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Attention-Based Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks for Relation Classification

Deep Learning Approach for Relation Extraction Challenge(SemEval-2010 Task #8: Multi-Way Classification of Semantic Relations Between Pairs of Nominals) using Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks.

Experimental results

Models Test Data Accuracy F1 score
BiLSTMAtt-softmax(dim:1000) 71.58% 76.43
BiLSTMAtt-ranking(dim:1000) 73.50% 77.77

Usage

Train

  • train data is located in "SemEval2010_task8_all_data/SemEval2010_task8_training/TRAIN_FILE.TXT"

  • Display help message:

     $ python train.py --help
     optional arguments:
   -h, --help            show this help message and exit
--train_dir TRAIN_DIR
                     Path of train data
--dev_sample_percentage DEV_SAMPLE_PERCENTAGE
                     Percentage of the training data to use for validation
--max_sentence_length MAX_SENTENCE_LENGTH
                     Max sentence length in train(98)/test(70) data
                     (Default: 100)
--log_dir LOG_DIR     Path of tensorboard
--word2vec WORD2VEC   Word2vec file with pre-trained embeddings
--text_embedding_dim TEXT_EMBEDDING_DIM
                     Dimensionality of character embedding (Default: 300)
--layers LAYERS       Size of rnn output (Default: 500
--dropout_keep_prob1 DROPOUT_KEEP_PROB1
                     Dropout keep probability for embedding, LSTM
                     layer(Default: 0.3)
--dropout_keep_prob2 DROPOUT_KEEP_PROB2
                     Dropout keep probability attention layer (Default:
                     0.5)
--l2_reg_lambda L2_REG_LAMBDA
                     L2 regularization lambda (Default: 1e-5)
--use_ranking_loss [USE_RANKING_LOSS]
                     Use ranking loss (Default : True)
--gamma GAMMA         scaling parameter (Default: 2.0)
--mp MP               m value for positive class (Default: 2.5)
--mn MN               m value for negative class (Default: 0.5)
--batch_size BATCH_SIZE
                     Batch Size (Default: 64)
--num_epochs NUM_EPOCHS
                     Number of training epochs (Default: 100)
--display_every DISPLAY_EVERY
                     Number of iterations to display training info.
--evaluate_every EVALUATE_EVERY
                     Evaluate model on dev set after this many steps
--checkpoint_every CHECKPOINT_EVERY
                     Save model after this many steps
--num_checkpoints NUM_CHECKPOINTS
                     Number of checkpoints to store
--learning_rate LEARNING_RATE
                     Which learning rate to start with. (Default: 1e-3)
--allow_soft_placement [ALLOW_SOFT_PLACEMENT]
                     Allow device soft device placement
--noallow_soft_placement
--log_device_placement [LOG_DEVICE_PLACEMENT]
                     Log placement of ops on devices

  • Train Example:

     $ python train.py --train_dir "TRAIN_FILE.TXT"

Evalutation

  • test data is located in "SemEval2010_task8_all_data/SemEval2010_task8_testing_keys/TEST_FILE_FULL.TXT".

  • You must give "checkpoint_dir" argument, path of checkpoint(trained neural model) file, like below example.

  • Evaluation Example:

     $ python eval.py --checkpoint_dir "runs/1523902663/checkpoints"

  • Official Evaluation of SemEval 2010 Task #8

    1. After evaluation like the example, you can get the "prediction.txt" and "answer.txt" in "result" directory.
    2. Install perl.
    3. Move to SemEval2010_task8_all_data/SemEval2010_task8_scorer-v1.2. 
      $ cd SemEval2010_task8_all_data/SemEval2010_task8_scorer-v1.2
    4. Check your prediction file format. 
      $ perl semeval2010_task8_format_checker.pl ../../result/prediction.txt
    5. Scoring your prediction. 
      $ perl semeval2010_task8_scorer-v1.2.pl ../../result/prediction.txt ../../result/answer.txt
    6. The scorer shows the 3 evaluation reuslts for prediction. The official evaluation result, (9+1)-WAY EVALUATION TAKING DIRECTIONALITY INTO ACCOUNT -- OFFICIAL, is the last one. See the README for more details.

SemEval-2010 Task #8

  • Given: a pair of nominals
  • Goal: recognize the semantic relation between these nominals.
  • Example:
    • "There were apples, pears and oranges in the bowl."
      → CONTENT-CONTAINER(pears, bowl)
    • “The cup contained tea from dried ginseng.”
      → ENTITY-ORIGIN(tea, ginseng)

The Inventory of Semantic Relations

  1. Cause-Effect(CE): An event or object leads to an effect(those cancers were caused by radiation exposures)
  2. Instrument-Agency(IA): An agent uses an instrument(phone operator)
  3. Product-Producer(PP): A producer causes a product to exist (a factory manufactures suits)
  4. Content-Container(CC): An object is physically stored in a delineated area of space (a bottle full of honey was weighed) Hendrickx, Kim, Kozareva, Nakov, O S´ eaghdha, Pad ´ o,´ Pennacchiotti, Romano, Szpakowicz Task Overview Data Creation Competition Results and Discussion The Inventory of Semantic Relations (III)
  5. Entity-Origin(EO): An entity is coming or is derived from an origin, e.g., position or material (letters from foreign countries)
  6. Entity-Destination(ED): An entity is moving towards a destination (the boy went to bed)
  7. Component-Whole(CW): An object is a component of a larger whole (my apartment has a large kitchen)
  8. Member-Collection(MC): A member forms a nonfunctional part of a collection (there are many trees in the forest)
  9. Message-Topic(CT): An act of communication, written or spoken, is about a topic (the lecture was about semantics)
  10. OTHER: If none of the above nine relations appears to be suitable.

Distribution for Dataset

  • SemEval-2010 Task #8 Dataset [Download]
Relation Train Data Test Data Total Data
Cause-Effect 1,003 (12.54%) 328 (12.07%) 1331 (12.42%)
Instrument-Agency 504 (6.30%) 156 (5.74%) 660 (6.16%)
Product-Producer 717 (8.96%) 231 (8.50%) 948 (8.85%)
Content-Container 540 (6.75%) 192 (7.07%) 732 (6.83%)
Entity-Origin 716 (8.95%) 258 (9.50%) 974 (9.09%)
Entity-Destination 845 (10.56%) 292 (10.75%) 1137 (10.61%)
Component-Whole 941 (11.76%) 312 (11.48%) 1253 (11.69%)
Member-Collection 690 (8.63%) 233 (8.58%) 923 (8.61%)
Message-Topic 634 (7.92%) 261 (9.61%) 895 (8.35%)
Other 1,410 (17.63%) 454 (16.71%) 1864 (17.39%)
Total 8,000 (100.00%) 2,717 (100.00%) 10,717 (100.00%)

Reference

  • Attention-Based Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks for Relation Classification (ACL 2016), D Raj et al. [paper]
  • Classifying Relations by Ranking with Convolutional Neural Networks (ACL 2015), dos Santos et al. [paper]