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reference_code.php
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reference_code.php
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<?php
// bibliographic reference
require_once('php-json-ld/jsonld.php');
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* @brief Get identifiers for a reference
* *
* @param reference Reference object
*
* @return Array of key-value pairs where the key is the identifier type
* and the value is the identifier
*/
function reference_identifiers($reference)
{
$identifiers = array();
//print_r($reference->identifier);
if (isset($reference->identifier))
{
foreach ($reference->identifier as $identifier)
{
$identifiers[$identifier->type] = $identifier->id;
}
}
return $identifiers;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* @brief Create a citation string for indexing
* *
* @param reference Reference object to be encoded
*
* @return OpenURL
*/
function reference_to_citation_string($reference)
{
$citation = '';
//echo "citation=$citation\n";
if (isset($reference->author))
{
$authors = array();
foreach ($reference->author as $author)
{
if (isset($author->forename) && isset($author->lastname))
{
$authors[] = $author->lastname . ' ' . $author->forename;
}
else
{
$authors[] = $author->name;
}
}
$citation .= join(', ', $authors);
$citation .= ' ';
}
//echo "citation=$citation\n";
if (isset($reference->year))
{
$citation .= '(' . $reference->year . ')';
}
if (isset($reference->title))
{
$citation .= ' ' . $reference->title . '.';
}
//echo "citation=$citation\n";
if (isset($reference->journal))
{
$citation .= ' ' . $reference->journal->name;
if (isset($reference->journal->volume))
{
$citation .= ', ' . $reference->journal->volume;
}
if (isset($reference->journal->issue))
{
$citation .= '(' . $reference->journal->issue . ')';
}
if (isset($reference->journal->pages))
{
$citation .= ': ' . $reference->journal->pages;
}
}
else
{
// not a journal...
$citation .= ': ' . $reference->pages;
}
//echo "citation=$citation\n";
return $citation;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* @brief Convert BibJSON object to citeproc-js object
*
* @param reference Reference object to be converted
* @param id Local id for citeproc-js object
*
* @return citeproc-js object
*/
function reference_to_citeprocjs($reference, $id = 'ITEM-1')
{
$citeproc_obj = array();
$citeproc_obj['id'] = $id;
$citeproc_obj['source'] = 'BioStor';
$citeproc_obj['title'] = $reference->title;
$citeproc_obj['alternative-id'] = array();
/*
if (isset($reference->journal))
{
$citeproc_obj['type'] = 'article-journal';
}
*/
switch ($reference->type)
{
case 'article':
$citeproc_obj['type'] = 'article-journal';
break;
default:
$citeproc_obj['type'] = $reference->type;
break;
}
if (isset($reference->year))
{
$citeproc_obj['issued']['date-parts'][] = array((Integer)$reference->year);
}
if (isset($reference->author))
{
$citeproc_obj['author'] = array();
foreach ($reference->author as $author)
{
$a = new stdclass;
// hack while we work with old BioStor BibJSON
if (isset($author->forename))
{
$author->firstname = trim($author->forename);
}
if (isset($author->firstname))
{
$a->given = trim($author->firstname);
$a->family = $author->lastname;
}
else
{
$a->literal = $author->name;
}
$citeproc_obj['author'][] = $a;
}
}
// Book
if (isset($reference->publisher))
{
if (isset($reference->publisher->name))
{
$citeproc_obj['publisher'] = $reference->publisher->name;
}
if (isset($reference->publisher->address))
{
$citeproc_obj['publisher-place'] = $reference->publisher->address;
}
if (isset($reference->page))
{
$citeproc_obj['page'] = str_replace('--', '-', $reference->journal->pages);
}
}
// Article
if (isset($reference->journal))
{
$citeproc_obj['container-title'] = $reference->journal->name;
if (isset($reference->journal->series))
{
$citeproc_obj['collection-title'] = $reference->journal->series;
}
if (isset($reference->journal->volume))
{
$citeproc_obj['volume'] = $reference->journal->volume;
}
if (isset($reference->journal->issue))
{
$citeproc_obj['issue'] = $reference->journal->issue;
}
if (isset($reference->journal->pages))
{
$citeproc_obj['page'] = str_replace('--', '-', $reference->journal->pages);
}
if (isset($reference->journal->identifier))
{
foreach ($reference->journal->identifier as $identifier)
{
if ($identifier->type == 'issn')
{
$citeproc_obj['ISSN'] = array();
$citeproc_obj['ISSN'][] = $identifier->id;
}
}
}
}
// Chapter
if (isset($reference->book))
{
if (isset($reference->book->title))
{
$citeproc_obj['container-title'] = $reference->book->title;
}
if (isset($reference->pages))
{
$citeproc_obj['page'] = str_replace('--', '-', $reference->pages);
}
}
$url = '';
if (isset($reference->identifier))
{
foreach ($reference->identifier as $identifier)
{
switch ($identifier->type)
{
// DOI
case 'doi':
$citeproc_obj['DOI'] = $identifier->id;
$citeproc_obj['alternative-id'][] = $identifier->id;
break;
// Convert identifiers to URLs
case 'ark':
$url = 'http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/' . $identifier->id;
$citeproc_obj['alternative-id'][] = $identifier->id;
break;
case 'biostor':
$url = 'http://biostor.org/reference/' . $identifier->id;
$citeproc_obj['alternative-id'][] = $url;
$citeproc_obj['BIOSTOR'] = $identifier->id;
break;
case 'handle':
if ($url == '')
{
$url = 'http://hdl.handle.net/' . $identifier->id;
}
$citeproc_obj['HANDLE'] = $identifier->id;
$citeproc_obj['alternative-id'][] = $identifier->id;
break;
case 'isbn':
case 'isbn13':
$citeproc_obj['ISBN'] = $identifier->id;
break;
case 'jstor':
$url = 'http://www.jstor.org/' . $identifier->id;
$citeproc_obj['alternative-id'][] = $url;
$citeproc_obj['JSTOR'] = $identifier->id;
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
if ($url == '')
{
if (isset($reference->link))
{
foreach ($reference->link as $link)
{
switch ($link->anchor)
{
case 'LINK':
$url = $link->url;
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
}
if ($url != '')
{
$citeproc_obj['URL'] = $url;
}
// scanned images
if ($reference->bhl_pages)
{
$citeproc_obj['bhl_pages'] = $reference->bhl_pages;
}
if (isset($reference->text))
{
$citeproc_obj['text_pages'] = $reference->text;
}
if (count($citeproc_obj['alternative-id']) == 0)
{
unset($citeproc_obj['alternative-id']);
}
return $citeproc_obj;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* @brief Create a COinS (ContextObjects in Spans) for a reference
*
* COinS encodes an OpenURL in a <span> tag. See http://ocoins.info/.
*
* @param reference Reference object to be encoded
*
* @return HTML <span> tag containing a COinS
*/
function reference_to_coins($reference)
{
global $config;
$coins = '<span class="Z3988" title="'
. reference_to_openurl($reference)
// . '&webhook=' . urlencode($config['web_server'] . $config['web_root'] . 'webhook.php')
. '"></span>';
return $coins;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* @brief Create an OpenURL for a reference
* *
* @param reference Reference object to be encoded
*
* @return OpenURL
*/
function reference_to_openurl($reference)
{
$openurl = '';
$openurl .= 'ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004';
// Local publication identifier
if (isset($reference->id))
{
$openurl .= '&rfe_id=' . urlencode($reference->id);
}
//print_r($reference);
if (isset($reference->journal) || $reference->type == 'article')
{
$openurl .= '&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal';
$openurl .= '&genre=article';
$openurl .= '&rft.atitle=' . urlencode($reference->title);
$openurl .= '&rft.jtitle=' . urlencode($reference->journal->name);
if (isset($reference->journal->series))
{
$openurl .= '&rft.series=' . urlencode($reference->journal->series);
}
if (isset($reference->journal->identifier))
{
foreach ($reference->journal->identifier as $identifier)
{
switch ($identifier->type)
{
case 'issn':
$openurl .= '&rft.issn=' . $identifier->id;
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
if (isset($reference->journal->volume))
{
$openurl .= '&rft.volume=' . $reference->journal->volume;
}
if (isset($reference->journal->issue))
{
$openurl .= '&rft.issue=' . $reference->journal->issue;
}
if (isset($reference->journal->pages))
{
if (preg_match('/^(?<spage>.*)--(?<epage>.*)/', $reference->journal->pages, $m))
{
$openurl .= '&rft.spage=' . $m['spage'];
$openurl .= '&rft.epage=' . $m['epage'];
}
else
{
$openurl .= '&rft.pages=' . $reference->journal->pages;
}
}
}
else
{
if ($reference->type == 'book')
{
$openurl .= '&rft.btitle=' . urlencode($reference->title);
}
else
{
$openurl .= '&rft.title=' . urlencode($reference->title);
}
//$openurl .= '&rft.pages=' . $reference->journal->pages;
}
// generic stuff
// authors
// authors
if (isset($reference->author))
{
if (count($reference->author) > 0)
{
if (isset($reference->author[0]->lastname))
{
$openurl .= '&rft.aulast=' . urlencode($reference->author[0]->lastname);
if (isset($reference->author[0]->firstname))
{
$openurl .= '&rft.aufirst=' . urlencode($reference->author[0]->firstname);
}
}
}
foreach ($reference->author as $author)
{
$openurl .= '&rft.au=' . urlencode($author->name);
}
}
// date
if (isset($reference->year))
{
$openurl .= '&rft.date=' . $reference->year;
}
// identifiers
if (isset($reference->identifier))
{
foreach ($reference->identifier as $identifier)
{
switch ($identifier->type)
{
case 'doi':
$openurl .= '&rft_id=info:doi/' . urlencode($identifier->id);
break;
case 'handle':
$openurl .= '&rft_id=info:hdl/' . urlencode($identifier->id);
break;
case 'pmid':
$openurl .= '&rft_id=info:pmid/' . urlencode($identifier->id);
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
if (isset($reference->link))
{
foreach ($reference->link as $link)
{
if (isset($link->anchor))
{
if ($link->anchor == 'LINK')
{
$openurl .= '&rft_id='. urlencode($link->url);
}
}
}
}
return $openurl;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
function reference_to_ris($reference)
{
$ris = '';
if (isset($reference->journal))
{
$ris .= "TY - JOUR\n";
}
else
{
$ris .= "TY - GEN\n";
}
if (isset($reference->id))
{
$ris .= "ID - " . $reference->id . "\n";
}
if (isset($reference->author))
{
foreach ($reference->author as $a)
{
if (is_object($a))
{
$ris .= "AU - " . $a->name . "\n";
}
}
}
if (isset($reference->title))
{
$ris .= "TI - " . strip_tags($reference->title) . "\n";
}
if (isset($reference->journal))
{
$ris .= "JF - " . $reference->journal->name . "\n";
if (isset($reference->journal->volume))
{
$ris .= "VL - " . $reference->journal->volume . "\n";
}
if (isset($reference->journal->issue))
{
$ris .= "IS - " . $reference->journal->issue . "\n";
}
foreach ($reference->journal->identifier as $identifier)
{
switch ($identifier->type)
{
case 'issn':
$ris .= "SN - " . $identifier->id . "\n";
break;
default:
break;
}
}
if (isset($reference->journal->pages))
{
if (preg_match('/^(?<spage>.*)--(?<epage>.*)/', $reference->journal->pages, $m))
{
$ris .= "SP - " . $m['spage'] . "\n";
$ris .= "EP - " . $m['epage'] . "\n";
}
else
{
$ris .= "SP - " . $reference->journal->pages . "\n";
}
}
}
if (isset($reference->year))
{
$ris .= "Y1 - " . $reference->year . "\n";
}
if (isset($reference->identifier))
{
foreach ($reference->identifier as $identifier)
{
switch ($identifier->type)
{
case 'doi':
$ris .= "DO - " . $identifier->id . "\n";
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
$ris .= "ER - \n";
$ris .= "\n";
return $ris;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
function reference_to_google_scholar($reference)
{
$meta = '';
$dc_meta = '';
// Google Scholar
$meta .= "\n<!-- Google Scholar metadata -->\n";
$meta .= '<meta name="citation_title" content="' . htmlentities($reference->title, ENT_COMPAT | ENT_HTML5, 'UTF-8') . '" />' . "\n";
$meta .= '<meta name="citation_date" content="' . $reference->year . '" />' . "\n";
if (isset($reference->author))
{
$author_names = array();
foreach ($reference->author as $author)
{
$author_names[] = htmlentities($author->name, ENT_COMPAT | ENT_HTML5, 'UTF-8');
}
$meta .= '<meta name="citation_authors" content="' . join(";", $author_names) . '" />' . "\n";
}
if ($reference->type == 'article')
{
$meta .= '<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="' . htmlentities($reference->journal->name, ENT_COMPAT | ENT_HTML5, 'UTF-8') . '" />' . "\n";
// ISSN
if (isset($reference->journal->identifier))
{
foreach ($reference->journal->identifier as $identifier)
{
if ($identifier->type == 'issn')
{
$meta .= '<meta name="citation_issn" content="' . $identifier->id . '" />' . "\n";
}
}
}
if (isset($reference->journal->volume))
{
$meta .= '<meta name="citation_volume" content="' . $reference->journal->volume . '" />' . "\n";
}
if (isset($reference->journal->issue))
{
$meta .= '<meta name="citation_issue" content="' . $reference->journal->issue . '" />' . "\n";
}
if (isset($reference->journal->pages))
{
if (preg_match('/^(?<spage>.*)-[-]?(?<epage>.*)$/', $reference->journal->pages, $m))
{
$meta .= '<meta name="citation_firstpage" content="' . str_replace('-', '', $m['spage']) . '" />' . "\n";
$meta .= '<meta name="citation_lastpage" content="' . str_replace('-', '', $m['epage']) . '" />' . "\n";
}
}
}
if (isset($reference->identifier))
{
foreach ($reference->identifier as $identifier)
{
switch ($identifier->type)
{
case 'doi':
$meta .= '<meta name="citation_doi" content="' . $identifier->id . '" />' . "\n";
// Dublin Core
$dc_meta .= '<meta name="dc.identifier" content="' . $identifier->id . '" />' . "\n";
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
if (isset($reference->link))
{
foreach ($reference->link as $link)
{
if (isset($link->anchor))
{
switch ($link->anchor)
{
case 'PDF':
$meta .= '<meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="' . $link->url . '" />' . "\n";
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
}
//$meta .= '<meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="http://bionames.org/references/' . $doc->_id . '" />' . "\n";
//$meta .= '<meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="' . $config['web_root'] . 'reference/' . $reference->reference_id . '" />' . "\n";
//$meta .= '<meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="' . $config['web_root'] . 'reference/' . $reference->reference_id . '.pdf" />' . "\n";
// Dublin Core
$dc_meta .= '<meta name="dc.identifier" content="http://biostor.org/reference/' . str_replace('biostor/', '', $reference->_id) . '" />' . "\n";
$meta .= "\n" . $dc_meta;
return $meta;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
function reference_to_twitter($reference)
{
global $config;
$twitter = '';
$twitter .= '<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/>' . "\n";
//$twitter .= '<meta name="twitter:title" content="' . htmlentities($reference->title, ENT_COMPAT | ENT_HTML5, 'UTF-8') . '" />' . "\n";
$clean_title = $reference->title;
$clean_title = str_replace('<', '<', $clean_title);
$clean_title = str_replace('>', '>', $clean_title);
$twitter .= '<meta name="twitter:title" content="' . $clean_title . '" />' . "\n";
$twitter .= '<meta name="twitter:site" content="BioStor"/>' . "\n";
$twitter .= '<meta name="twitter:image" content="'
. $config['web_server']
. $config['web_root']
. 'reference/' . str_replace('biostor/', '', $reference->_id) . '/thumbnail" />' . "\n";
$description = '';
if (isset($reference->journal))
{
if (isset($reference->journal->name))
{
$description = $reference->journal->name;
}
}
if ($description == '' && isset($reference->citation))
{
$description = $reference->citation;
}
$twitter .= '<meta name="twitter:description" content="' . $description . '" />' . "\n";
return $twitter;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* @brief Convert BibJSON object to JSON-LD
*
* @param reference Reference object to be converted
*
* @return JSON-LD object
*/
function reference_to_jsonld($reference)
{
global $config;
$triples = array();
$subject_id =
$config['web_server']
. $config['web_root']
. 'reference/' . str_replace('biostor/', '', $reference->_id);
$s = '<' . $subject_id . '>';
// type-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
switch ($reference->type)
{
case 'book':
$type = 'http://schema.org/Book';
break;
case 'chapter':
$type = 'http://schema.org/Chapter';
break;
case 'article':
$type = 'http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle';
break;
default:
$type = 'http://schema.org/CreativeWork';
break;
}
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <' . $type . '> .';
// url--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/url> "' . $subject_id . '" .';
// title------------------------------------------------------------------------------
if (isset($reference->title))
{
$title = $reference->title;
$title = strip_tags($title);
$title = preg_replace('/\.$/', '', $title);
$title = preg_replace('/\n/', '', $title);
$title = preg_replace('/\r/', '', $title);
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/name> ' . '"' . addcslashes($title, '"\\') . '" .';
}
// date-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
if (isset($reference->date))
{
$date = $reference->date;
while (count($date) < 3)
{
$date[] = '00';
}
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/datePublished> ' . '"' . join('-', $date) . '" .';
}
else
{
if (isset($reference->year))
{
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/datePublished> ' . '"' . $reference->year . '" .';
}
}
// authors----------------------------------------------------------------------------
if (isset($reference->author))
{
$use_role = true;
$n = count($reference->author);
for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++)
{
$index = $i + 1;
// Author
$author_id = '<' . $subject_id . '#creator/' . $index . '>';
$triples[] = $author_id . ' <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://schema.org/Person> .';
if (isset($reference->author[$i]->name))
{
$name = $reference->author[$i]->name;
$name = preg_replace('/\s\s+/u', ' ', $name);
$triples[] = $author_id . ' <http://schema.org/name> ' . '"' . addcslashes($name, '"') . '"' . ' .';
}
if (isset($reference->author[$i]->firstname))
{
$triples[] = $author_id . ' <http://schema.org/givenName> ' . '"' . addcslashes($reference->author[$i]->firstname, '"') . '"' . ' .';
}
if (isset($reference->author[$i]->lastname))
{
$triples[] = $author_id . ' <http://schema.org/familyName> ' . '"' . addcslashes($reference->author[$i]->lastname, '"') . '"' . ' .';
}
if ($use_role)
{
// Role to hold author position
$role_id = '<' . $subject_id . '#role/' . $index . '>';
$triples[] = $role_id . ' <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> ' . ' <http://schema.org/Role>' . ' .';
$triples[] = $role_id . ' <http://schema.org/roleName> "' . $index . '" .';
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/creator> ' . $role_id . ' .';
$triples[] = $role_id . ' <http://schema.org/creator> ' . $author_id . ' .';
}
else
{
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/creator> ' . $author_id . ' .';
}
}
}
// identifiers------------------------------------------------------------------------
// biostor
$identifier_id = '<' . $subject_id . '#biostor' . '>';
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/identifier> ' . $identifier_id . '.';
$triples[] = $identifier_id . ' <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://schema.org/PropertyValue> .';
$triples[] = $identifier_id . ' <http://schema.org/propertyID> ' . '"biostor"' . '.';
$triples[] = $identifier_id . ' <http://schema.org/value> ' . '"' . str_replace('biostor/', '', $reference->_id) . '"' . '.';
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/sameAs> ' . '"https://biostor.org/reference/' . str_replace('biostor/', '', $reference->_id) . '" ' . '. ';
// other identifiers (DOI, JSTOR, etc.)
if (isset($reference->identifier))
{
foreach ($reference->identifier as $identifier)
{
switch ($identifier->type)
{
case 'doi':
$identifier_id = '<' . $subject_id . '#doi' . '>';
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/identifier> ' . $identifier_id . '.';
$triples[] = $identifier_id . ' <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://schema.org/PropertyValue> .';
$triples[] = $identifier_id . ' <http://schema.org/propertyID> ' . '"doi"' . '.';
$triples[] = $identifier_id . ' <http://schema.org/value> ' . '"' . $identifier->id . '"' . '.';
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/sameAs> ' . '"https://doi.org/' . $identifier->id . '" ' . '. ';
break;
case 'handle':
$identifier_id = '<' . $subject_id . '#handle' . '>';
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/identifier> ' . $identifier_id . '.';
$triples[] = $identifier_id . ' <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://schema.org/PropertyValue> .';
$triples[] = $identifier_id . ' <http://schema.org/propertyID> ' . '"handle"' . '.';
$triples[] = $identifier_id . ' <http://schema.org/value> ' . '"' . $identifier->id . '"' . '.';
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/sameAs> ' . '"https://hdl.handle.net/' . $identifier->id . '" ' . '. ';
break;
case 'jstor':
$identifier_id = '<' . $subject_id . '#jstor' . '>';
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/identifier> ' . $identifier_id . '.';
$triples[] = $identifier_id . ' <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://schema.org/PropertyValue> .';
$triples[] = $identifier_id . ' <http://schema.org/propertyID> ' . '"jstor"' . '.';
$triples[] = $identifier_id . ' <http://schema.org/value> ' . '"' . $identifier->id . '"' . '.';
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/sameAs> ' . '"https://www.jstor.org/stable/' . $identifier->id . '" ' . '. ';
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
// container--------------------------------------------------------------------------
if ($reference->type == 'article')
{
$container_id = '<' . $subject_id . '#container' . '>';
$issn = array();
if (isset($reference->journal->identifier))
{
foreach ($reference->journal->identifier as $identifier)
{
if ($identifier->type == 'issn')
{
$issn[] = $identifier->id;
}
}
}
if (count($issn) > 0)
{
$container_id = '<http://worldcat.org/issn/' . $issn[0] . '>';
$triples[] = $container_id . ' <http://schema.org/issn> ' . '"' . addcslashes($issn[0], '"') . '" .';
}
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/isPartOf> ' . $container_id . ' .';
if (isset($reference->journal->name))
{
$triples[] = $container_id . ' <http://schema.org/name> ' . '"' . addcslashes($reference->journal->name, '"') . '" .';
}
if (isset($reference->journal->volume))
{
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/volumeNumber> ' . '"' . addcslashes($reference->journal->volume, '"') . '" .';
}
if (isset($reference->journal->issue))
{
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/issueNumber> ' . '"' . addcslashes($reference->journal->issue, '"') . '" .';
}
if (isset($reference->journal->pages))
{
if (preg_match('/^(?<spage>[^-]+)(-[-]?(?<epage>.*))?$/', $reference->journal->pages, $m))
{
$triples[] = $s . ' <http://schema.org/pageStart> ' . '"' . addcslashes($m['spage'], '"') . '" .';
if ($m['epage'] != '')