README.md

Flappy Bird

https://nhooyr.github.io/flappybird/

I wrote this minimal demo game for a short presentation I gave at the Kaslo, BC highschool to freshmen and sophmores in early 2023 on how HTML, CSS and JavaScript integrate together.

*warning*: This game is deathly addictive. Play at your own peril.

Minimal?

Flappy Bird as implemented in this repo has a decent amount of code and complexity to it. It would thus be fair to argue it is not as minimal as it could be.

However, by minimal I mean the least amount of code while still behaving correctly. The game loop for example could be much simpler. Instead of stepping through and being able to render fractional/multiple time units, it could throttle the frame rate to 60fps.

But then on higher FPS devices the game wouldn't run as smooth and devices that cannot keep up to 60 fps, the time velocity in the game would change. It would become slower and thus easier.

The game could also immediately process flap inputs instead of deferring them to be processed in the render loop based on their timestamp and thus as part of the correct time unit. But then on lagging devices, multiple inputs could appear to be processed all at once in a single time unit instead of being applied in the time unit on which they were received.

All of which would be incorrect behaviour and is thus not minimal by the definition given above but rather incomplete.

On that second point, this doesn't cause any input lag because of the earlier point that the game loop can process and render fractional time units. On a 120 Hz display, input will be sampled at 120 Hz even though the time unit is defined as 1/60th of a second. And even if the render loop cannot keep up, the code splits up time units being processed by input received during them. Thus the processing for each input begins not at the beginning of each time unit, but exactly as when it arrived within the unit and so you will never have multiple inputs being processed exactly at once. At least at the maximum microsecond resolution of performance.now().

Presentation

The presentation is in ./pres and accessible at https://nhooyr.github.io/flappybird/pres/.

See the help log in the console for how to navigate between the slides.

Discussion Points

I have included a list of all the potential discussion points I could come up with below. In my short presentation I did not get to them all. I only covered the points in the slides above. Then I let them read the code, make adjustments, play and ask me questions in a free-form format.

• The HTML structure.
  • The details HTML element for collapsible help which is relatively unknown method for providing expandable information without javascript.
• How the CSS works to position the elements and keep the game centered. Including on mobile.
  • How dark mode works.
• How the game loop runs and handles both high refresh rates and lag.
  • How the FPS meter works.
  • The interpolation equation used for calculating the next point of the bird is derived from the one of the core kinematics equation that they'll be learning in Junior Year Physics. 0.5*(v + v0)*t to (v0 + 0.5*vd)*t. The derivation is in Game._stepOne() in ./index.js.

Diagram generated from ./pres/game-loop.d2 with D2.

• The bird falling from gravity in the shape of a parabola. Very relevant to them as they are learning (or going to be) about parabolas. Of the form -0.075*x^2. Kids always question if abstract math useful and here is an excellent example!
• The coordinate system being upside down in computer graphics compared to math.
• How collisions are detected between the bird and pipes.
• How the randomly sized pipes are generated.
• How the high score is persisted between page loads.
• How the prompt is displayed and hidden.
• How input is received and processed.
• How to adjust attributes of the game like gravity, time, the bird's flap force, pipe speed, pipe gap size etc.
• Giving them time to read the code, make adjustments, play and ask me questions in a free-form format.
  • Hack in an impossibly large high score.
  • Make the game harder.
  • Make the game easier.
  • Change the colors.
  • Increase the maximum velocity of the bird.
  • How many difficulty levels are there?
    • When are they reached?
    • What attributes of the game do they modify?
• Best game strategies?
  • Taping space and enter at the same time for a super fast double jump.
  • Moving the bird to just below the middle after each pipe. So you can respond adequately whether the next gap is near the top or the bottom. As for why just below, you can quickly modify your speed up by jumping but you have to wait for gravity to move faster down. Especially with a double jump.
  • If playing on a touchscreen, keeping your finger under or to the left of the right edge of the game to perceive the gap in new pipes as soon as possible.
• Canvas being a more performant real world option for writing games due to its GPU acceleration. This demo was written purely for educational purposes on how HTML, CSS and JavaScript integrate.
  • I have noticed stuttering on my 2020 amd64 13" MacBook Pro but it runs buttery smooth on my Samsung Galaxy Note20 Ultra at 120 Hz.

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This is not an endorsement of HTML, CSS or JavaScript. The WHATWG DOM dominates our industry with widespread support and documentation. Thus it makes for an excellent beginner development target. Additionally, they were already learning it from their excellent teacher Mr. Lawless.

Email me directly if you have any questions or bugs to report.