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mimetex.html
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<!--
****************************************************************************
* Copyright(c) 2002-2012, John Forkosh Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
* http://www.forkosh.com mailto: john@forkosh.com
* ==========================================================================
* This file is part of mimeTeX, which is free software. You may redistribute
* and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License,
* version 3 or later, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
* MimeTeX is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
* WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, not even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY.
* See the GNU General Public License for specific details.
* By using mimeTeX, you warrant that you have read, understood and
* agreed to these terms and conditions, and that you possess the legal
* right and ability to enter into this agreement and to use mimeTeX
* in accordance with it.
* Your mimetex.zip distribution file should contain the file COPYING,
* an ascii text copy of the GNU General Public License, version 3.
* If not, point your browser to http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
* or write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
* 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA.
****************************************************************************
-->
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<!-- "http://www.forkosh.com/loose.dtd" -->
<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Preamble
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<html>
<head>
<title> mimeTeX user's manual </title>
<meta HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<style type="text/css">
body { background-image: none; /* none; or url(); */
/*background-repeat: repeat-y;*/
/*background-attachment: fixed;*/ /* fixed; or scroll; */
background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000;
margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.1em;
font-size: large; /* or medium */
clear: both }
A:active { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none }
A:link { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none }
A:visited { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none }
A:hover { color: red/*#FF0000*/; text-decoration: underline
/*font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;*/
/*font-size: normal; line-height: normal*/ }
h1 { color: maroon; text-decoration: underline;
font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */
font-size: xx-large;
padding-top: 2.0em;
letter-spacing: 0.25em }
h2 { color: maroon; text-decoration: underline;
font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */
font-size: x-large;
padding-top: 1.0em;
letter-spacing: 0.20em }
h3 { color: maroon; /*black; text-decoration: underline;*/
font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */
font-size: large;
margin-left: 1em;
padding-top: 0.5em;
letter-spacing: 0.15em }
center { padding-top: -0.1em; padding-bottom: -0.1em; }
table { font-size: large }
table.medium { font-size: medium }
dl { font-size: large;
margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em }
ol { margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em }
ul { margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em;
list-style-type: square }
ul ul { margin-left: -0.5em; margin-right: 3.5em;
list-style-type: disc }
pre { margin-left: 3.0em; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold }
pre.nobold { margin-left:3.0em; font-size:medium; font-weight:normal }
p { margin-left: 2.0em; margin-right: 1.5em }
p:first-letter
{ font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold;
color: maroon }
p.continue { margin-left: 2.0em; margin-right: 1.5em;
padding-top: -0.1em }
p.continue:first-letter
{ font-size: large; font-weight: normal;
color: black }
p.warning { color: red } /* defines p class=warning */
</style>
<style type="text/css">
a.info{
position:relative;
z-index:24;
/*background-color:#8692A5;*/
visibility: inherit;
text-decoration: none; }
a.info:hover{
z-index:25;
/*background-color:#999999;
color: #FFFF00;*/
text-decoration: none; }
a.info span{
display: none;
/*color: #FFFF00;*/ }
a.info:hover span{
display:block;
position:absolute;
top:2em;
left:2em;
/*width:15em;*/
border:1px solid #330066;
background-color:#FFFF99;
color:#660000;
text-align: left;
font-size: 13px;
font-weight: normal;
margin: 3px;
padding: 6px; }
a.info:link {
text-decoration: none;
/*color: #FFFF00;*/ /*themecolour1%0;*/ }
a.info:visited {
text-decoration: none;
/*color: #FFFF00;*/ /*themecolour1%0;*/ }
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
// add/clear text to expression
function eqntext(eqn)
{ var eqnSrc = document.getElementById(eqn).src;
var texSrc = eqnSrc.substring(eqnSrc.indexOf('?')+1,eqnSrc.length);
addtext(texSrc); }
function addtext(text)
{ cleartext();
document.expression.formdata.value += unescape(text);
document.expression.formdata.focus(); }
function cleartext()
{ document.expression.formdata.value = "";
//document.inlineframe.value = "";
document.expression.formdata.focus(); }
-->
</script>
<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ php functions to use Vertical-Align: info from mimetex
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<?php
//$mimetexurl = "../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?";
$mimetexurl = "http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.cgi?";
//$mimetexurl = "http://psi2star/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?";
function verticalalign( $expression ) {
global $mimetexurl;
// note: curl_init() stops at the first whitespace char in $url argument
$expression = ereg_replace(" ","~",$expression); // remove whitespace
$url = $mimetexurl . "\depth~" . $expression;
$valign = "0";
$options = array(
CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER => true, // return web page
CURLOPT_HEADER => true); // return headers
$ch = curl_init( $url );
//curl_setopt_array( $ch, $options );
curl_setopt( $ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true );
curl_setopt( $ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, true );
$gif = curl_exec( $ch );
$errno = curl_errno( $ch );
$error = curl_error( $ch );
//$info = curl_getinfo( $ch );
curl_close( $ch );
//echo '<br> url= ',$url,'<br>',"\n";
//echo '<br> gif=<br>',$gif,'<br>',"\n";
if ( $errno == 0 ) {
$fields = explode("Vertical-Align:",$gif);
$vfield = trim($fields[1]);
$fldlen = strspn($vfield,"+-0123456789");
$valign = substr($vfield,0,$fldlen); }
else {
echo 'verticalalign> errno ',$errno,' = ',$error,'<br><br>',"\n"; }
return $valign;
}
function mimetextag( $label, $expression ) {
global $mimetexurl;
$valign = verticalalign($expression);
$url = $mimetexurl . $expression;
//echo ' valign=',$valign,' ',"\n";
echo '<a href="#preview" class="info"><img id="',$label,'" ';
echo ' onclick="eqntext(',"'",$label,"'",')" ';
echo ' src="',$url,'" ';
echo ' style="Vertical-Align:',$valign,'px" ';
echo ' alt="" border=0>';
echo '<span>',$expression,'</span>';
echo '</a>', "\n";
}
?>
<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ javascript from mathtran.org to render <img alt="tex:math expression">
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<!-- script type="text/javascript"
src="http://www.mathtran.org/js/mathtran_img.js"></script -->
</head>
<body>
<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Banner across top of page, containing title and two example mimeTeX images.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<br>
<hr size=4>
<center>
<table cellspacing=10>
<tr>
<td align="center">
<a href="#preview"><img id="imageBanr1" onclick="eqntext('imageBanr1')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large f=b_o+\frac{a_1}{b_1+\frac{a_2}
{b_2+\frac{a_3}{b_3+a_4}}}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">
<center> <font color="maroon" size=4>
<b><nobr>m i m e T e X m a n u a l</nobr></b> <br>
<font size=3>( for mimeTeX version
<a href="#preview"><img id="imageVer1" onclick="eqntext('imageVer1')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\versionnumber"
alt="" border=0 align=bottom></a> )</font> <br>
<font size=3> <b>Click for:</b>
<!-- <a href="http://www.forkosh.com" target="_top">homepage</a>,
<a href="http://www.forkosh.com/resume.html" target="_top">resume</a> -->
<a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetextutorial.html" target="_top">
LaTeX tutorial</a><br>
<a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.html" target="_top">
mimeTeX QuickStart</a><br>
<a href="http://www.forkosh.com/cgi-bin/weblist.cgi?-t=weblist
&-f=sources/weblistemplate.html&files=@sources/sourcecode/mimetex.lis
©right=2002-2011&counter=mimetex
&title=mimetex&description=m i m e T e X S o u r c e L i s t i n g"
target="_top">mimeTeX Source Listing</a><br>
<a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip">
<!-- jfa <a href="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/support/mimetex/mimetex.zip"></a> -->
<font size=4>download mimeTeX</font></a></font>
</font> </center> </td>
<td align="center">
<a href="#preview"><img id="imageBanr2" onclick="eqntext('imageBanr2')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\scr{J}^{ij}=\frac12\varepsilon_{ijk}
\left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_k&0\\0&\sigma_k\end{array}\right]"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> <br>
<a href="#examples">more_examples...</a> </td>
</tr>
<tr> <td align="center" colspan="3">
This page discusses mimeTeX, a program that displays math on the web.<br>
(<font size=3>See
<a href="http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2009/3/writing-math-on-the-web/1"
target="_top">Writing Math on the Web</a>
for a more general discussion.</font>)
</td> </tr>
</table>
</center>
<hr size=4>
<center><b><font color="maroon" size=3>
Copyright <font size=5>©</font> 2002-2012,
<a href="http://www.forkosh.com">John Forkosh Associates, Inc.</a> <br>
email: <a href="mailto:john@forkosh.com">john@forkosh.com</a>
</font></b> <br><br>
<a href="#preview"><img id="timestamp1" onclick="eqntext('timestamp1')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\blue\begin{matrix}
\large\today\\\normalsize\today[3]\end{matrix}"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Table of Contents
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<br> <center><b><font color="maroon" size=6>
<u> C o n t e n t s
</u></font></b> <br>
<table cellspacing=0 class="medium">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" width=150>
<font size=3><b>- - - T u t o r i a l - - -</b></font> </td>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan=3 width=450><font size=3><b>
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - R e f e r e n c e - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" width=150> <font size=3>
<a href="#introduction"> (I) Introduction </a><br>
<a href="#quickstart"> a. Quick Start </a><br>
<a href="#examples"> b. Examples </a><br>
<a href="#scripts"> c. Scripts&Plugins </a><br>
<a href="#gpl"> d. GPL License </a> </font> </td>
<td valign="top" align="center" width=150> <font size=3>
<a href="#build"> (II) Building mimeTeX </a><br>
<a href="#compile"> a. Compile </a><br>
<a href="#install"> b. Install </a><br>
<a href="#options"> c. Compile Options </a><br>
<a href="#cmdline"> d. Command Line </a> </font> </td>
<td valign="top" align="center" width=150> <font size=3>
<a href="#reference"> (III) Syntax Reference </a><br>
<a href="#spaces"> a. Math & White Space </a><br>
<a href="#symbols"> b. Symbols, Sizes, Modes </a><br>
<a href="#delimiters"> c. Delimiters </a><br>
<a href="#accents"> d. Accents, Arrows, etc. </a><br>
<a href="#array"> e. \begin{array} </a><br>
<a href="#picture"> f. \picture( ){ } </a><br>
<a href="#commands"> g. Other Commands </a><br>
<a href="#exceptions"> h. Other Exceptions </a><br>
<a href="#messages"> i. Errors and Messages </a> </font> </td>
<td valign="top" align="center" width=150> <font size=3>
<a href="#appendices"> (IV) Appendices </a><br>
<a href="#fonts"> a. Fonts </a><br>
<a href="#makeraster"> b. make_raster() </a><br>
<a href="#gifsave"> c. gifsave.c </a>
<br><a href="#remarks"> Remarks </a> </font> </td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<!-- br -->
<p style="margin-left:3em;margin-right:3em;">
<font color="blue" size=3> This page contains more information
than you'll probably need to read. If you follow the
<font color="maroon">Installation and Usage Summary</font>
below, try installing mimeTeX immediately. <!-- If you need
more information, --> Or continue reading until you feel comfortable
trying to install mimeTeX. <!-- Return to this page as needed. -->
Prerequisites are: some knowledge of your OS's shell,
of installing cgi's, of LaTeX. </font>
<font color="maroon" size=3> <br>
<b>"</b><i>Computers are like Old Testament gods<b>:</b>
lots of rules and no mercy.</i><b>"</b><br>
<b>––</b> Joseph Campbell, The Power of Myth
(Doubleday 1988, page 18) </font> </p>
<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ Installation and Usage Summary
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<!-- br -->
<center>
<table border="0">
<tr> <!-- banner -->
<td align="left">
<!-- <b><font color="maroon" size=4>
<u> I n s t a l l a t i o n
a n d U s a g e S u m m a r y
</u></font></b> -->
<font size=4 color="maroon"><b>- - - - - - I n s t a l l a t i o n
a n d U s a g e S u m m a r y - - - - - -</b></font>
</td> </tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"> <!-- summary -->
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0">
<tr><td align="right" valign="top">
<a href="#build">Installation</a>: </td>
<td><font size=4> Download <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip">
mimetex.zip</a> and then type <br>
<b> unzip mimetex.zip</b> <br>
<b> cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</b>
<br>Now just <b>mv</b> mimetex.cgi to your <b>cgi-bin/</b>
directory, <br> set permissions as necessary, and you're all done.
</font></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> <font size="2"> </font> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top">
<a href="#introduction">Usage</a>: </td>
<td><font size=4> To see the image <br>
<a href="#preview"><img id="summary1" onclick="eqntext('summary1')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> <br>
just write the tag <br>
<b> <img src="/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<br>
x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}"></b>
</font></td></tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
SECTION I. INTRODUCTION
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<h1> <a name="introduction">(I) Introduction</a> </h1>
<p> <font color="maroon">MimeTeX, licensed under the
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html" target="_top">gpl</a>,
lets you easily embed LaTeX math in your html pages.</font>
It parses a LaTeX math expression and immediately emits the
corresponding gif image, rather than the usual TeX dvi.
And mimeTeX is an entirely separate little program that doesn't use
TeX or its fonts in any way. It's just one cgi that you put in your
site's cgi-bin/ directory, with no other dependencies. So mimeTeX
is very easy to <a href="#build">install</a>. <br>
<nobr>
Just download <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip">
mimetex.zip</a> and then type </nobr> <br>
<nobr><b>
unzip mimetex.zip</b></nobr> <br>
<nobr><b>
cc –DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c
–lm –o mimetex.cgi</b></nobr> <br>
<nobr>
Now just <b>mv</b> mimetex.cgi to your <b>cgi-bin/</b>
directory, </nobr> <br>
<nobr>
set permissions as necessary, and you're all done. </nobr> <br>
<br>
And mimeTeX is equally easy to <a href="#quickstart">use</a><b>:</b>
just place an html <img> tag in your document
wherever you want to see the corresponding LaTeX expression. <br>
<nobr>
For example, the <img> tag </nobr> <br>
<nobr><b>
<img
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" ></b></nobr><br>
<nobr>
immediately generates the corresponding gif image on-the-fly,</nobr><br>
<nobr>
displaying
<?php mimetextag('imageI1',
'\normalsize f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt'); ?>
wherever you put that tag.</nobr><br>
<br>
MimeTeX doesn't need intermediate dvi-to-gif conversion, and it doesn't
create separate gif files for each converted expression.
(But you can enable image caching with mimeTeX's
<b>-DCACHEPATH=\"<i>path/</i>\"</b>
<a href="#options">compile option</a>.)
And there's no inherent need to repeatedly write the
cumbersome <img> tag illustrated above.
You can write your own
<a href="#scripts">wrapper scripts</a>,
discussed below, around mimeTeX to simplify the notation. </p>
<h3> <a name="alternatives">
Alternative solutions<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
<p> MimeTeX's benefit over similar math-on-the-web solutions is, as
mentioned above, its easy installation. But if that's not a
problem for you, and if your site's server already has a LaTeX
distribution installed, and suitable image conversion utilities like
<a href="http://www.imagemagick.org" target="_top">ImageMagick</a>,
then you may prefer to look at a math rendering script like
<a href="http://www.mayer.dial.pipex.com/tex.htm#latexrender"
target="_top">latexrender</a>
which uses LaTeX to create higher quality images than mimeTeX
produces. For comparison,
<?php mimetextag('imageI2',
'\small f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt'); ?>,
with arbitrary mean
<?php mimetextag('imageI3','\normalsize\mu'); ?> and standard deviation
<?php mimetextag('imageI4','\normalsize\sigma'); ?>,
and at mimeTeX's next larger font size, looks like </p>
<center>
<table>
<tr align="center">
<td> <font size="4">latexrender</font> </td>
<td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{30}"
alt="" border=0> </td>
<td> <font size="4">mimeTeX</font> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td> <img src="http://www.forkosh.com/lrender.gif"
alt="" border=0 align=middle> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>
<?php mimetextag('imageI5',
'\normalsize f(x)={\Large\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}}
\int_{\small-\infty}^xe^{-\small\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}dt'); ?>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<p> Similar LaTeX-based solutions that you may want to look at are
<a href="http://www.mathtran.org" target="_top">mathtran</a>,
<a href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/webtools/textogif/textogif.html"
target="_top">textogif</a> and
<a href="http://www.math.uio.no/~martingu/gladtex/"
target="_top">gladTeX</a>. Additional discussion and several more
links are at <a href="http://www.tug.org/interest.html#web"
target="_top">www.tug.org/interest.html</a> and in the
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=LaTeX2HTML"
target="_top">tex-faq</a>. </p>
<p> For example, <a href="http://www.mathtran.org" target="_top">mathtran</a>
is a public LaTeX web service that's
particularly easy to use by following these simple
<a href="http://www.mathtran.org/wiki/index.php/TeX_image"
target="_top">instructions</a>. In the <head> of your
html page, place the tag <br>
<script type="text/javascript" <br>
src="http://www.mathtran.org/js/mathtran_img.js"></script><br>
and in the <body>, wherever you want to see latex images,
place tags like <br>
<img alt=<b>"</b>tex:<i>any latex math expression</i><b>"</b>><br>
For comparison, <br>
<img alt="tex: f(x) = \frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} <br>
\int_{-\infty}^x e^{-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}dt"> <br>
looks like </p>
<center>
<table>
<tr align="center">
<td> <font size="4">mathtran</font> </td>
<td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{30}"
alt="" border=0> </td>
<td> <font size="4">mimeTeX</font> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td> unavailable
<!-- img alt="tex:\displaystyle f(x) = \frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}
\int_{-\infty}^x e^{-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}dt" --> <br> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>
<a href="#preview"><img id="imageP3" onclick="eqntext('imageP3')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large
f(x)={\Large\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}}
\int_{\small-\infty}^xe^{-\small\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}dt"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<!--
<p> The remainder of this introductory mimeTeX tutorial section contains </p>
<ul>
<li> First, a concise <a href="#quickstart">Quickstart</a> providing
just enough information for you to try rendering your own
expressions by <a href="#preview">Submitting Queries</a>
right from this page. </li>
<li> Then, a variety of additional <a href="#examples">Examples</a>
that more fully illustrate mimeTeX's capabilities
(later on, Section III comprises a more complete mimeTeX
<a href="#reference">Syntax Reference</a>). </li>
<li> Finally, the <a href="#gpl">gpl</a> license, whose terms
and conditions you must agree to before using mimeTeX.</li>
</ul>
-->
<p> You may now want to browse the additional <a href="#examples">Examples</a>
below before proceeding, to make sure mimeTeX suits your needs before you
spend more time learning to use it. </p>
<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
QUICKSTART
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<h2> <a name="quickstart"> (Ia) Quick Start </a> </h2>
<p> <!-- Unlike MathML, --> MimeTeX is as TeX-like as possible (though
not 100% compliant), and you must already be familiar with LaTeX
math markup to use it. If you're not, many online LaTeX
<a href="http://www.tug.org/begin.html#doc" target="_top">turorials</a>
are readily available. You may also want to browse Andrew Roberts'
<a href="http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/latextutorial9.html"
target="_top">Latex Math I</a> and
<a href="http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/latextutorial10.html"
target="_top">Latex Math II</a>, or my own
<a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetextutorial.html" target="_top">
LaTeX math tutorial</a>.
Then, instead of continuing to read this page, you can <!-- may prefer
to play with mimeTeX yourself. In that case, --> just Submit any LaTeX
math expression you like in the Query Box below. I've started
you out with a little example already in the box, or <!-- , instead, -->
you can Click any of the <a href="#examples">Examples</a> below
to place that corresponding expression in the Query Box. </p>
<p> Meanwhile, here are just a few quickstart tips for Submitting
your own mimeTeX expressions in the Query Box below: </p>
<ul>
<li> MimeTeX currently has eight font sizes selected by
one of the usual directives <b>\tiny</b>
or <b>\small</b> or <b>\normalsize</b> ,
or <b>\large</b> (default) or <b>\Large</b>
or <b>\LARGE</b> , or <b>\huge</b> or <b>\Huge</b> .
Unlike standard LaTeX, font size directives may
appear within math mode expressions. They affect everything
to their right, except that their scope will be limited to any
<b>{ }</b>-enclosed subexpression in which they occur.
For example, "<b>a+\small b+c</b>"
renders
<a href="#preview"> <img id="imageBu" onclick="eqntext('imageBu')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large a+\small b+c"
alt="" border=0 style="Vertical-Align:-2px"></a>,
whereas "<b>\small a+{\Large b+}c</b>"
renders
<a href="#preview"> <img id="imageBv" onclick="eqntext('imageBv')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small a+{\Large b+}c"
alt="" border=0 style="Vertical-Align:-2px"></a>. </li>
<!-- <li> At smaller font sizes, try preceding your expression with
<b>\light</b> which adjusts mimeTeX's anti-aliasing
parameters to produce thinner lines that you may feel are
more legible, e.g.,<br>
<a href="#preview"><img id="imageIA1" onclick="eqntext('imageIA1')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\light\small\displaystyle
e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0
align=middle> </a>   versus
<a href="#preview"><img id="imageIA2" onclick="eqntext('imageIA2')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\displaystyle
e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0
align=middle> </a> </li> -->
<li> <!-- For displaystyle math mode limits illustrated above,
write either
<b>\displaystyle e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}</b>
or <b>e^x=\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}</b>
in the usual way (ditto for <b>\int</b>, <b>\prod</b>,
<b>\cup</b>, <b>\cap</b>, etc). --> <!-- MimeTeX also recognizes
<b>\Bigint</b>, <b>\Bigsum</b>, <b>\Bigprod</b>, and several
similar extra symbols which are a little bigger, and which
automatically render displaystyle limits. -->
<!-- MimeTeX default-renders limits displaystyle at sizes
<b>\large</b> and larger (see the <b>-DDISPLAYSIZE=<i>n</i></b>
<a href="#options">compile option</a> below to change the
default). <b>\textstyle</b> overrides this default for
your entire expression, or <b>\nolimits</b> overrides it
for a single operator. -->
By default, mimeTeX renders limits textstyle
<a href="#preview"> <img id="imageB1" onclick="eqntext('imageB1')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\textstyle
\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0
style="Vertical-Align:-5px"></a>
at sizes <b>\normalsize</b> and smaller,
and renders them displaystyle
<a href="#preview"> <img id="imageB2" onclick="eqntext('imageB2')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle
\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0
style="Vertical-Align:-15px"></a>
at sizes <b>\large</b> and larger.
The LaTeX directives <b>\displaystyle</b> or <b>\textstyle</b>,
and <b>\limits</b> or <b>\nolimits</b>, override mimeTeX's default
in the usual way. Or see the <b>-DDISPLAYSIZE=<i>n</i></b>
<a href="#options">compile option</a> below to change
the default. </li>
<!-- <li> As discussed in the <a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>,
you can replace cumbersome <img> tags with your own custom
tags or wrapper scripts. </li> -->
<li> <!-- And --> There are occasional exceptions where I couldn't
program mimeTeX to recognize valid LaTeX syntax.
One particular "gotcha" is that mimeTeX bindings
are pretty much left-to-right. Thus, for example, although
mimeTeX correctly interprets <b>\frac12</b> as well as
<b>\frac1{x^2}</b>, etc, the legal LaTeX expression
<b>x^\frac12</b> must be written <b>x^{\frac12}</b>.
Otherwise, mimeTeX interprets it as <b>{x^\frac}12</b>, i.e.,
the same way <b>x^\alpha12</b> would be interpreted, which is
nonsense for <b>\frac</b>. The same "gotcha" also applies to
other combinations of commands, e.g., you must write
<b>\sqrt{\frac\alpha\beta}</b>, or
<b>\frac\alpha{\sqrt\beta}</b>, etc.
The <a href="#reference">Syntax Reference</a> section
contains much additional information. <!-- Or you can just begin
playing with mimeTeX for yourself to see if it might have
any potential usefulness for you. --> </li>
<li> And there are various additional syntactic and cosmetic
differences between LaTeX and mimeTeX. For example,
bounding boxes for mimeTeX's character bitmaps don't
accommodate italic corrections. Therefore, an expression
like <b>\int\nolimits_a^b</b> renders
<a href="#preview"><img id="gotcha1" onclick="eqntext('gotcha1')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
\normalsize\displaystyle\int\nolimits_a^b"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> rather than
<a href="#preview"><img id="gotcha2" onclick="eqntext('gotcha2')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
\normalsize\displaystyle\smashmargin{2}{\int\nolimits_a}^b"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a><b>.</b>
To render the latter image you have to write the somewhat
cumbersome expression <b>{\smashmargin2{\int\nolimits_a}^b}</b>
instead (see <a href="#smash">smash</a> below). </li>
<li> Besides such exceptions, mimeTeX
also provides various LaTeX extensions <!-- , i.e., LaTeX errors
permitted by mimetex. --> (such as font size
directives like <b>\Large</b> permitted within mimeTeX
math mode expressions, as discussed above).
<!-- , but flagged as errors by LaTeX. -->
<!-- But note well: if you take advantage of mimeTeX extensions,
your math mode expressions will no longer be accepted by
standard TeX engines. --> </li>
</ul>
<p> <a name="forminput"> </a> <a name="preview"> </a>
Now enter your own LaTeX expression, use the sample provided,
or Click any of the <a href="#examples">Examples</a>.
Then press the Submit button, and mimeTeX's rendering should be
displayed in the little window immediately below it. </p>
<center>
<table border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">
<tr align="center"><td>
<form name="expression" action="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi"
method="get" target="inlineframe">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1">
<tr align="left"><td align="center">
<b>First enter your own LaTeX expression,
or Click any example...</b> <br>
<textarea name="formdata" rows="5" cols="72"
>\Large f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt</textarea> <br>
</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td>
<font size="-1"> <input type="button" onClick="cleartext()"
value="Clear Expression">
<input type="submit" value="Submit Expression"> </font>
</td></tr>
</table>
</form> </td></tr> <tr align="left"><td align="center">
<b>Now click Submit to see it rendered below...</b> <br>
<iframe name="inlineframe" align="middle" width="85%" height="110">
<p>iframe's not supported if you see this.</p>
</iframe>
</td></tr>
</table>
</center>
<p> You should see
<a href="#preview"><img id="imageIA3" onclick="eqntext('imageIA3')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize
f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt"
alt="" border=0 style="Vertical-Align:-11px"></a>
if you submit the sample expression already in the box.
Or see <a href="#messages">error messages</a> whenever an
unexpected image is displayed instead. And (as discussed
above) the <img> tag to embed this same integral anywhere
in your own document is <br>
<nobr><b>
<img
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" ></b></nobr><br>
</p>
<!-- p class="continue">
And recall that the typical mimeTeX <img> tag has the form </p>
<pre> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?any valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></pre> <p class="continue">
where <b>../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi</b> is the relative path from your html
page containing these tags to your compiled mimetex.cgi program, and
where <b>any valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression</b>
is pretty much any valid LaTeX math expression: </p -->
<!-- ++++++++
<h3> <a name="errormessages">
Error messages<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
<p> Any (La)TeX error is typically also a mimeTeX error.
However, mimeTeX has no command line interface or
<b>.</b>log file for reporting errors. Its only
communication with you is through the mimeTeX image
rendered by your browser. So error messages are embedded
in that image whenever feasible. For example,
suppose you want to see
<a href="#preview"><img id="messages1" onclick="eqntext('messages1')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\alpha\beta\gamma\delta"
alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a>
but you mistakenly type <b>\alpha\bethe\gamma\delta</b>
instead. Then the image rendered is
<a href="#preview"><img id="messages2" onclick="eqntext('messages2')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\alpha\bethe\gamma\delta"
alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a>
indicating the unrecognized <b>[\bethe?]</b> where you wanted to type
<b>\beta</b> and had hoped to see
<a href="#preview"><img id="messages3" onclick="eqntext('messages3')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\bf\beta"
alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a><b>.</b>
If your expression contains some unprintable character
(meaning any character mimeTeX has no bitmap for),
then just
<a href="#preview"><img id="messages4" onclick="eqntext('messages4')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\bf[?]"
alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a>
is displayed in the corresponding position. </p>
<p> The preceding example illustrates a pretty trivial error.
Any non-trivial errors in your expression are likely to
go unrecognized and unreported by mimeTeX, and to render
unexpected images. While checking your input expression
for syntax errors, keep in mind the following points
about mimeTeX's behavior: </p>
<ul>
<li> An unmatched left brace <b>{</b> is matched
by mimeTeX with a "phantom" right brace <b>}</b>
that's imagined to be at the end of your expression. </li>
<li> Likewise, an unmatched <b>\left(</b>,
or <b>\left\{</b> or <b>\left\</b><i>anything</i>,
is matched by mimeTeX with a "phantom" <b>\right.</b>
at the end of your expression. </li>
<li> On the other hand, an unmatched right brace <b>}</b>
is displayed in place, as if you had typed \rbrace. </li>
<li> But an unmatched <b>\right\</b><i>anything</i>
is interpreted as an
<a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetexmanual.html?abbreviations"
target="_top">abbreviation</a> for <b>\</b>rightarrow
followed by <b>\</b><i>anything</i>. For example,
<b>\leff( abc \right) def</b> renders
<a href="#preview"><img id="messages5"
onclick="eqntext('messages5')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\leff(abc\right)def"
alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a>.
</li>
</ul>
++++++++ -->
<!-- ++++++++
<h3> <a name="infomessages">
Informational messages<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
<p> The latest release of mimeTeX is version
<a href="#preview"><img id="messages11" onclick="eqntext('messages11')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\versionnumber"
alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a>
which was last revised
<a href="#preview"><img id="messages12" onclick="eqntext('messages12')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\revisiondate"
alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a>.
The special mimeTeX directive <b>\version</b>
displays that same information, </p>
<center>
<a href="#preview"><img id="messages13" onclick="eqntext('messages13')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\version"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>
</center>
<p> To check that your own release of mimeTeX is current,
type a url into your browser's locator window something like <br>
<b>http://www.<i>yourdomain</i>.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\version</b> <br>
which will display the version and revision date of
mimeTeX installed on your server. </p>
++++++++ -->
<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
EXAMPLES
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<h2> <a name="examples"> (Ib) Examples </a> </h2>
<p> Here are various additional random examples further illustrating
mimeTeX's features and usage. To see how they're done, Click any
one of them to place its corresponding expression in the
<a href="#preview">Query Box</a> above. Then press Submit
to re-render it, or you can edit the expression first to suit
your own purposes. </p>
<table cellspacing=15>
<!-- first example: taylor series for e^x at various font sizes and colors
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<tr>
<td>
<font size=5><a name="example1">(1)</a></font> </td>
<td align="left" colspan=4>
<a href="#preview">
<img id="example1a" onclick="eqntext('example1a')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\red\normalsize\displaystyle
e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>    
<a href="#preview">
<img id="example1b" onclick="eqntext('example1b')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\green\large\displaystyle
e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>    
<a href="#preview">
<img id="example1c" onclick="eqntext('example1c')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\blue\Large
e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>    
<a href="#preview">
<img id="example1d" onclick="eqntext('example1d')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\reverse\opaque
\LARGE e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>    
<a href="#preview">
<img id="example1e" onclick="eqntext('example1e')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE
e^x=\lim_{n\to\infty} \left(1+\frac xn\right)^n"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>
</td>
</tr>
<!-- second example
+++++++++++++++++++ -->
<tr>
<td>
<font size=5>(2)</font> </td>
<td align="left" colspan=4>
<a href="#preview">
<img id="example2" onclick="eqntext('example2')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\frac{dv^m}{ds}=-\Gamma^m_{oo}v^{o^2}
=-g^{mn}\Gamma_{noo}v^{o^2}=\frac12g^{mn}g_{oo,n}v^{o^2}"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
</tr>
<!-- third example
++++++++++++++++++ -->
<tr>
<td>
<font size=5>(3)</font> </td>
<td align="left" colspan=4>
<a href="#preview">
<img id="example3" onclick="eqntext('example3')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\varepsilon=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}
\frac1{\Delta x}\int_{x_i}^{x_{i+1}}\left\{\frac1{\Delta x}\big[
(x_{i+1}-x)y_i^\ast+(x-x_i)y_{i+1}^\ast\big]-f(x)\right\}^2dx"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
</tr>
<!-- fourth example: solution to quadratic, definition of derivative
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<tr>
<td>
<font size=5>(4)</font> </td>
<td align="left" colspan=4>
<table>
<tr>
<td align="left">
<a href="#preview">
<img id="example4a" onclick="eqntext('example4a')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
<td>
solution for quadratic </td>
</tr>
<tr> <td> <br> </td> </tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">
<a href="#preview">
<img id="example4b" onclick="eqntext('example4b')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large f^\prime(x)\ =
\lim_{\Delta x\to0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
<td>
definition of derivative </td>
</tr>
</table> </td>
</tr>
<!-- fifth example: continued fraction
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<tr>
<td>
<font size=5>(5)</font> </td>
<td align="left">
<a href="#preview">
<img id="example5" onclick="eqntext('example5')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE f=b_o+\frac{a_1}{b_1+
\frac{a_2}{b_2+\frac{a_3}{b_3+a_4}}}"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
<td>
illustrating <b>\frac{}{}</b> for continued fraction </td>
</tr>
<!-- sixth example: demonstrating \left\{ ... \right.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<tr>
<td>
<font size=5>(6)</font> </td>
<td align="left">
<a href="#preview">
<img id="example6" onclick="eqntext('example6')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE\tilde y=\left\{
{\ddot x\text{ if \vec x odd}\atop\hat{\,\bar x+1}\text{ if even}}\right."
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
<td>
illustrating <b>\left\{...\right<font size=5>.</font></b>
<!-- we may write <b>\{...\.</b> --> <br>
and note the accents </td>
</tr>
<!-- seventh example: demonstrating \overbrace \underbrace
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<tr>
<td>
<font size=5>(7)</font> </td>
<td align="center">
<a href="#preview">
<img id="example7" onclick="eqntext('example7')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\overbrace{a,...,a}^{\text{k a^,s}},
\underbrace{b,...,b}_{\text{l b^,s}}\hspace{10}
\normalsize\underbrace{\overbrace{a...a}^{\text{k a^,s}},
\overbrace{b...b}^{\text{l b^,s}}}_{\text{k+l elements}}"
alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
<td>
<b>\overbrace{}^{}</b> and <b>\underbrace{}_{}</b> <br>
(TeXbook page 181, Exercise 18.41) </td>
</tr>
<!-- eighth example: demonstrating \begin{array}
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<tr>
<td>
<font size=5>(8)</font> </td>
<td align="left" colspan=3>
<table>
<tr>
<td align="left" colspan=2>
<a href="#preview">
<img id="example8a" onclick="eqntext('example8a')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\scr{J}^{i0}=+\frac i2
\left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_i&0\\0&-\sigma_i\end{array}\right]
\hspace{10}\scr{J}^{ij}=\frac12\varepsilon_{ijk}
\left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_k&0\\0&\sigma_k\end{array}\right]"
alt="" border=0 align=middle> </a> </td>
</tr>
<tr> <td> <br> </td> </tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">
<a href="#preview">
<img id="example8b" onclick="eqntext('example8b')"
src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A\ =\ \normalsize\left(
\begin{array}{c.cccc}&1&2&\cdots&n\\
\hdash1&a_{11}&a_{12}&\cdots&a_{1n}\\
2&a_{21}&a_{22}&\cdots&a_{2n}\\
\vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\
n&a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\cdots&a_{nn}\end{array}\right)"