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Query file metadata and alert message style guide

Introduction

This document outlines the structure of CodeQL query files. You should adopt this structure when contributing custom queries to this repository, in order to ensure that new queries are consistent with the standard CodeQL queries.

Query files (.ql extension)

Query files have the extension .ql. Each file has two distinct areas:

  • Metadata area–displayed at the top of the file, contains the metadata that defines how results for the query are interpreted and gives a brief description of the purpose of the query.
  • Query definition–defined using QL. The query includes a select statement, which defines the content and format of the results. For further information about writing QL, see the following topics:

For examples of query files for the languages supported by CodeQL, visit the following links:

Metadata area

Query file metadata contains important information that defines the identifier and purpose of the query. The metadata is included as the content of a valid QLDoc comment, on lines with leading whitespace followed by *, between an initial /** and a trailing */. For example:

/**
 * @name Useless assignment to local variable
 * @description An assignment to a local variable that is not used later on, or whose value is always
 *              overwritten, has no effect.
 * @kind problem
 * @problem.severity warning
 * @id cs/useless-assignment-to-local
 * @tags maintainability
 *       external/cwe/cwe-563
 * @precision very-high
 * @security-severity 6.1
 */

To help others use your query, you should include all of the required information outlined below in the metadata, and as much of the optional information as possible. For further information on query metadata see Metadata for CodeQL queries on codeql.github.com.

Query name @name

You must specify an @name property for your query. This property defines the display name for the query. Query names should use sentence capitalization, but not include a full stop. For example:

  • @name Access to variable in enclosing class
  • @name Array argument size mismatch
  • @name Reference equality test on strings
  • @name Return statement outside function

Query descriptions @description

You must define an @description property for your query. This property defines a short help message. Query descriptions should be written as a sentence or short-paragraph of plain prose, with sentence capitalization and full stop. The preferred pattern for alert queries is "Syntax X causes behavior Y." Any code elements included in the description should be enclosed in single quotes. For example:

  • @description Using a format string with an incorrect format causes a 'System.FormatException'.
  • @description Commented-out code makes the remaining code more difficult to read.

Query ID @id

You must specify an @id property for your query. It must be unique and should follow the standard CodeQL convention. That is, it should begin with the 'language code' for the language that the query analyzes followed by a forward slash. The following language codes are supported:

  • C and C++: cpp
  • C#: cs
  • Go: go
  • Java and Kotlin: java
  • JavaScript and TypeScript: js
  • Python: py

The @id should consist of a short noun phrase that identifies the issue that the query highlights. For example:

  • @id cs/command-line-injection
  • @id java/string-concatenation-in-loop

Further terms can be added to the @id to group queries that, for example, highlight similar issues or are of particular relevance to a certain framework. For example:

  • @id js/angular-js/missing-explicit-injection
  • @id js/angular-js/duplicate-dependency

Note, @id properties should be consistent for queries that highlight the same issue for different languages. For example, the following queries identify format strings that contain unsanitized input in Java and C++ code respectively:

  • @id java/tainted-format-string
  • @id cpp/tainted-format-string

Query type @kind

@kind is a required property that defines the type of query. The main query types are:

  • alerts (@kind problem)
  • alerts containing path information (@kind path-problem)
  • metrics (@kind metric)

Alert queries (@kind problem or path-problem) support two further properties. These are added by GitHub staff after the query has been tested. The following information is for reference:

  • @precision–broadly indicates the proportion of query results that are true positives, while also considering their context and relevance:
    • low
    • medium
    • high
    • very-high
  • @problem.severity–defines the likelihood that an alert, either security-related or not, causes an actual problem such as incorrect program behavior:
    • error–an issue that is likely to cause incorrect program behavior, for example a crash or vulnerability.
    • warning–an issue that indicates a potential problem in the code, or makes the code fragile if another (unrelated) part of code is changed.
    • recommendation–an issue where the code behaves correctly, but it could be improved.
  • @security-severity-defines the level of severity, between 0.0 and 10.0, for queries with @tags security. For more information about how this value is calculated and then used in code scanning analysis, see About alert severity and security severity levels in the GitHub user documentation.

Query tags @tags

The @tags property is used to define categories that the query relates to. Each alert query should belong to one (or more, if necessary) of the following four top-level categories:

  • @tags correctness–for queries that detect incorrect program behavior.
  • @tags maintainability–for queries that detect patterns that make it harder for developers to make changes to the code.
  • @tags readability–for queries that detect confusing patterns that make it harder for developers to read the code.
  • @tags security–for queries that detect security weaknesses. See below for further information.

There are also more specific @tags that can be added. See, the following pages for examples of the low-level tags:

Metric queries (@kind metric) may have the summary tag. If SARIF output is used, the results of these queries can be found at run[].properties.metricResults.

If necessary, you can also define your own low-level tags to categorize the queries specific to your project or organization. When creating your own tags, you should:

  • Use all lower-case letters, including for acronyms and proper nouns, with no spaces. All characters apart from * and @ are accepted.
  • Use a forward slash / to indicate a hierarchical relationship between tags if necessary. For example, a query with tag foo/bar is also interpreted as also having tag foo, but not bar.
  • Use a single-word @tags name. Multiple words, separated with hyphens, can be used for clarity if necessary.

Security query @tags

If your query is a security query, use one or more @tags to associate it with the relevant CWEs. Add @tags for the most specific Base Weakness or Class Weakness in View 1000, using the parent/child relationship. For example:

@tags security external/cwe/cwe-022
external/cwe/cwe-023
external/cwe/cwe-036
external/cwe/cwe-073

When you tag a query like this, the associated CWE pages from MITRE.org will automatically appear in the references section of its associated qhelp file.

Note

The automatic addition of CWE reference links works only if the qhelp file already contains a <references> section.

Metric/summary @tags

Code Scanning may use tags to identify queries with specific meanings across languages. Currently, there is only one such tag: lines-of-code. The sum of the results for queries with this tag that return a single number column (example for JavaScript) is interpreted by Code Scanning as the lines of code under the source root present in the database. Each language should have exactly one query of this form.

Maintainers are expected to add a @security-severity tag to security relevant queries that will be run on Code Scanning. There is a documented internal process for generating these @security-severity values.

QL area

Alert messages

The select clause of each alert query defines the alert message that is displayed for each result found by the query. Alert messages are strings that concisely describe the problem that the alert is highlighting and, if possible, also provide some context. For consistency, alert messages should adhere to the following guidelines:

  • Each message should be a complete, standalone sentence. That is, it should be capitalized and have proper punctuation, including a full stop.
  • The message should factually describe the problem that is being highlighted–it should not contain recommendations about how to fix the problem or value judgements.
  • Program element references should be in 'single quotes' to distinguish them from ordinary words. Quotes are not needed around substitutions ($@).
  • Avoid constant alert message strings and include some context, if possible. For example, The class 'Foo' is duplicated as 'Bar'. is preferable to This class is duplicated here.
  • If a reference to the current location can't be avoided use "this location" instead of "here". For example, Bad thing at this location. is preferable to Bad thing here.. This avoids the "click here" anti-pattern.
  • For path queries, if possible, try to follow the template: This path depends on a [user-provided value]., or alternatively (if the first option doesn't work) [User-provided value] flows to this location and is used in a path..
  • Taint tracking queries generally have a sink that "depends on" the source, and dataflow queries generally have a source that "flows to" the sink.

Links in alert messages

  • Where you reference another program element, link to it if possible using a substitution ($@). Links should be used inline in the sentence, rather than as parenthesised lists or appositions.
  • Avoid using link texts that don't describe what they link to. For example, rewrite This sensitive data is written to a logfile unescaped [here] to This sensitive data is [written to a logfile unescaped].
  • Make link text as concise and precise as possible. For example, avoid starting a link text with an indefinite article (a, an). Path construction depends on a [user-provided value] is preferable to Path construction depends on [a user-provided value]. (Where the square brackets indicate a link.) See the W3C guide on link texts for further information.
  • When a message contains multiple links, construct a sentence that has the most variable link (that is, the link with most targets) last. For further information, see Defining the results of a query.

For examples of select clauses and alert messages, see the query source files at the following pages:

For further information on query writing, see CodeQL queries. For more information on learning CodeQL, see CodeQL documentation.

Metric results

The select clause of a summary metric query must have one of the following result patterns:

  • Just a number
    • This indicates a metric without a specific location in the codebase, for example the total lines of code in a codebase.
  • A code entity followed by a number
    • This indicates a metric with a specific location in the codebase, for example the lines of code within a file. The entity here must have a valid location in the source code.