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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Expansions of hominins out of Africa</title>
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<h1>expansions of hominins out of Africa</h1>
<p class="description">
Based on the journal article: Chronologic constraints on hominin
dispersal outside Africa since 2.48 Ma, Jordan (Scardia et al., 2019)
<br /><br />
</p>
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<strong>Click the points to expand them</strong>
<img src="https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/imH6Ax4K_T18/v0/1200x-1.jpg" alt=""
style="width: 80%" />
<div class="inimg"></div>
<figcaption>
<h4>An overview of early hominins' routes out of Africa</h4>
Fig. 1. From "Where the Animals Go" by James Cheshire and Oliver
Uberti W.W. Norton, September 2017
</figcaption>
<!-- Map point -->
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<div class="centered-y">
<br>
<h3>Levantine corridor</h3>
<p>
There are numerous hominin sites. During the Paleolithic and Mesolithic
periods, this route was more important than the Bab-el-Mandeb
strait.
</p>
</div>
</div>
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<br>
<h3>Strait of Gibraltar</h3>
<p>
This can explain the
sites of Barranco León in southeastern and northern
Spain. But the site of Pirro Nord in southern Italy suggests a
possible arrival from the East.
</p>
</div>
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<br>
<h3>Strait of Sicily</h3>
<p>
Suggested by Henriette Alimen based on the 1973 discovery of
Oldowan grade tools in Sicily. Now considered unlikely.
</p>
</div>
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<h3>Horn of Africa<br />(Bab el-Mandeb)</h3>
<p>
Bab-el-Mandeb is a 30 km strait, with a small island, Perim,
in the middle. It may have allowed dry passage during the
Pleistocene.
</p>
</div>
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</button>
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<h2>Outline of the research</h2>
<p class="tab">
Our knowledge of the earliest dispersal of hominins outside Africa has been greatly improved with the
recent discovery of Oldowan stone tools in North Africa at ca. 2.4 Ma and in China at ca. 2.1 Ma
(Sahnouni et al., 2018).
</p>
<br>
<p class="tab">
However, no sites of such old age have been discovered in the Levant corridor, which together with
Bab-el-Mandeb strait
are the two most important passages out of Africa. The oldest evidence in the Levant corridor was Aïn al
Fil, Syria,
which dated to ca. 2.0–1.8 Ma (Le Tensorer et al., 2015). Although the broadly accepted ‘Ubeidiya
(Israel) site is much
younger, (Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen, 2001) aged between 1.5 and 1.2 Ma (Martínez-Navarro et al., 2009).
</p>
<br>
<p class="tab">
In 2019, new discoveries by the team of Scardia gives us a completely new sight into the earliest exit
of hominins out
of Africa via the Levant corridor. The archaeological site was the Dawqara Formation in the Zarqa
Valley, Jordan.
</p>
<br>
<p class="tab">
In this research, new chronologic constraints were found using three independent dating methods
(Paleomagnetic,
40Ar/39Ar, and U-Pb), which showed that the Dawqara Formation was formed between ca. 2.52 Ma and
1.95 Ma. Linear
interpolation showed that the artifact-bearing strata in the Dawqara Formation aged from ca. 2.5 Ma to
2.0 Ma. This
discovery marks the earliest hominin dispersal out of Africa, about 300 thousand years earlier than the
hominin presence
in Loess Plateau in China (Sahnouni et al., 2018).
</p>
<br>
<h3>Why are discoveries so rare in the Levant?</h3>
<p>The primary reason is the tectonic activity. Since the Late Miocene, the Levant corridor has been
experiencing severe
tectonic activities (Le Pichon and Gaulier, 1988), which dramatically decreased the chances of the
preservation of early
Pleistocene archeological sites. The number of early hominin migrations was also much smaller than the
total hominin
population in Africa. As a result, it is not surprising that the discoveries of the early hominin sites
in the Levant
are very rare.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section name="Techniques" id="Techniques">
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<h2>Techniques</h2>
<p>
Test excavations were conducted in 2014 and the formal excavation started in 2015. The archaeological
investigations
were mostly vertical exploration of the exposed surface of each outcrop followed by recording the
position of each
artifact with a total station. Modern agricultural activities have exposed a large portion of the
Dawqara Formation,
which brought great advantages to the vertical exploration. Thus, the authors considered vertical
exploration as the
best approach in this research.
</p>
<br>
<img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0277379119302847-gr3.jpg" alt=""
style="width: 70%" />
<figcaption>
Fig. 2. A) Panoramic view of site 334-lower in 2014. B) Contact between the upper basalt (b) and
laminated clay (Fl). Above is
the crudely bedded, clast-supported gravel (Gh).
</figcaption>
<div class="thumb1">
<img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0277379119302847-gr5.jpg" alt=""
style="width: 70%" />
</div>
<figcaption>Fig. 3. Excavation of 334-lower in 2015.</figcaption>
<h3>How to tell whether a stone is an artifact?</h3>
<p>
The Dawqara Formation used to be a high-energy fluvial environment, which means that stones may have
been chipped in the
water currents instead of made by hominins. To exclude possible natural products, stones in the
excavation sites were
selected according to the following criteria:
</p>
<ol>
<li>if flaked pieces (cores and choppers):</li>
<ol>
<li>
a minimum of two bulb-scars >1 cm in which the angle between
the scar and the striking platform is <90°; </li>
<li>
evident concavity of the scars, which means a prominent bulb
on the corresponding flake;
</li>
</ol>
<li>if detached pieces (flakes, retouched or not):</li>
<ol>
<li>clear bulb with evident point of impact;</li>
<li>angle between butt and bulbar face >90°;</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<p>
The occurrence of a recurring pattern of unidirectional débitage
on cores was attributed to intentional human trimming.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section name="Results" id="Results">
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<div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 10px" class="col-md-12">
<div class="allshow" style="display: none" id="tab-courses-content">
<hr class="star-primary" />
<h2>Results</h2>
<br />
<p>
The artifacts were all located on several fluvial terraces within an area of ca. 30 km². The fluvial
terraces were
formed by rivers, which provided an abundant water source. We can imagine that a large number of animals
and hominins
used to live there. The hominins may ambush the drinking animals and use local stones to make stone
tools and process
the meat.
</p>
<p>The distribution of stone tools in the Zarqa Valley clearly follows the Principle of Superposition.
Older Oldowan tools
are in the older Dawqara Formation and younger Acheulian tools are in the younger Birayn Formation.</p>
<h3>Table. 1. Artifact classes from the Dawqara Fm.</h3>
<div>
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<col style="width: 74px" />
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<col style="width: 120px" />
<col style="width: 103px" />
<col style="width: 107px" />
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<col style="width: 67px" />
<col style="width: 67px" />
<col style="width: 99px" />
<col style="width: 85px" />
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<tr>
<th class="tg-ilgv">
<span style="font-weight: 700">Section </span>
</th>
<th class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: 700">Hammers</span>
</th>
<th class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: 700">Choppers</span>
</th>
<th class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: 700">Cores</span>
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<span style="font-weight: 700">Flakes</span>
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<span style="font-weight: 700">Retouched</span>
</th>
<th class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: 700">Fragments</span>
</th>
<th class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: 700">Total</span>
</th>
<th class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: 700">Fossils</span>
</th>
<th class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: 700">m³</span>
</th>
<th class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: 700">Tool/m³</span>
</th>
<th class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: 700">Fresh (%)</span>
</th>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tg-buh4">332</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4">1</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">10</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">6</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">1</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">
<span style="font-weight: bolder">18</span>
</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4">12</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">1.5</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-0lax">330 N</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">2</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">9</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">39</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">188</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">11</td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: bolder">249</span>
</td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-buh4">330 O</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4">26</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">74</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">901</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">235</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">20</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">
<span style="font-weight: bolder">1256</span>
</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-0lax">330 total</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">2</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">35</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">113</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">1089</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">246</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">20</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: bolder">1505</span>
</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">30</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">39</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">38.6</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-buh4">415</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4">4</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">4</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">90</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">20</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">7</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">
<span style="font-weight: bolder">125</span>
</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4">0.6</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">208</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-0lax">331 N</td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax">3</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">1</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">4</td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: bolder">8</span>
</td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-buh4">331 O</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4">1</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4">22</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">1</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4">
<span style="font-weight: bolder">24</span>
</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-0lax">331 total</td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax">4</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">1</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">26</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">1</td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: bolder">32</span>
</td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax">100</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">0.3</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-buh4">334-top</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4">1</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">4</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">30</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">7</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">1</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">
<span style="font-weight: bolder">43</span>
</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4">15</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">2.9</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">30</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-0lax">334-upper</td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax">9</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">1</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">7</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">4</td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: bolder">21</span>
</td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
<td class="tg-0lax">45</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">0.5</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">14</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-buh4">334-lower</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4">6</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">18</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">48</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">29</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4">
<span style="font-weight: bolder">101</span>
</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">1</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">39</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">2.6</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">66</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-0lax">Total</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">2</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">59</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">142</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">1300</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">313</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">29</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">
<span style="font-weight: bolder">1845</span>
</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">31</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">250</td>
<td class="tg-0lax">6.9</td>
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-buh4">%</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">0.1</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">3.2</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">7.7</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">70.4</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">17.0</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">1.6</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">
<span style="font-weight: bolder">100</span>
</td>
<td class="tg-buh4"></td>
<td class="tg-buh4">Av.</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">19.6</td>
<td class="tg-buh4">Av. 8.3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<p>The authors used linear interpolation to estimate the individual ages for each stratigraphic layer: the
ages are 2.48 Ma
(334-lower), 2.24 Ma (334-upper), 2.16 Ma (331), 2.06 Ma (330), and 1.95 Ma (332), respectively (See
green bars in Fig.
11). No artifacts was found in the Dulayl Formation (i.e. older than 2.52 Ma).</p>
<figure style="float: left">
<img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0277379119302847-gr11.jpg" alt=""
style="width: 90%; text-align: left" />
</figure>
<figcaption>
<div class="space"></div>
Fig. 4. Age model for the terrace succession with the interpolated age (in Ma) in the Dawqara Formation.
Shaded green
area shows the whole stratigraphic interval where stone tools were found. Chronologic distribution of
hominin species
are shown in blue. Technological complexes are shown in red.
</figcaption>
<br>
<p>
No conclusion was made about the makers of the stone tools in the Dawqara Formation. As discussed during
the
class and shown
in Fig. 4, three species of hominins (Homo Habilis, Homo Rudolfensis and early Homo sapiens) are
coincident with the
Dawqara Formation. We cannot tell the differences between the techniques of stone tool making of
different hominin
species. The only robust evidence will be their fossil, whose formation is extremely rare and the
authors reported that
no related fossil had been found in the Zarqa Valley.
</p>
<br>
<p>The authors also pointed out that the Dawqara stone tools clearly show features that are considered as
milestones in human
technological evolution. The repetitive flaking patterns (e.g. unidirectional and unipolar flaking)
indicate
intentions
of early hominins in tool making. The patterns eliminated not only natural factors like gravity and
water, but also
the
unintentional production of sharp stone flakes.</p>
<figure style="float: left"><img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0277379119302847-gr6.jpg" alt=""
style="text-align: center; width: 98%" />
</figure>
<div class="space2"></div>
<figcaption>
Fig. 5. Details drawings and measurements of representative
artifacts from site 334-lower
</figcaption>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section name="Conclusions" id="Conclusions">
<div class="container lead">
<div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 10px" class="col-md-12">
<div class="allshow" style="display: none" id="tab-courses-content">
<hr class="star-primary" />
<h2>Conclusions</h2>
<p>
The authors’ team integrated three independent dating methods to build a robust age model and found that
the earliest
hominin activity in the Zarqa Valley, Jordan, to be ca. 2.48 Ma. It fills a temporal gap in the process
of hominins out
of Africa, provides new archeological evidence older than ‘Ubeidiya, and agrees with the evidence from
North Africa at
ca. 2.4 Ma and China at ca. 2.1 Ma.
</p>
<br>
<p>
The research also casts light on the technical and adaptive skills of the early hominins. They were
already able to
perform repeated stone working when they arrived in the Levant corridor at the beginning of Pleistocene.
They clearly
had the ability to recognize and select the locally available cherts as more convenient raw materials
for making stone
tools instead of other local stones like basalt. Their choices reflected a decent skill in observing and
assessing the
resources available in their surrounding environment, which is a remarkable feature in the evolution of
hominin survival
skills.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section name="References" id="References">
<div class="container lead">
<div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 10px" class="col-md-12">
<div class="allshow" style="display: none" id="tab-courses-content">
<hr class="star-primary" />
<h2>Bibliography</h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p>
<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618200000744">Bar-Yosef, O. and
Belfer-Cohen, A., 2001.</a>
From Africa to Eurasia—early dispersals.
<cite>Quaternary International</cite>, 75(1), pp.19-28.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379119302847#bbib42">Le Pichon, X.T.
and Gaulier, J.M., 1988.</a>
The rotation of Arabia and the Levant fault system.
<cite>Tectonophysics</cite>, 153(1-4), pp.271-294.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003552115000801">Le Tensorer, J.M., Le
Tensorer, H., Martini, P., von
Falkenstein, V., Schmid, P. and Villalain, J.J., 2015.</a>
The oldowan site aïn al fil (El kowm, Syria) and the first
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119(5), pp.581-594.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248409000256">Martínez-Navarro, B.,
Belmaker, M. and Bar-Yosef, O.,
2009.</a>
The large carnivores from ‘Ubeidiya (early Pleistocene,
Israel): biochronological and biogeographical implications.
<cite>Journal of Human Evolution</cite>, 56(5), pp.514-524.
</p>
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<li>
<p>
<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau0008">Sahnouni, M., Parés, J.M., Duval, M.,
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1.9-million-and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone
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</p>
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<li>
<p>
<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379119302847#bbib41">Scardia, G.,
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Araujo, A.G. and Neves, W.A., 2019.</a>
Chronologic constraints on hominin dispersal outside Africa
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</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
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<p>Homework1 for AR305</p>
<p>Author: Qicheng Cao</p>
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