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<h1 class="text-center text-white">UFO History</h1>
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<hr class="text-white w-100">
<h4 class="text-white">Dr David Clarke's guide to the UFO files</h4>
<p class="text-white">
Although for the public and the media UFO has since become a synonym for 'alien
spaceship,' for the military forces of the world it is simply refers to something in the sky the observer
can see but does not recognise.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
In the vast majority of cases, investigations have discovered ordinary explanations for UFO reports such
as bright stars and planets, meteors, artificial satellites, balloons, aircraft seen from unusual angles
and space junk burning up in the atmosphere. However, there are some cases on record where no common
explanation can be found. For the Ministry of Defence, these types of report remain 'unidentified' rather
than 'extraterrestrial'. Some branches of the MoD, such as the Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS), prefer
the term UAP (unidentified aerial phenomena) to describe those UFOs that remain unidentified. UAP does not
imply the existence of an 'object' of extraterrestrial origin.
</p>
<!-- UFOs in the early 20th century Header -->
<h4 class="text-white">UFOs in the early 20th century: 1909-1950</h4>
<p class="text-white">
An understanding of the factors that lay behind the British government's interest in the UFO issue can be
found by studying the range of documents available at The National Archives. The vast majority of the
records are found in the post Second World War period. This reflects the growing post-war fascination with
the idea of UFOs as extraterrestrial visitors, as portrayed in popular science fiction films such as The
Day the Earth Stood Still (1951). In contrast, official policy was restricted to establishing whether UFO
sightings could be considered to be a threat to national security. During the Cold War, for example, the
major threat came from behind the Iron Curtain. Once Soviet aircraft were discounted, the identity of a
UFO was of no further interest to the British military.
</p>
<p class="text-white">To understand the origins of the British government's interest in UFOs it is necessary
to look back to an
earlier period of 20th century history. In 1909 and 1913 phantom airships - dark cigar-shaped flying
objects carrying searchlights - were sighted at night moving over many British towns and cities. As
tension grew in the build up to the First World War, newspapers and some politicians accused the Germans
of sending Zeppelin airships to spy on dockyards and other strategic areas around the British coastline.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
In October 1912, when sightings of an unidentified aircraft were made over the Royal Navy torpedo school
at Sheerness, Essex, questions were asked in the House of Commons. This led the First Lord of the
Admiralty, Winston Churchill, to order an investigation. Inquiries by naval intelligence failed to
establish the identity of the aircraft but the Germans were widely believed to be responsible.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
Both the War Office and Admiralty investigated further sightings of unidentified airships, aircraft and
mysterious moving lights. These were usually seen at night and were frequently reported to the military
authorities from many parts of the British Isles during the First World War. In 1916 a War Office
intelligence circular found that 89 percent of the reports could be explained by bright planets,
searchlights and natural phenomena. It concluded: 'There is no evidence on which to base a suspicion that
this class of enemy activity ever existed' ('Alleged Enemy Signalling 1916').
</p>
<p class="text-white">
More sightings of aerial phenomena were made during the Second World War by RAF aircrew. These included
balls of fire and mysterious moving lights that appeared to pursue Allied aircraft operating over occupied
Europe. American pilots dubbed these UFOs 'foo-fighters', from a character in a comic strip whose catch
phrase was 'where there's foo there's fire.' Although the foo-fighters did not appear to be hostile the
sightings alarmed air intelligence branches of the Air Ministry and US Army Air Force as they prepared for
the invasion of France. The RAF began to collect reports of 'night phenomena' from 1942 and later in the
war, the Air Ministry shared intelligence on the subject with the US authorities. They assumed the
phenomena were German secret weapons, such as the Me262 jet fighter. At the end of the war no traces of
advanced aircraft or weapons that could explain the 'foo fighters' were found by the Allied occupying
forces. In addition, intelligence officers such as Dr RV Jones discovered that German pilots had observed
similar unexplained aerial phenomena. (See bibliography)
</p>
<p class="text-white">
There are Air Ministry reports on 'night phenomena' and reports from aircrew with Bomber Command's 115
Squadron seen December 1943.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
In 1946 and 1947 the War Office and Air Ministry became involved in an investigation of mysterious ghost
rockets sighted over Scandinavia. Initially intelligence officers at the Air Ministry believed the 'flying
bombs' (RV Jones memoirs, 'Most Secret War' chapter 52, pg 510-11, 1978) were modified V2 rockets fired by
Soviets, from captured Nazi rocket plant at Peenemunde in the Baltic. Dr RV Jones, Director of
Intelligence at the Air Ministry in 1946, was sceptical of this theory. Drawing upon his wartime
experiences, he believed the scare was triggered by sightings of bright meteors in countries that feared
</p>
<!-- Soviet Expansion Header -->
<h4 class="text-white">Soviet expansion</h4>
<p class="text-white">
Reports and correspondence between the Foreign Office, Air Ministry and the British air attache? in
Stockholm were officially recorded. An air intelligence report on the 'ghost rockets' was recorded in
1946.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
Reports of ghost rockets preceded by six months the first sightings of 'flying saucers' over the mainland
of the United States. In December 1947 the newly created US Air Force set up a project, code-named Sign to
investigate the growing mystery. USAF Lieutenant General Nathan F Twining's initial conclusion was 'the
phenomenon reported is something real and not imaginary or fictitious.'
</p>
<!-- British Government interests -->
<h4 class="text-white">British Government interest, 1950-1951</h4>
<p class="text-white">
The British Government did not begin any official inquiry into the UFO mystery until 1950. During the
spring and summer of that year a large number of 'flying saucer' sightings were made in Britain for the
first time and the media started to take an interest. Two Sunday newspapers serialised the first books on
the topic that had been published in the USA. This led a number of senior figures, both in the
establishment and the scientific community to treat the subject seriously for the first time. The Sunday
Dispatch was encouraged to publish stories by Lord Louis Mountbatten, who was later to become Chief of
Defence Staff. Mountbatten was one of a small group of influential military officials who believed UFOs
were real and of interplanetary origin.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
Another senior official who took reports of UFOs seriously was Sir Henry Tizard. He is best known for his
work on the development of radar before the Second World War. Post-war Tizard became Chief Scientific
Advisor to the Ministry of Defence and came to believe that 'reports of flying saucers should not be
dismissed without some investigation' (DEFE 41/74). It was as a direct result of his influence that the
MoD was asked to set up a small team of experts to investigate reports of flying saucers under the
Directorate of Scientific Intelligence/Joint Technical Intelligence Committee (DSI/JTIC).
</p>
<p class="text-white">
The Flying Saucer Working Party operated under such secrecy that its existence was known to very few.
However, a reference to a study of flying saucers emerged in 1988 when a file of correspondence between
Winston Churchill and the Air Ministry was opened under the 30-year rule. On 28 July 1952 the Prime
Minister asked the Air Minister: 'What does all this stuff about flying saucers amount to? What can it
mean? What is the truth? Let me have a report at your convenience.' The response, dated 9 August 1952,
began 'The various reports about unidentified flying objects, described by the Press as "flying saucers",
were the subject of a full intelligence study in 1951'.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
Several unsuccessful attempts were made to trace this study but in 1998 the minutes of the DSI/JTIC were
released by the British Government. These revealed how the working party was established in August 1950
under the following terms of reference:
</p>
<ol class="text-white">
<li>To review the available evidence in reports of 'Flying Saucers'.</li>
<li>To examine from now on the evidence on which reports of British origin of phenomena attributed to
'Flying Saucers' are based.
</li>
<li>To report to DSI/JTIC as necessary.</li>
<li>To keep in touch with American occurrences and evaluation of such (DEFE 41/74.)</li>
</ol>
<p class="text-white">
The working party included intelligence officers from each of the three armed services and was chaired by
G. L. Turney, head of scientific intelligence at the Admiralty. This team reviewed what was known about
the subject and investigated a number of sightings reported to it by RAF Fighter Command. During their
inquiries they questioned a group of test pilots from the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough who
had reported sightings of aerial phenomena. In June 1951 the working party produced a brief final report
that debunked the sightings and concluded that flying saucers did not exist. A surviving copy of DSI/JTIC
Report No 7 was found in MoD archives in 2001. It was released in the following year. A copy of the
original report and covering letter to Sir Henry Tizard was released in July 2008 by The National Archives
of the UK.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
Classified as 'Secret/Discreet' the six-page report concluded that all UFO sightings could be explained as
misidentifications of ordinary objects or phenomena, optical illusions, psychological delusions or hoaxes.
They concluded with the following statement: 'We accordingly recommend very strongly that no further
investigation of reported mysterious aerial phenomena be undertaken, unless and until some material
evidence becomes available.'
</p>
<p class="text-white">
The members of the working party reli ed heavily upon information supplied by the US Air Force UFO project
(now renamed Grudge) and the CIA. US policy was to debunk the subject and restrict the release of
information to the public about UFO sightings made by the armed services. The Assistant Director of the
CIA's Office of Scientific Intelligence, Dr Harris Marshall Chadwell, was present at the meeting of
DSI/JTIC in 1951 when the report was delivered to MoD. American influence upon the team's methodology can
be seen both in the adoption of the USAF term UFO in its title and the conclusions. Circulation was
restricted within MoD with just one copy sent to Sir Henry Tizard.
</p>
<h4 class="text-white">Air Ministry investigations 1952-64</h4>
<p class="text-white">
The sceptical conclusions of the Flying Saucer Working Party set the template for all future British
policy on UFOs. After the report was delivered the team was dissolved and investigations ended. However,
during the summer of the following year a new wave of sightings were made across the world. In July 1952,
as Cold War tension increased, UFOs were detected by radars in the US capital Washington DC, prompting the
USAF to scramble jet interceptors. The scare made headlines across the world and led Winston Churchill to
send his famous memo to the Air Ministry on 'flying saucers.'
</p>
<p class="text-white">
The Prime Minister was told on 9 August 1952 that 'nothing has happened since 1951 to make the Air Staff
change their opinion, and, to judge from recent Press statements, the same is true in America'. In
September this policy was revised as a direct result of further UFO sightings that occurred during a major
NATO exercise in Europe. The most dramatic were those reported by a group of Shackleton aircrew who saw a
circular silver object appear above the airfield at RAF Topcliffe in North Yorkshire. In a report made to
the base Commanding Officer one of the men, Flt Lt John Kilburn of 269 Squadron, RAF, said he watched as
the object appeared to descend to follow a Meteor jet, rotated on its own axis and then accelerated away
at a speed 'in excess of a shooting star'.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
According to Capt Edward Ruppelt, of Project Blue Book, it was the Topcliffe sighting that 'caused the RAF
to officially recognise the UFO.' Soon afterwards the Air Ministry decided to monitor UFO reports on a
permanent basis. Responsibility was delegated by the Chief of Air Staff to a branch within the Deputy
Directorate of Intelligence (DDI (Tech) known as AI3. In December 1953 HQ Fighter Command issued orders to
all RAF stations that in future reports of 'aerial phenomena' should be reported directly to DDI (Tech),
Air Ministry, for further investigation. The order said it was important that details of sightings made by
RAF personnel and from radar stations should be carefully examined and its release 'controlled
officially.' The Air Ministry letter stated that 'all reports are to be classified 'Restricted' and
personnel are warned not to communicate to anyone other than official persons any information about
phenomena they have observed, unless officially authorised to do so.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
From 1953 reports from all sources were sent to DDI (Tech) for 'examination, analysis and classification'.
Advice on likely explanations was obtained from Fighter Command, the Meteorological Office and the Royal
Greenwich Observatory. Each year a special report 'summarising all UFO sightings by types' was submitted
to the Air Staff (DEFE 31/118). None of these summaries have survived before 1956. However, an analysis of
80 reports up to 1954 formed the basis of an article published in Vol 10, No 3 of the Air Ministry Secret
Intelligence Summary (AMSIS) during March 1955. This summary, based upon a longer report now lost, was
classified 'Secret - UK Eyes Only.'
</p>
<p class="text-white">
The existence of this summary study came to light in May 1955 when the Conservative MP Major Patrick Wall
asked the Secretary of State for Air, in a Parliamentary Question, if he would publish the 'report on
flying saucers recently completed by the Air Ministry.' In reply the Air Minister George Ward said:
'reports of "flying saucers" as well as any other abnormal objects in the sky, are investigated as they
come in, but there has been no formal inquiry. About 90 percent of the reports have been found to relate
to meteors, balloons, flares and many other objects. The fact that the other 10 percent are unexplained
need be attributed to nothing more sinister than 'lack of data' (AIR 2/16918).
</p>
<p class="text-white">
The outstanding 10 percent of 'unexplained' sightings remained UFOs (or, as the Air Ministry preferred,
'insufficient information'). This explains the policy decision to continue collecting reports. The reasons
given in the AMSIS article were that 'there is always the chance of observing foreign aircraft of
revolutionary design.' This factor remained a concern for intelligence agencies until the end of the Cold
War. The Air Ministry was careful to qualify this interest with this caveat: '...as for controlled
manifestations from outer space, there is no tangible evidence of their existence'.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) initiated inquiries into 'aerial phenomena' on two occasions during
the late 1950s. Following press reports of UFOs tracked by radars at RAF West Freugh, Scotland, in April
1957 the Air Ministry informed the JIC it was unable to explain four recent incidents. Aerial phenomena
were again the subject of JIC discussion in March 1959 following a sighting made at London airport.
Additional copies of these minutes and a background briefing prepared by the Air Ministry and published in
the Red Book.
</p>
<!-- MoD investigations 1964-present Header-->
<h4 class="text-white">MoD investigations 1964-present</h4>
<p class="text-white">
From 1958 a civilian Air Staff secretariat branch known as S6 (Air) took over responsibility for dealing
with public relations on the topic of UFOs. During that year an S6 desk officer decided their policy would
be 'politely unhelpful' in response to any public or press inquiry on the subject. From this point onwards
two separate branches of the Air Ministry were involved in dealing with the UFO problem. DDI (Tech), was
responsible for investigating reports and assessing their defence significance, whilst S6 (Air) fielded
questions from members of the public, the press and MPs.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
In 1964 the Air Ministry became part of the new Ministry of Defence and the three separate service
intelligence sections of the Army, Navy and RAF were merged under a new unified structure. S6's UFO remit
passed to a new MoD secretariat, S4 (Air) and in 1967 responsibility for inquiries into UFO incidents
deemed to have possible defence significance were inherited by a Defence Intelligence branch, DI55.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
Although more than 11,000 UFO reports have been logged by DI55, S4 (Air) and a number of other MoD
branches between 1959 and 2007, no detailed studies have been carried out on the accumulated data until
relatively recently. Following a new wave of sightings in 1967 the Government faced a series of
Parliamentary questions on their UFO investigations and policy. In response, the head of S4 (Air), James
Carruthers, produced a detailed briefing for the Secretary of State for Air, Merlyn Rees MP. In his report
dated November 1967 Carruthers said the MoD had kept a statistical analysis of UFO reports received since
1959 'and has found no evidence to suggest [UFOs] have other than mundane explanations.' He added that MoD
'does not consider that a separate study by [UK] Government departments or by a university or other
independent organisation would produce results to justify the expenditure, time and money involved'.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
Following the conclusions reached by the Flying Saucer Working Party the MoD continued to reply upon
studies carried out by USAF for their policy lead on UFOs. There was never any British equivalent of the
publicly funded study by the University of Colorado on behalf of the USAF that was completed in 1969. The
'Condon report' - named after the project head, the physicist Dr Edward Condon - was based on an analysis
of 12,618 reports collected by the USAF Project Blue Book between 1947 and 1969 (Blue Book followed
Projects Sign and Grudge in 1952). Of this total 701 remained unexplained. The main findings of the US
study were:
</p>
<!-- Unordered list MOD investigations -->
<ul class="text-white">
<li>About 90% of all UFO reports prove to be plausibly related to ordinary phenomena.</li>
<li>Little, if anything, had come from the study of UFOs in the past 21 years that added to scientific
knowledge.</li>
<li>Further extensive study of UFO sightings was not justified in the expectation that science will be
advanced thereby.
</li>
<li>No evidence came to light in the study to indicate that UFO sightings may represent a defence hazard.
</li>
<li>The Department of Defence should continue to handle UFO reports in its normal surveillance operations
without the need for special units such as Project Blue Book (S4 briefing to MoD, 24 March 1970).
</li>
</ul>
<p class="text-white">
Project Blue Book was closed by USAF following publication of the Condon report in December 1969. In the
UK the MoD used the findings to further reduce their workload on UFOs. From 1973 members of the public who
reported sightings received only a polite acknowledgement. Unlike the USAF, the MoD decided it should
continue to maintain an interest in the subject so that it could answer questions from MPs and where
necessary, reassure the public that UFOs posed no threat to national defence. This policy rethink, the
first of many, took place between 1970 and 1975.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
The last time the Government made a full public statement on its policy was in January 1979 when UFOs were
the subject of a lengthy debate in the House of Lords. This was initiated by Lord Clancarty (Brinsley le
Poer Trench), the author of several books on UFOs and related subjects. Clancarty believed the MoD had
evidence that UFOs were of extraterrestrial origin and was convinced they were concealing 'the truth' from
the public. In the summer of 1978 he tabled a motion that called on the Government to set up an inquiry
and for the Defence Minister to make a televised statement on UFOs. In the Lords, the Government's
response was delivered by a retired Royal Navy officer and Labour peer, Lord Strabolgi (David Kenworthy).
His closing remarks were: '...as for telling the public the truth about UFOs, the truth is simple. There
really are many strange phenomena in the sky, and these are invariably reported by rational people. But
there is a wide range of natural explanations to account for such phenomena. There is nothing to suggest
to Her Majesty's Government that such phenomena are alien spacecraft'.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
UFO report files contain a mixture of letters from members of the public and reports from official sources
such as the police, coastguard and Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Many reports take the form of military
signals received by MoD via a variety of RAF and RN stations. The most frequent method of reporting a UFO
sighting was via a standard proforma, originally based on a USAF questionnaire. An early draft of this
report format can be found at DEFE 31/118. A version of this questionnaire is still used today by the
Ministry of Defence. The proforma contains 16 questions, a-q:
</p>
<!-- MOD UFO questionnaire -->
<ul class="text-white">
<li>(a) Date, time and duration of sighting </li>
<li>(b) Description of object </li>
<li>(c) Exact position observer </li>
<li>(d) How observed </li>
<li>(e) Direction in which object was first seen </li>
<li>(f) Angle of sight </li>
<li>(g) Distance </li>
<li>(h) Movements </li>
<li>(j) Meteorological conditions during observations </li>
<li>(k) Nearby objects </li>
<li>(l) To whom reported (police, military organisations, the press etc) </li>
<li>(m) Name and address of informant </li>
<li>(n) Any background on the informant that may be volunteered </li>
<li>(o) Other witnesses </li>
<li>(p) Date and time of receipt of report </li>
<li>(q) Is a reply requested? (Note item q was deleted from 1973). </li>
</ul>
<p class="text-white">
From 1966-67 UFO reports and correspondence between members of the public and MoD were preserved in two
separate sequences of files. Five separate file series held at The National Archives contain papers
relating to UFO sightings and UFO correspondence from 1962 in chronological order:
</p>
<p class="text-white">
One of the first UFO files to be released by the Ministry of Defence under the Code of Practice for Access
to Government Information, the precursor of the FOIA, in 2001 was that containing papers on the famous
Rendlesham Forest incident, often called 'Britain's Roswell'. (UFOs: Persistent Correspondence, Dr David
Clarke, 2000-2001). The sightings took place over two nights late in December 1980 at RAF Woodbridge,
Suffolk, an airbase loaned to the USAF. Mysterious lights were seen to land in the forest beyond the
perimeter of the base and a group of airmen went to investigate. They reported seeing lights they were
unable to identify moving through the trees. The next day marks were allegedly found on the ground and on
trees in the forest where the men claimed the UFO had landed. Two nights later UFOs were again sighted
from the base and the deputy base commander, Lt Col Charles Halt, took a team of handpicked men into the
woods to investigate. During the expedition Halt saw several unidentified lights and made a live tape
recording of the incident.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
Early in January 1981 Halt produced an official report on the incidents, titled 'Unexplained Lights' that
was sent to Defence Secretariat 8 (DS8) at Whitehall. Halt's original typewritten report and the follow-up
inquiries made by MoD can be seen at the British National Archives.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
A file dedicated to the Rendlesham incident was opened by the MoD several years after these events. This
file was opened at The National Archives in August 2009 (DEFE 24/1948/1). This contains Halt's memo and
briefings prepared for a Parliamentary question tabled by Major Patrick Wall MP in 1983 when the News of
the World published the story. The remainder of the file covers internal discussion of the case and
correspondence from the public between 1983 and 1995.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
Another file transferred to The National Archives in August 2010 contains details of the 2002 judgement by
the Parliamentary Ombudsman that led to the release of further MoD papers on the incident which were not
part of the original 2001 release (DEFE 24/2042/1). The Ombudsman's judgement can be found in DEFE
24/2028/1, released in March 2011. Another file opened to the public in August 2010 (DEFE 24/1995/1)
contains the transcripts of interviews with two of the key US Air Force witnesses, Jim Penniston and
Charles Halt, while DEFE 24/1983 contains the MoD's position statement on the incident. Two files of
parliamentary correspondence on UFOs, DEFE 24/2033/ and DEFE 24/2034/1 contain responses to a series of
questions on the Rendlesham incident tabled by Lord Hill-Norton in the House of Lords between 1998-2001.
</p>
<p class="text-white">
Four files containing correspondence between Dr David Clarke and MoD on UFO issues and copies of papers
released under the Code of Practice and Freedom of Information Act between 2003-2008 can be found at DEFE
24/2032/1, DEFE 24/2043/1, DEFE 24/2061/1 and DEFE 24/2090/1, opened in July 2012.
</p>
<!-- Suggestions for further reading Publications -->
<h4 class="text-white">Suggestions for further reading Publications</h4>
<!-- Further publications list -->
<ol class="text-white">
<li>Brookesmith, Peter. UFO - The government files. London: Blandford, 1996 </li>
<li>Bruni, Georgina. You Can't Tell the People. London: Pan/Macmillan, 2001 </li>
<li>Clancarty, Lord with Michell, John. The House of Lords UFO Debate. London: </li>
<li>pen Head Press, 1979. </li>
<li>Clarke, David and Roberts, Andy. Phantoms of the Sky: UFOs A Modern Myth?
London: Robert Hale, 1990</li>
<li>Clarke, David and Roberts, Andy. Out of the Shadows: UFOs, the Establishment
and the official cover-up. London: Piatkus, 2002</li>
<li>Clarke, David. The UFO Files: The Inside Story of Real Life Sightings. London:
The National Archives, 2009 (due for release, September 2009).</li>
<li>Coates, Tim (editor). UFOs in the House of Lords 1979. London: HMSO, 2000
</li>
<li>Fawcett, Lawrence and Greenwood, Barry J. Clear Intent: The government
cover-up of the UFO experience. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1984</li>
<li>Gillmor, Daniel S. (ed). The Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects. :
London: Vision, 1969</li>
<li>Good, Timothy. Above Top Secret. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1987</li>
<li>Gough, Jack. Watching the Skies: The history of ground radar in the air defence </li>
<li>f the United Kingdom. London: HMSO, 1993 </li>
<li>Jones, R.V. Most Secret War. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1979 </li>
<li>Pope, Nick. Open Skies, Closed Minds. London: Simon & Schuster, 1996 </li>
<li>Rundles, Jenny. The UFO Conspiracy. London: Blandford, 1987 </li>
<li>Randles, Jenny. UFO Retrievals: The Recovery of Alien Spacecraft. London:
Blandford, 1995</li>
<li>Randles, Jenny. MIB: Investigating the truth behind the Men in Black
phenomenon. London: Piatkus, 1997</li>
<li>Randles, Jenny. Something in the Air. London: Hale, 1998</li>
<li>Randles, Jenny. UFO Crash Landing? Blandford, 1998 </li>
<li>Redfern, Nicholas. A Covert Agenda: The British Government's UFO top secrets
exposed. London: Simon & Schuster, 1997</li>
<li>Redfern, Nicholas. The FBI Files. London: Simon & Schuster 1998 </li>
<li>Redfern, Nicholas. Cosmic Crashes. London: Simon & Schuster, 1999 </li>
<li>Ruppelt, Edward J. The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects. London: Gollancz, 1957 </li>
<li>Twigge, Steven with Hampshire, Edward and Macklin, Graham. British Intelligence: Secrets, Spies and
Sources. Kew: The National Archives, 2008 </li>
<li>Letter 'Opinion on Flying Discs' sent by Twining to the Brigadier General Schulgen, Commanding General
of the Army Air Forces, 23 September 1947, originally classified 'Secret and declassified in 1969 now at
US National Archives, College Park, Maryland, see: <a href="http://www.project1947.com/fig/twinng47.htm"
class="news_link">http://www.project1947.com/fig/twinng47.htm</a>
</li>
</ol>
<!-- Articles -->
<h4 class="text-white">Articles</h4>
<!-- Articles list -->
<ol class="text-white">
<li>Clarke, David and Roberts, Andy. 'Britain's X-Files', Fortean Times 164 (November 2002), 38-44.</li>
<li>Clarke, David. 'The Rendlesham Forest Incident: Britain's Roswell?' The Sceptic 12/2-3 (2004), 17-21.
</li>
<li>Clarke, David. 'Opening the UFO files' BBC History Magazine vol 6/8 (August 2005), 43-46. </li>
<li>Haines, Gerald K. 'A die-hard issue: CIA's role in the study of UFOs, 1947-90', Studies in
Intelligence: Semiannual Unclassified Edition 1 (1997), 67-84 </li>
<li>Jones, R.V. 'The natural philosophy of flying saucers,' Physics Bulletin 19 (July 1968), 225-30 </li>
<li>Morgan, Roger J. 'British Government UFO files in the Public Record Office,' Magonia 30 (August 1988),
12-15 Dr David Clarke of the Department of Journalism and Communication, Sheffield Hallam University)
</li>
</ol>
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