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从多版本python冲突的问题出发，介绍了virtualenv这个好用的工具，简单分析它的机制后，记录了virtualenv创建虚拟环境的方法。
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<h4 id="为什么要使用virtualenv？"><a href="#为什么要使用virtualenv？" class="headerlink" title="为什么要使用virtualenv？"></a>为什么要使用virtualenv？</h4><p>首先，virtualenv为应用提供了<strong>隔离的</strong>Python运行环境，可以解决不同应用间<strong>多版本</strong>的冲突问题。</p>
<p>比如，现在的电脑中一般同时具有python2和python3，系统的运行需要python2，做开发时往往需要更新的python3。而在使用工具<code>pip</code>时，所有第三方的包都会被安装到默认的python（一般是python2）的site-packages目录下，有时这不是我们所希望的。</p>
<p>这正是要用到virtualenv的场合。virtualenv会把<strong>用户指定版本的python</strong>复制到虚拟环境下，并修改相关的环境变量，使得<code>python</code>和<code>pip</code>命令指向当前虚拟环境。用户可以在虚拟环境中任意操作，而不会对外部造成影响。</p>
<h4 id="1-安装virtualenv"><a href="#1-安装virtualenv" class="headerlink" title="1. 安装virtualenv"></a>1. 安装virtualenv</h4><figure class="highlight cmd"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">pip install virtualenv</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="2-查看python3目录（其他版本也可）"><a href="#2-查看python3目录（其他版本也可）" class="headerlink" title="2. 查看python3目录（其他版本也可）"></a>2. 查看python3目录（其他版本也可）</h4><figure class="highlight cmd"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">which python3</span><br><span class="line">#我的python3是在/usr/bin/python3</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20181006155027409?watermark/2/text/aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl8zNjI5NjUzOA==/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70" alt=""></p>
<h4 id="3-创建python3虚拟环境"><a href="#3-创建python3虚拟环境" class="headerlink" title="3. 创建python3虚拟环境"></a>3. 创建python3虚拟环境</h4><figure class="highlight cmd"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">virtualenv -p /usr/bin/python3 py3env</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>其中，<br><code>-p /usr/bin/python3</code>指定了要复制的python的目录<br><code>py3env</code>是存放环境的文件夹名称</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/2018100615584427?watermark/2/text/aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl8zNjI5NjUzOA==/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70" alt=""></p>
<h4 id="4-激活虚拟环境"><a href="#4-激活虚拟环境" class="headerlink" title="4. 激活虚拟环境"></a>4. 激活虚拟环境</h4><figure class="highlight cmd"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">#使用source命令来使得环境变量修改后立即生效</span><br><span class="line">source /root/py3env/bin/activate</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20181006160633630?watermark/2/text/aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl8zNjI5NjUzOA==/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70" alt=""></p>
<p>可以看到命令提示符有一个<code>(py3env)</code>的前缀，即表示激活成功。<br>此时，你的所有python、pip操作都会指向虚拟环境创建时<strong>复制的那一份python</strong>。<br>比如再次执行<code>which python</code>，如图。</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20181007085930778?watermark/2/text/aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl8zNjI5NjUzOA==/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70" alt=""><br>原来的路径是<code>/usr/bin/python3</code>，激活虚拟环境后是<code>/root/py3env/bin/python</code>。</p>
<h4 id="5-退出虚拟环境"><a href="#5-退出虚拟环境" class="headerlink" title="5.退出虚拟环境"></a>5.退出虚拟环境</h4><figure class="highlight cmd"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">deactivate</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><code>(py3env)</code>前缀消失，环境变量被重设为原来的。</p>
<h4 id="6-Tip"><a href="#6-Tip" class="headerlink" title="6. Tip"></a>6. Tip</h4><blockquote>
<p>切记要在工作时激活虚拟环境，结束工作后退出。</p>
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