-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
RvanMazijk_biodiversity-evolution-and-taxonomy_slides.Rmd
223 lines (135 loc) · 5.27 KB
/
RvanMazijk_biodiversity-evolution-and-taxonomy_slides.Rmd
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
---
title: "Biodiversity, evolution & taxonomy"
subtitle: |
| Teaching Biodiversity Short Course
| for FET Life Sciences Teachers
author: "Ruan van Mazijk"
date: "`r Sys.Date()`"
mainfont: Arial # for PDF
# TODO: add Powerpoint coverslide manually
---
{ width="5cm" }
# The Tree of Life
- Discovering all its branches
- Understanding how those branches link together
# Why study life's diversity?
- For its own sake
- For the benefit of society
- For medicines, materials & food
# Taxonomy
> The science of **classifying** & **naming** organisms
- Foundation of all other life sciences
- Can't do much without knowing what something is...
# Old-timey taxonomy: Linnaeus
{ width="5cm" }
# Old-timey taxonomy: Linnaeus cont.
- Pre-evolutionary
- Classification based on sexual parts for plants ($\checkmark$)
- A lot of Linnaeus' _Systema Naturae_ & _Systema Plantarum_ didn't hold up to modern scientific evidence...
***
But, he gave us 2x amazing (& simple!) things:
- Hierarchical classification
- Binomial nomenclature
# Naming things: Nomenclature
- A unique name for every species
- Common-names led to confusion...
***
{ width="5cm" }
***
\center
_Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatus pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti_
(= "plantain with pubescent ovate-lanceolate leaves, a cylindrical spike and a terete scape")
\pause
$\rightarrow$
_Plantago media_
***
{ width="8cm" }
# Classifying things: Hierarchies
# The domains
# Proakryotes (simple life)
{ width="8cm" }
# Proakryotes (simple life) cont.
# Eukaryotes (having a "true cell nucleus")
![The Kingdoms^[Protists are mostly algal micro-organisms that are neither plants, fungi nor animals] of eukaryotic life](trees/kingdoms.png)
# Kingdom Protista
{ width="5cm" }
# Kingdom Fungi
{ width="6cm" }
# Kingdom \textcolor{red}{Animalia}
{ width="4cm" }
# \textcolor{red}{Animal} phyla
> A range of **body-plans** among animals
> More-or-less **increasing complexity**
- Porifera
- Cnidaria
- Platyhelminthes
- Annelida
- Mollusca
- Nematoda
- Arthropoda
- Echinodermata
- Chordata
# Phylum Porifera
- Sea-sponges
- Colonial vs true organism?
# Phylum Cnidaria
Unique stinging cells "cnidocytes"!
{ width="5cm"}
\hfill
{ width="5cm" }
***
***
{ width="8cm" }
# Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Flatworms
- Some parasitic
{ width="7cm" }
# Phylum Annelida
- Worms II: the Sequel
- Segmented-worms
{ width="5cm" }
# Phylum Mollusca
- All have a "mantel", often in a shell
- Some of the most intelligent invertabrates!
{width="3cm" }
\hfill
{ width="3cm" }
\hfill
{ width="3cm" }
# Phylum Nematoda
- Worms III: the Revenge
- Roundwords
- Found _everywhere_
- Taxonomically challenging...
{ width="4cm" }
# Phylum Arthropoda
- "Jointed legs"
- Incredibly diverse
{ width="2.5cm" }
\hfill
{ width="3.5cm" }
\hfill
{ width="2.5cm" }
# Phylum Echinodermata
- Sea-stars & sea-cucumbers
- Five-way symmetry
{ width="5cm" }
\hfill
{ width="5cm" }
# Phylum Chordata
{ width="5cm" }
***
# Kingdom \textcolor{green}{Plantae}
{ width="5cm" }
# Major plant groups
***
\center
Over to Dunja...
Thank you!