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RvanMazijk_biodiversity-evolution-and-taxonomy_slides.Rmd
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RvanMazijk_biodiversity-evolution-and-taxonomy_slides.Rmd
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---
title: "Biodiversity, evolution & taxonomy"
subtitle: |
| Teaching Biodiversity Short Course
| for FET Life Sciences Teachers
author: "Ruan van Mazijk"
date: "`r Sys.Date()`"
mainfont: Arial # for PDF
# TODO: add Powerpoint coverslide manually
---
![Ernst Haeckel's Tree of Life](images/Tree-of-Life_Haeckel_Public-Domain.jpg){ width="5cm" }
# The Tree of Life
- Discovering all its branches
- Understanding how those branches link together
# Why study life's diversity?
- For its own sake
- For the benefit of society
- For medicines, materials & food
# Taxonomy
> The science of **classifying** & **naming** organisms
- Foundation of all other life sciences
- Can't do much without knowing what something is...
# Old-timey taxonomy: Linnaeus
![Carl von Linné](images/Carl-von-Linne_1707-1778_by-Alexander-Roslin_Nationalmuseum_Public-Domain.jpg){ width="5cm" }
# Old-timey taxonomy: Linnaeus cont.
- Pre-evolutionary
- Classification based on sexual parts for plants ($\checkmark$)
- A lot of Linnaeus' _Systema Naturae_ & _Systema Plantarum_ didn't hold up to modern scientific evidence...
***
But, he gave us 2x amazing (& simple!) things:
- Hierarchical classification
- Binomial nomenclature
# Naming things: Nomenclature
- A unique name for every species
- Common-names led to confusion...
***
![One of many plant species Linnaeus re-named](images/411px-Plantago-media_CC-BY-SA-3.0.jpg){ width="5cm" }
***
\center
_Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatus pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti_
(= "plantain with pubescent ovate-lanceolate leaves, a cylindrical spike and a terete scape")
\pause
$\rightarrow$
_Plantago media_
***
![A mallard](images/1024px-Mallard2_CC-BY-SA-3.0.jpg){ width="8cm" }
# Classifying things: Hierarchies
![](images/1280px-Taxonomic-Rank-Graph_CC-BY-SA-4.0_Annina-Breen.png)
# The domains
![The 2x prokaryotic & 1x eukaryotic domains of the Tree of Life](trees/domains.png)
# Proakryotes (simple life)
![The bacteria species _E. coli_](images/EscherichiaColi-NIAID_Public-Domain.jpg){ width="8cm" }
# Proakryotes (simple life) cont.
![An extremophilic archaean](images/Halobacteria_Public-Domain.jpg)
# Eukaryotes (having a "true cell nucleus")
![The Kingdoms^[Protists are mostly algal micro-organisms that are neither plants, fungi nor animals] of eukaryotic life](trees/kingdoms.png)
# Kingdom Protista
![Protists are the "dust-bin" kingdom](images/Protist-collage-2_CC-BY-SA-4.0.jpg){ width="5cm" }
# Kingdom Fungi
![Half animal, half plant](images/Fungi-collage_CC-BY-SA-2.5_BorgQueen.jpg){ width="6cm" }
# Kingdom \textcolor{red}{Animalia}
![Animals both big & small](images/Animal-diversity_CC-BY-SA-3.0_Medeis.png){ width="4cm" }
# \textcolor{red}{Animal} phyla
> A range of **body-plans** among animals
> More-or-less **increasing complexity**
- Porifera
- Cnidaria
- Platyhelminthes
- Annelida
- Mollusca
- Nematoda
- Arthropoda
- Echinodermata
- Chordata
# Phylum Porifera
- Sea-sponges
- Colonial vs true organism?
![](images/1024px-Reef3859-Flickr-NOAA-Photo-Library_compressed_Public-Domain.jpg)
# Phylum Cnidaria
Unique stinging cells "cnidocytes"!
![](images/1024px-Sea-Nettle-Jelly-1_CC-BY-SA-3.0_Fred-Hsu.jpg){ width="5cm"}
\hfill
![](images/Striped-colonial-anemone_CC-BY-SA-3.0_Nhobgood.jpg){ width="5cm" }
***
![A coral reef...](images/Coral-Outcrop-Flynn-Reef_CC-BY-SA-3.0_Toby-Hudson.jpg)
***
![... made by coral polyps](images/1024px-Montastrea-cavernosa_Public-Domain.jpg){ width="8cm" }
# Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Flatworms
- Some parasitic
![A marine flatworm](images/Turbellarian-Pseudoceros-dimidiatus_CC-BY-SA-2.0_Richard-Ling.jpg){ width="7cm" }
# Phylum Annelida
- Worms II: the Sequel
- Segmented-worms
![An earthworm](images/Regenwurm1_CC-BY-SA-3.0_Michael-Linnenbach.jpg){ width="5cm" }
# Phylum Mollusca
- All have a "mantel", often in a shell
- Some of the most intelligent invertabrates!
![](images/Grapevinesnail-01_CC-BY-SA-3.0_Jurgen-Schoner.jpg){width="3cm" }
\hfill
![](images/800px-Octopus3_CC-BY-SA-3.0_albert-kok.jpg){ width="3cm" }
\hfill
![](images/Clams-on-Sandy-Hook-beaches-panoramio_CC-BY-SA-3.0_febb.jpg){ width="3cm" }
# Phylum Nematoda
- Worms III: the Revenge
- Roundwords
- Found _everywhere_
- Taxonomically challenging...
![They all look kind of like this](images/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_CC-BY-SA-3.0_Bob-Goldstein.jpg){ width="4cm" }
# Phylum Arthropoda
- "Jointed legs"
- Incredibly diverse
![](images/Coleoptera_SMNK_CC-BY-SA-3.0_H-Zell.jpg){ width="2.5cm" }
\hfill
![](images/1024px-Ocypode-quadrata_Martinique_Copyrighted-Free-Use_Patrick-Verdier.jpg){ width="3.5cm" }
\hfill
![](images/Theraphosa-blondi_MHNT_CC-BY-SA-4.0_Didier-Descouens.jpg){ width="2.5cm" }
# Phylum Echinodermata
- Sea-stars & sea-cucumbers
- Five-way symmetry
![](images/Starfish_Caswell-Bay_geograph.org.uk_409413_CC-BY-SA-2.0_Pam-Brophy.jpg){ width="5cm" }
\hfill
![](images/800px-Thelenota-ananas_CC-BY-SA-2.0_Leonard-Low.jpg){ width="5cm" }
# Phylum Chordata
![Vertebrates!](images/Vertebrates_CC-BY-SA-3.0.png){ width="5cm" }
***
![](trees/kingdoms.png)
# Kingdom \textcolor{green}{Plantae}
![The green foundation of life on land](images/Diversity-of-plants-image-version-5_2009-04-03_CC-BY-SA-4.0_Rkitko.png){ width="5cm" }
# Major plant groups
![](trees/plant-groups.png)
***
\center
Over to Dunja...
Thank you!