的文档可以在网上找到,https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/ThreadSanitizerCppManual
这个示例中,我们将使用以下示例代码(example.cpp
):
#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
static const int num_threads = 16;
void increase(int i, int &s) {
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
std::cout << "thread " << i << " increases " << s++ << std::endl;
}
int main() {
std::thread t[num_threads];
int s = 0;
// start threads
for (auto i = 0; i < num_threads; i++) {
t[i] = std::thread(increase, i, std::ref(s));
}
// join threads with main thread
for (auto i = 0; i < num_threads; i++) {
t[i].join();
}
std::cout << "final s: " << s << std::endl;
return 0;
}
这个示例代码中,我们启动16个线程,每个线程都调用increase
函数。increase
函数休眠1s,然后打印并递增一个整数s
。我们预计此示例代码将显示数据竞争,因为所有线程读取和修改相同的地址,而不需要任何显式同步或协调。换句话说,我们期望在代码末尾打印的最终s
,每次的结果都不同。代码有bug,我们将尝试在ThreadSanitizer的帮助下识别数据竞争。如果不运行ThreadSanitizer,我们可能不会看到代码有任何问题:
$ ./example
thread thread 0 increases 01 increases 1
thread 9 increases 2
thread 4 increases 3
thread 10 increases 4
thread 2 increases 5
thread 3 increases 6
thread 13 increases 7
thread thread 7 increases 8
thread 14 increases 9
thread 8 increases 10
thread 12 increases 11
thread 15 increases 12
thread 11 increases 13
5 increases 14
thread 6 increases 15
final s: 16
-
文件
CMakeLists.txt
首先定义一个受支持的最低版本、项目名称、受支持的语言。在本例中,定义了C++11标准项目:cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5 FATAL_ERROR) project(recipe-04 LANGUAGES CXX) set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11) set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF) set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
-
接下来,找到线程库,定义可执行文件,并将其链接到线程库:
find_package(Threads REQUIRED) add_executable(example example.cpp) target_link_libraries(example PUBLIC Threads::Threads )
-
然后,提供编译选项和代码,并链接到ThreadSanitizer:
option(ENABLE_TSAN "Enable ThreadSanitizer" OFF) if(ENABLE_TSAN) if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES GNU) message(STATUS "ThreadSanitizer enabled") target_compile_options(example PUBLIC -g -O1 -fsanitize=thread -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fPIC ) target_link_libraries(example PUBLIC tsan ) else() message(WARNING "ThreadSanitizer not supported for this compiler") endif() endif()
-
最后,编译测试用例:
enable_testing() # allow to report to a cdash dashboard include(CTest) add_test( NAME example COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:example> )
-
CTestConfig.cmake
没有变化:set(CTEST_DROP_METHOD "http") set(CTEST_DROP_SITE "my.cdash.org") set(CTEST_DROP_LOCATION "/submit.php?project=cmake-cookbook") set(CTEST_DROP_SITE_CDASH TRUE)
-
dashboard.cmake
需要为TSan进行简单修改:set(CTEST_PROJECT_NAME "example") cmake_host_system_information(RESULT _site QUERY HOSTNAME) set(CTEST_SITE ${_site}) set(CTEST_BUILD_NAME "${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME}-${CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR}") set(CTEST_SOURCE_DIRECTORY "${CTEST_SCRIPT_DIRECTORY}") set(CTEST_BINARY_DIRECTORY "${CTEST_SCRIPT_DIRECTORY}/build") include(ProcessorCount) ProcessorCount(N) if(NOT N EQUAL 0) set(CTEST_BUILD_FLAGS -j${N}) set(ctest_test_args ${ctest_test_args} PARALLEL_LEVEL ${N}) endif() ctest_start(Experimental) ctest_configure( OPTIONS -DENABLE_TSAN:BOOL=ON ) ctest_build() ctest_test() set(CTEST_MEMORYCHECK_TYPE "ThreadSanitizer") ctest_memcheck() ctest_submit()
-
让我们以这个例子为例。通过
CTEST_CMAKE_GENERATOR
选项来设置生成器:$ ctest -S dashboard.cmake -D CTEST_CMAKE_GENERATOR="Unix Makefiles" Each . represents 1024 bytes of output . Size of output: 0K Each symbol represents 1024 bytes of output. '!' represents an error and '*' a warning. . Size of output: 0K
-
在面板上,我们将看到以下内容:
-
我们可以看到更详细的动态分析:
该示例CMakeLists.txt
的核心部分:
option(ENABLE_TSAN "Enable ThreadSanitizer" OFF)
if(ENABLE_TSAN)
if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES GNU)
message(STATUS "ThreadSanitizer enabled")
target_compile_options(example
PUBLIC
-g -O1 -fsanitize=thread -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fPIC
)
target_link_libraries(example
PUBLIC
tsan
)
else()
message(WARNING "ThreadSanitizer not supported for this compiler")
endif()
endif()
dashboard.cmake
也需要更新:
# ...
ctest_start(Experimental)
ctest_configure(
OPTIONS
-DENABLE_TSAN:BOOL=ON
)
ctest_build()
ctest_test()
set(CTEST_MEMORYCHECK_TYPE "ThreadSanitizer")
ctest_memcheck()
ctest_submit()
和上一个示例一样,我们也可以在本地查看ThreadSanitizer的输出:
$ mkdir -p build
$ cd build
$ cmake -DENABLE_TSAN=ON ..
$ cmake --build .
$ cmake --build . --target test
Start 1: example
1/1 Test #1: example ..........................***Failed 1.07 sec
0% tests passed, 1 tests failed out of 1
$ ./build/example
thread 0 increases 0
==================
WARNING: ThreadSanitizer: data race (pid=24563)
... lots of output ...
SUMMARY: ThreadSanitizer: data race /home/user/cmake-recipes/chapter-14/recipe-04/cxx-example/example
对使用OpenMP的应用TSan是很常见的,但是请注意,在某些情况下,OpenMP会在TSan下生成误检的结果。对于Clang编译器,一个解决方案是用-DLIBOMP_TSAN_SUPPORT=TRUE
重新编译编译器本身及其libomp
。通常,以合理的方式使用TSan可能需要重新编译整个工具堆栈,以避免误报。在使用pybind11的C++项目的情况,我们可能需要重新编译Python,并启用TSan来获得有意义的东西。或者,Python绑定可以通过使用TSan抑制而被排除在外,如 https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/threadsanitizersuppression 。例如:如果一个动态库同时被一个经过TSan的二进制文件和一个Python插件调用,那么这种情况可能是不可能使用TSan。
下面的博客文章讨论了如何添加对动态分析工具的支持:https://blog.kitware.com/ctest-cdash-add-support-for-new-dynamic-analysis-tools/