| layout | title | parent |
|---|---|---|
default |
Combine Publishers - Operator, Subject & @Published |
Cocoa |
Here we're building on Combine - Publisher, Subscriber & Subscription to solidify our understanding of Combine by looking at some practical examples of publishers. Specifically, we'll explore implementations of an operator, a subject, and the @Published property wrapper.
Operators are special kinds of publishers in that they manipulate data received from the upstream to produce new data to the downstream. There are a lot of operators at our disposal. However our focus is here more on understanding how they work and not how they're used, so here's a detailed list of all operators and when to use them. What we'll do here instead is pick one from the list and look at how it does what it does.
Let's pick Publishers.Map as our example, and start with an example of how we use this operator.
// Here we define a publisher that publishes values from 1 to 5,
// and pipes its downstream with a Publishers.Map operator.
// The operator transforms the output of the publisher by squaring the values it produces.
// Finally we attach a subscriber of type Sink which outputs:
// "Completed with:" with a Subscribers.Completion instance when a completion event is received, or
// "Received value:" with the value received when a value is received
Array(1...5).publisher.map { $0*$0 }.sink(receiveCompletion: { print("Completed with: \($0)") })
{ print("Received value: \($0)") }Now let's see how the Publishers.Map operator does what it does:
extension Publishers {
public struct Map<Upstream: Publisher, Output>: Publisher {
// This publisher's failure type must match its upstream
public typealias Failure = Upstream.Failure
// The publisher from which this publisher receives elements.
public let upstream: Upstream
// The closure that transforms elements from the upstream publisher.
public let transform: (Upstream.Output) -> Output
// This publisher's initializer requires:
// 1. Another publisher that is its upstream
// 2. A closure that defines how values from the upstream should be transformed
public init(upstream: Upstream,
transform: @escaping (Upstream.Output) -> Output) {
self.upstream = upstream
self.transform = transform
}
// Publisher protocol conformance:
// When the subscriber calls subscribe on this publisher passing itself as the subscriber,
// this publisher wraps the subscriber (alongside the transformation closure) inside another
// subscriber type Inner, and calls subscribe on its upstream, this time passing the Inner
// instance as parameter.
public func receive<Downstream: Subscriber>(subscriber: Downstream)
where Output == Downstream.Input, Downstream.Failure == Upstream.Failure {
upstream.subscribe(Inner(downstream: subscriber, map: transform))
}
// This is convenience method for piping this operator with another map operator:
// A new Publisher.Map is created using its initializer
public func map<Result>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> Result) -> Publishers.Map<Upstream, Result> {
return .init(upstream: upstream) { transform(self.transform($0)) }
}
}
}
extension Publishers.Map {
// The Inner type is a subscriber that wraps its downstream
private struct Inner<Downstream: Subscriber> : Subscriber, CustomCombineIdentifierConvertible
where Downstream.Input == Output, Downstream.Failure == Upstream.Failure {
// The subscriber's input & failure types must match its upstream
typealias Input = Upstream.Output
typealias Failure = Upstream.Failure
// CustomCombineIdentifierConvertible protocol conformance
let combineIdentifier = CombineIdentifier()
// This subscriber manages:
// 1. The downstream subscriber
// 2. The value transformation
private let downstream: Downstream
private let map: (Input) -> Output
fileprivate init(downstream: Downstream, map: @escaping (Input) -> Output) {
self.downstream = downstream
self.map = map
}
// Subscriber protocol conformance:
func receive(subscription: Subscription) {
// Forward subscription to its downstream when it receives
// one from its upstream
downstream.receive(subscription: subscription)
}
func receive(_ input: Input) -> Subscribers.Demand {
// Apply transformation on the value received from upstream,
// and forward it downstream
return downstream.receive(map(input))
}
func receive(completion: Subscribers.Completion<Failure>) {
// Forward the completion event downstream
downstream.receive(completion: completion)
}
}
}
extension Publisher {
// We can call map on the upstream publisher to attach a Publishers.Map publisher to it
// (like we did in our example)
public func map<Result>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> Result) -> Publishers.Map<Self, Result> {
// Create a new Publisher.Map publisher, setting the called publisher as its upstream and passing
// in the transformation closure
return Publishers.Map(upstream: self, transform: transform)
}
}(Snippet from OpenCombine)
A subject is a publisher that offers methods to outside callers, allowing them to publish values & events. The way a subject achieves this is by conforming to the Subject protocol. Concrete subjects that come out-of-the-box with Combine are CurrentValueSubject and PassthroughSubject.
We are going to look at the Subject protocol as a warm up to understanding the PassthroughSubject implementation.
protocol Subject: AnyObject, Publisher {
// Sends a value to the subscriber.
func send(_ value: Output)
// Sends a completion event to the subscriber.
func send(completion: Subscribers.Completion<Failure>)
// Provides this Subject an opportunity to establish demand for any new upstream
// subscriptions
func send(subscription: Subscription)
}
extension Subject where Output == Void {
// If the output of the publisher is void,
// the send(_ value: Output) method should sends a void
public func send() {
send(())
}
}(Snippet from OpenCombine)
A PassthroughSubject is a publisher typically used to as an adaptor to bridge existing imperative code to the publish/subscribe model. Let's see the implementation for PassthroughSubject.
public final class PassthroughSubject<Output, Failure: Error>: Subject {
// Locking mechanism to enforce atomic operations
private let _lock = UnfairRecursiveLock.allocate()
// This property tracks whether the subject has sent a completion event
private var _completion: Subscribers.Completion<Failure>?
// This list keeps subscriptions (upstream subscriptions) sent by the subject
internal var upstreamSubscriptions: [Subscription] = []
// This list keeps subscriptions (downstream subscriptions) associated with subscribers
private var _subscriptions: [Conduit] = []
// This property tracks whether the subject has received a demand from any downstream
// subscriber
internal var hasAnyDownstreamDemand = false
// Default initializer with no parameters
public init() {}
// Publisher protocol conformance
//
public func receive<Downstream: Subscriber>(subscriber: Downstream)
where Output == Downstream.Input, Failure == Downstream.Failure {
_lock.do {
if let completion = _completion {
subscriber.receive(subscription: Subscriptions.empty)
subscriber.receive(completion: completion)
return
} else {
let subscription = Conduit(parent: self,
downstream: AnySubscriber(subscriber))
_subscriptions.append(subscription)
subscriber.receive(subscription: subscription)
}
}
}
// Subject protocol conformance
// Call this method on the subject to send subscription to the subscriber
// Subscriptions injected are added to upstream subscriptions
// Injected subscriptions are requested unlimited demands regardless of demand
// requested by the downstream
public func send(subscription: Subscription) {
_lock.do {
upstreamSubscriptions.append(subscription)
if hasAnyDownstreamDemand {
subscription.request(.unlimited)
}
}
}
// Call this method on the subject to send values to each subscriber
// to send the value to all subscribers, and update each downstream subscription
// demand with ensuing demands returned from the subscriber
public func send(_ input: Output) {
_lock.do {
for subscription in _subscriptions
where !subscription._isCompleted && subscription._demand > 0
{
let newDemand = subscription._downstream?.receive(input) ?? .none
subscription._demand += newDemand
subscription._demand -= 1
}
}
}
// Call this method on the subject to send completion event to each subscriber
// The subscription is no longer effective once the completion event is sent
public func send(completion: Subscribers.Completion<Failure>) {
_lock.do {
_completion = completion
for subscriber in _subscriptions {
subscriber._receive(completion: completion)
}
}
}
// Downstream subscription call this method when subscriber request demand
// through it
private func _acknowledgeDownstreamDemand() {
_lock.do {
guard !hasAnyDownstreamDemand else { return }
hasAnyDownstreamDemand = true
for subscription in upstreamSubscriptions {
subscription.request(.unlimited)
}
}
}
// Release all downstream subscribers on deallocation
deinit {
for subscription in _subscriptions {
subscription._downstream = nil
}
_lock.deallocate()
}
}
extension PassthroughSubject {
// Conduit is a concrete subscription type
fileprivate final class Conduit: Subscription {
// This property holds the demand requested by the subscriber
fileprivate var _demand: Subscribers.Demand = .none
// This computed property returns whether the subscription is complete:
// the subscription is considered complete when the completion event
// is received by the subscriber
fileprivate var _isCompleted: Bool {
return _parent == nil
}
// The owner of this subscription is a PassthroughSubject, and the PassthroughSubject's
// downstream is a subscriber
fileprivate var _parent: PassthroughSubject?
fileprivate var _downstream: AnySubscriber<Output, Failure>?
fileprivate init(parent: PassthroughSubject, downstream: AnySubscriber<Output, Failure>) {
_parent = parent
_downstream = downstream
}
// The subscription forwards the completion event downstream when the PassthroughSubject
// sends the completion event
fileprivate func _receive(completion: Subscribers.Completion<Failure>) {
if !_isCompleted {
_parent = nil
_downstream?.receive(completion: completion)
}
}
// Subscription protocol conformance
// The subscriber calls this method on the subscription to specify
// the number of values it wishes to receive before completion
// Upstream subscriptions injected through the subject always receives
// an unmilimted demand regardless of the actual demand requested by the subscriber
fileprivate func request(_ demand: Subscribers.Demand) {
demand.assertNonZero()
_parent?._lock.do {
_demand += demand
}
_parent?._acknowledgeDownstreamDemand()
}
// Cancellable protocol conformance
// The subscription/subject relationship is de-coupled when the subscriber
// cancels the subscription
fileprivate func cancel() {
_parent = nil
}
}
}(Snippet from OpenCombine)
Now we have a better idea of what a PassthroughSubject is and how it works, we can now look at how it is used to formulate the @Published property wrapper. Let's first review how the @Published is used with this example from Apple:
class Weather {
@Published var temperature: Double
init(temperature: Double) {
self.temperature = temperature
}
}
let weather = Weather(temperature: 20)
cancellable = weather.$temperature
.sink() {
print ("Temperature now: \($0)")
}
weather.temperature = 25
// Prints:
// Temperature now: 20.0
// Temperature now: 25.0Now let's implement @Published:
@propertyWrapper
struct Published<Value> {
private let subject = PassthroughSubject<Value, Never>()
var wrappedValue : Value {
didSet { subject.send(wrappedValue) }
}
public var projectedValue: PassthroughSubject<Value, Never> {
subject
}
}