Support more recent Python versions (3.11+)

[aidandunlop]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.
The KFP Operator only supports training pipelines using Python 3.8, 3.9, and 3.10.

3.8 has reached end-of-life, and 3.9 and 3.10 is at security-status: https://devguide.python.org/versions/

Pipelines using Python 3.11+ currently fail to compile.

Describe the solution you'd like
Ideally the operator should be able to support whatever version the training pipeline uses; it shouldn't be coupled to certain Python versions. Failing this, the operator should provide support for

• Python 3.11
• Python 3.12
• Python 3.13
• Python 3.14

Describe alternatives you've considered
n/a

Additional context
Pipelines using 3.11+ submitted will fail if we do not do this, and older versions have many critical security vulnerabilties.

[paoloambrosio-skyuk]

There is no TFX version that supports Python 3.11+: https://github.com/tensorflow/tfx?tab=readme-ov-file#compatible-versions