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Dear Professor Rob Marano,

Instruction Set Architecture

Before writing any Verilog, we first needed to describe a somewhat rigorous Instruction Set Architecture (ISA). Ideally, such an abstract model would exist before writing anything in a Hardware Description Language (HDL) since it serves as the basis for how software controls a Central Processing Unit (CPU). Given that this was our first time designing a CPU from the ground up, much of the ISA was in constant flux as we slowly converged on our final design.

Inspiration

Inspiration for JAVK came from the GameBoy's LR35902 and the MOS Technology 6502. We most heavily borrowed on the idea of an accumulator as this allowed us to squeeze all our instructions into a single byte, avoiding the need for variable-length instructions.

Arithmetic Logic Unit

JAVK has an 8-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) that supports the following operations:

  • adding
  • subtracting
  • negation
  • bitwise and
  • bitwise inclusive or
  • bitwise exclusive or
  • logical shifts left
  • logical shifts right

The ALU also has the following output flags:

  • negative (N)
  • zero (Z)
  • carry (C)
  • overflow (V)

On a rising clock edge, the ALU performs the configured operation and updates the output and flags accordingly.

Registers

JAVK consists of 20 addressable registers. Of these, 16 are 8-bit, while the remaining four are 16-bit. Of these 16-bit registers, two map directly on top of two 8-bit registers allowing for manipulation using an 8-bit ALU.

Register Map:

+-------+-------+
|   A   |   B   |
+-------+-------+
|   C   |   D   |
+-------+-------+
|   E   |   F   |
+-------+-------+
|   G   |   H   |
+-------+-------+
|   I   =   J   |
+-------+-------+
|   K   =   L   |
+-------+-------+
|   M   |   N   |
+-------+-------+
|   O   |   Z   |
+-------+-------+
|      P C      |
+-------+-------+
|      S P      |
+-------+-------+
Register Index Size
A 0b0000 8b
B 0b0001 8b
C 0b0010 8b
D 0b0011 8b
E 0b0100 8b
F 0b0101 8b
G 0b0110 8b
H 0b0111 8b
I 0b1000 8b
J 0b1001 8b
K 0b1010 8b
L 0b1011 8b
M 0b1100 8b
N 0b1101 8b
O 0b1110 8b
Z 0b1111 8b
PC 0b00 16b
SP 0b01 16b
IJ 0b10 16b
KL 0b11 16b

Special Registers

  • A - accumulator. The result of all arithmetic operations reside in this register. This register is also used as the first operand for all ALU operations (with exception of negation). This register is also the only register which can load and store data of the databus.
  • F - flags. All modifiable and readable CPU flags reside in this register.
  • I - high byte of the IJ register.
  • J - low byte of the IJ register.
  • K - high byte of the KL register.
  • L - low byte of the KL register.
  • Z - zero. The zero register is always contains a constant value of zero. All writes to this register are discarded.
  • PC - program counter. The program counter holds the address of the next instruction to be executed.
  • SP - stack pointer. The stack pointer stores the address of the last program request in a stack.
  • IJ - intended jump. The intended jump register serves two primary roles: containing the address from where data is read to/written from the A register or the address which execution should jump to.
  • KL - keep link. Upon a jump with link (JPL), the PC register will be incremented and stored in this register.

Core Instruction Set

Instruction Format Encoding Description
ADD R 0b0000 XXXX Add
SUD R 0b0001 XXXX Subtract
NEG R 0b0010 XXXX Negate
AND R 0b0011 XXXX AND
ORR R 0b0100 XXXX Inclusive OR
EOR R 0b0101 XXXX Exclusive OR
LSL I 0b0110 XXXX Logical shift left
LSR I 0b0111 XXXX Logical shift right
MVA R 0b1000 XXXX Move A register
MVB R 0b1001 XXXX Move 16-bit register
LNL I 0b1010 XXXX Load nibble low
LNH I 0b1011 XXXX Load nibble high
LDB D 0b1100 XXXX Load byte
STB D 0b1101 XXXX Store byte
JMP B 0b1110 XXXX Jump
JPL B 0b1111 XXXX Jump (with link)

Instruction Encoding

As the table above would suggest, all instructions in JAVK consist of a single byte where the high nibble corresponds to the opcode, and the lower nibble corresponds to the operand.

Arithmetic Operations

Arithmetic operations take up eight of the total 16 instructions available in JAVK and take up the 0b0XXX address range. By mapping the arithmetic operations to this address range, the lower three bits can be directly passed to the ALU's opcode input and enabled when the MSB of the opcode is a zero.

For most operations, the operand corresponds to the register index of the second operand to the ALU. The exceptions to this convention are the two logical shift operations, as they use the four bits to specify a shift amount for the value in the accumulator.

Movement Operations

The two movement operations take up the 0b100X address range.

MVA (move A) is the first of the two movement operations and moves the contents of the A register to the specified operand register. The only exception is the Z register which maintains the constant value of zero.

MVB (move "big") is the second of the two movement operations and moves the contents of one 16-bit register to another. Since there are only four 16-bit registers, this allows for specifying both a source and a destination register. The high two bits of the operand correspond with the destination register, and the low two bits correspond with the source register.

Immediate Loading Operations

The two immediate loading operations take up the 0b101X address range.

Both operations store the nibble as the operand. The only distinction between the two operations is which nibble they replace in the A register.

Data Operations

The two data operations take up the 0b0110X address range.

Both operations store an address offset in the operand. The operations always add the unsigned offset to the address in the IJ register. Both set the address bus to the newly computed address, with the only distinction between the two is that one reads the databus into the A register while the other writes the contents of the A register to the databus.

Branch Operations

The two branch operations take up the 0b0111X address range.

Both operations store the branch condition in the operand. Both instructions branch to the address stored in the IJ register. The main distinction between the two instructions is that JPL is a jump with a link. On a branch, it stores the return address in the KL and the SP into the IJ register. If the programmer sets the return flag, SP gets incremented by 16 instead of being decremented by 16.

Condition codes:

Encoding Alias Description Flags
0b0000 EQ Equal Z
0b0001 NE Not equal !Z
0b0010 HS Unsigned greater than or equal C
0b0011 LO Unsigned less than !C
0b0100 MI Negative N
0b0101 PL Positive or zero !N
0b0110 VS Overflow set V
0b0111 VC Overflow clear !V
0b1000 HI Unsigned greater C && !Z
0b1001 LS Unsigned less than or equal !(C && !Z)
0b1010 GE Greater than or equal N == V
0b1011 LT Less than N != V
0b1100 GT Greater than !Z && (N == V)
0b1101 LE Less than or equal !(!Z && (N == V)
0b1110 AL Always Any
0b1111 NV Always Any

Calling Convention

When branching into a subroutine, the A, B, C, D, E, G, and H registers serve as argument registers. If more than seven registers are needed, the address to a region in memory where additional arguments reside should be moved into the G and H registers; the G register should contain the high byte, and the H register should contain the low byte.

The return value should be placed in the A register. If a 16-bit value is to be returned, the high byte should be placed in the A register, while the low byte should be placed in the B register. If the return value is larger than 16-bits, the caller should follow the same convention as done with G and H if there are too many arguments, but place the segment of memory where the return value should reside before any additional arguments.

When entering a subroutine, the KL register contains the return address and IJ contains the address of SP, this allows for the programmer to backup any registers as they seem fit. While in a subroutine, the M, N, and O registers must be saved before use.

To return from a subroutine, the programmer must set the return flag in the flags register and place the return address into the IJ register.

Timings

R-type format: R-type format

I-type format: I-type format

D-type format: D-type format

B-type format: B-type format

Data Path

All instructions take one clock cycle to execute. On the falling edge, an instruction is fetched into the processor and decoded internally. The controller then decodes the instruction and primes all internal components for the rising clock edge. Once the rising clock edge is detected, the instruction is executed, and the result is written to the appropriate location.

Schematic

Schematic

Copyright & Licensing

Copyright (C) 2022 Jacob Koziej <jacobkoziej@gmail.com>

Copyright (C) 2022 Ani Vardanyan <ani.var.2003@gmail.com>

Licensed under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.