From 51a6b7ceb6ea95bb8ee1be243eb9a9560a6c7ca7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GitHub Actions <actions@github.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Nov 2023 00:15:18 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] site deploy

Auto-generated via {sandpaper}
Source  : cf813ea9c87d0d7cde1cb7b5565d0d48c6680c4b
Branch  : md-outputs
Author  : GitHub Actions <actions@github.com>
Time    : 2023-09-10 14:39:43 +0000
Message : markdown source builds

Auto-generated via {sandpaper}
Source  : 70b3306bcf7b4ffd843f7f100335ee01dbcb154c
Branch  : main
Author  : Matthieu Bruneaux <matthieu.bruneaux@gmail.com>
Time    : 2023-09-10 14:38:07 +0000
Message : Merge pull request #858 from aforestsomewhere/new-test-branch

Update 05-data-structures-part2.Rmd to fix broken links to gapminder_data.csv
---
 01-rstudio-intro.html                    |  2 +-
 02-project-intro.html                    |  2 +-
 03-seeking-help.html                     |  2 +-
 04-data-structures-part1.html            | 32 +++++-----
 05-data-structures-part2.html            | 10 +--
 06-data-subsetting.html                  | 18 +++---
 07-control-flow.html                     |  2 +-
 08-plot-ggplot2.html                     |  2 +-
 09-vectorization.html                    | 10 +--
 10-functions.html                        |  2 +-
 11-writing-data.html                     |  2 +-
 12-plyr.html                             |  8 +--
 13-dplyr.html                            |  2 +-
 14-tidyr.html                            |  8 +--
 15-knitr-markdown.html                   |  2 +-
 16-wrap-up.html                          |  2 +-
 404.html                                 |  4 +-
 CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html                     |  2 +-
 LICENSE.html                             |  2 +-
 aio.html                                 | 78 ++++++++++++------------
 discuss.html                             |  2 +-
 images.html                              |  4 +-
 index.html                               |  4 +-
 instructor-notes.html                    |  4 +-
 instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html         |  2 +-
 instructor/02-project-intro.html         |  2 +-
 instructor/03-seeking-help.html          |  2 +-
 instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html | 32 +++++-----
 instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html | 10 +--
 instructor/06-data-subsetting.html       | 18 +++---
 instructor/07-control-flow.html          |  2 +-
 instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html          |  2 +-
 instructor/09-vectorization.html         | 10 +--
 instructor/10-functions.html             |  2 +-
 instructor/11-writing-data.html          |  2 +-
 instructor/12-plyr.html                  |  8 +--
 instructor/13-dplyr.html                 |  2 +-
 instructor/14-tidyr.html                 |  8 +--
 instructor/15-knitr-markdown.html        |  2 +-
 instructor/16-wrap-up.html               |  2 +-
 instructor/404.html                      |  4 +-
 instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html          |  2 +-
 instructor/LICENSE.html                  |  2 +-
 instructor/aio.html                      | 78 ++++++++++++------------
 instructor/discuss.html                  |  2 +-
 instructor/images.html                   |  4 +-
 instructor/index.html                    |  4 +-
 instructor/instructor-notes.html         |  4 +-
 instructor/key-points.html               |  4 +-
 instructor/profiles.html                 |  4 +-
 instructor/reference.html                |  2 +-
 key-points.html                          |  4 +-
 pkgdown.yml                              |  2 +-
 profiles.html                            |  4 +-
 reference.html                           |  2 +-
 55 files changed, 217 insertions(+), 217 deletions(-)

diff --git a/01-rstudio-intro.html b/01-rstudio-intro.html
index 8bef9d1a7..ac79759c8 100644
--- a/01-rstudio-intro.html
+++ b/01-rstudio-intro.html
@@ -1438,7 +1438,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/01-rstudio-intro.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/02-project-intro.html b/02-project-intro.html
index 48dc099e4..a6e1019b0 100644
--- a/02-project-intro.html
+++ b/02-project-intro.html
@@ -790,7 +790,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/02-project-intro.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/03-seeking-help.html b/03-seeking-help.html
index 3eaa070b9..bee3a55b3 100644
--- a/03-seeking-help.html
+++ b/03-seeking-help.html
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/03-seeking-help.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/04-data-structures-part1.html b/04-data-structures-part1.html
index 5dd40d5d3..f6c4d1230 100644
--- a/04-data-structures-part1.html
+++ b/04-data-structures-part1.html
@@ -818,7 +818,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Discussion 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By keeping everything in a column the same, we allow ourselves to
 make simple assumptions about our data; if you can interpret one entry
@@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Tip 1.1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Show the content of any variable by typing its name.</p>
 <div class="section level3">
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Tip 1.2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the chapter “Data types” we saw two functions that can show data
 types. One printed just a single word, the data type name. The other
@@ -1120,7 +1120,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Tip 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
 hierarchy</a> to review the available data types</p>
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to Challenge 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul><li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
 type for this is “double” (also known as “numeric”).</li>
@@ -1169,7 +1169,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Tip 1.4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Revisit the hierarchy of data types when two different data types are
 combined.</p>
@@ -1209,7 +1209,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Tip 1.5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
 can look for the function further up in the manuscript or use the
@@ -1401,7 +1401,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb92">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1627,7 +1627,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -1672,7 +1672,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -1862,7 +1862,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2124,7 +2124,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">
   Solution to Challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -2170,7 +2170,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13">
   Solution to Challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -2212,7 +2212,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">
   Solution to Challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
+<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2264,7 +2264,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">
   Solution to Challenge 9
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -2365,7 +2365,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/04-data-structures-part1.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/05-data-structures-part2.html b/05-data-structures-part2.html
index f286c2e49..54749d0be 100644
--- a/05-data-structures-part2.html
+++ b/05-data-structures-part2.html
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To check the last few lines it’s relatively simple as R already has a
 function for this:</p>
@@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The <code>source</code> function can be used to use a script within a
 script. Assume you would like to load the same type of file over and
@@ -1082,7 +1082,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The object <code>gapminder</code> is a data frame with columns</p>
 <ul><li>
@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/05-data-structures-part2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/06-data-subsetting.html b/06-data-subsetting.html
index fc10755e3..d3a1d0f4f 100644
--- a/06-data-subsetting.html
+++ b/06-data-subsetting.html
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul><li>The <strong>wrong</strong> way to do this problem is
 <code>countries==seAsia</code>. This gives a warning
@@ -1423,7 +1423,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>D</p>
 </div>
@@ -1570,7 +1570,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb115">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1636,7 +1636,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb122">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1792,7 +1792,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Solution to challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Fix each of the following common data frame subsetting errors:</p>
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Extract observations collected for the year 1957</li>
@@ -1866,7 +1866,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li><p><code>gapminder</code> is a data.frame so needs to be subsetted
 on two dimensions. <code>gapminder[1:20, ]</code> subsets the data to
@@ -1960,7 +1960,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/06-data-subsetting.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/07-control-flow.html b/07-control-flow.html
index 55d5fb467..ef3123853 100644
--- a/07-control-flow.html
+++ b/07-control-flow.html
@@ -1216,7 +1216,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/07-control-flow.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/08-plot-ggplot2.html b/08-plot-ggplot2.html
index 48c590a61..d4daf0a00 100644
--- a/08-plot-ggplot2.html
+++ b/08-plot-ggplot2.html
@@ -1074,7 +1074,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/08-plot-ggplot2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/09-vectorization.html b/09-vectorization.html
index dc3877d20..151d3d757 100644
--- a/09-vectorization.html
+++ b/09-vectorization.html
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Let’s try this on the <code>pop</code> column of the
 <code>gapminder</code> dataset.</p>
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Refresh your plotting skills by plotting population in millions
 against year.</p>
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Given the following matrix:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We’re interested in looking at the sum of the following sequence of
 fractions:</p>
@@ -989,7 +989,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/09-vectorization.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/10-functions.html b/10-functions.html
index 0d1ec4a22..3fd9cbb16 100644
--- a/10-functions.html
+++ b/10-functions.html
@@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/10-functions.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/11-writing-data.html b/11-writing-data.html
index 7e16c7c42..372562680 100644
--- a/11-writing-data.html
+++ b/11-writing-data.html
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/11-writing-data.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/12-plyr.html b/12-plyr.html
index e099c5d25..5a4c541fa 100644
--- a/12-plyr.html
+++ b/12-plyr.html
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -899,7 +899,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to Alternative Challenge
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Answer 3 will calculate the average life expectancy per
 continent.</p>
@@ -980,7 +980,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/12-plyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/13-dplyr.html b/13-dplyr.html
index 8010a2290..8830e9490 100644
--- a/13-dplyr.html
+++ b/13-dplyr.html
@@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/14-tidyr.html b/14-tidyr.html
index 3c375dd6e..dca897a23 100644
--- a/14-tidyr.html
+++ b/14-tidyr.html
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The original gapminder data.frame is in an intermediate format. It is
 not purely long since it had multiple observation variables
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb37">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/14-tidyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/15-knitr-markdown.html b/15-knitr-markdown.html
index 4a4bb6df5..9d4dafe32 100644
--- a/15-knitr-markdown.html
+++ b/15-knitr-markdown.html
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/16-wrap-up.html b/16-wrap-up.html
index 2ad0f6c4b..9f596e885 100644
--- a/16-wrap-up.html
+++ b/16-wrap-up.html
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/16-wrap-up.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/404.html b/404.html
index 694b0e56b..057eecc00 100644
--- a/404.html
+++ b/404.html
@@ -419,8 +419,8 @@ <h1>Page not found</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/404.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/404.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2023-10-31",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "dateModified": "2023-11-07",
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
index dbd1712bb..72cb501ef 100644
--- a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/LICENSE.html b/LICENSE.html
index 036df9001..bde4e4868 100644
--- a/LICENSE.html
+++ b/LICENSE.html
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/aio.html b/aio.html
index dc5aab07a..37892f734 100644
--- a/aio.html
+++ b/aio.html
@@ -2777,7 +2777,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Discussion 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By keeping everything in a column the same, we allow ourselves to
 make simple assumptions about our data; if you can interpret one entry
@@ -3009,7 +3009,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Tip 1.1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Show the content of any variable by typing its name.</p>
 <div class="section level3">
@@ -3044,7 +3044,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Tip 1.2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the chapter “Data types” we saw two functions that can show data
 types. One printed just a single word, the data type name. The other
@@ -3088,7 +3088,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Tip 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
 hierarchy</a> to review the available data types</p>
@@ -3103,7 +3103,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to Challenge 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul>
 <li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
@@ -3139,7 +3139,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Tip 1.4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Revisit the hierarchy of data types when two different data types are
 combined.</p>
@@ -3180,7 +3180,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Tip 1.5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
 can look for the function further up in the manuscript or use the
@@ -3373,7 +3373,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb92">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -3605,7 +3605,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -3652,7 +3652,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -3845,7 +3845,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4108,7 +4108,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">
   Solution to Challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -4154,7 +4154,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13">
   Solution to Challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -4198,7 +4198,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">
   Solution to Challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4252,7 +4252,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">
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   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -4631,7 +4631,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4923,7 +4923,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To check the last few lines it’s relatively simple as R already has a
 function for this:</p>
@@ -4985,7 +4985,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The <code>source</code> function can be used to use a script within a
 script. Assume you would like to load the same type of file over and
@@ -5038,7 +5038,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The object <code>gapminder</code> is a data frame with columns</p>
 <ul>
@@ -5418,7 +5418,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
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 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -5613,7 +5613,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -5870,7 +5870,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul>
 <li>The <strong>wrong</strong> way to do this problem is
@@ -6163,7 +6163,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>D</p>
 </div>
@@ -6311,7 +6311,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
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 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
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 <ul><li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
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 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
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 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
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 <p>What do you think will be the result of
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 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
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 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
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 <p>To check the last few lines it’s relatively simple as R already has a
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-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -3652,7 +3652,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -3845,7 +3845,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4108,7 +4108,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">
   Solution to Challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -4154,7 +4154,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13">
   Solution to Challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -4198,7 +4198,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">
   Solution to Challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
+<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4252,7 +4252,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">
   Solution to Challenge 9
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -4632,7 +4632,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4924,7 +4924,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To check the last few lines it’s relatively simple as R already has a
 function for this:</p>
@@ -4986,7 +4986,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The <code>source</code> function can be used to use a script within a
 script. Assume you would like to load the same type of file over and
@@ -5039,7 +5039,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The object <code>gapminder</code> is a data frame with columns</p>
 <ul>
@@ -5420,7 +5420,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -5615,7 +5615,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -5872,7 +5872,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul>
 <li>The <strong>wrong</strong> way to do this problem is
@@ -6165,7 +6165,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>D</p>
 </div>
@@ -6313,7 +6313,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb115">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -6379,7 +6379,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb122">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -6546,7 +6546,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Solution to challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Fix each of the following common data frame subsetting errors:</p>
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
@@ -6632,7 +6632,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li><p><code>gapminder</code> is a data.frame so needs to be subsetted
@@ -8289,7 +8289,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Let’s try this on the <code>pop</code> column of the
 <code>gapminder</code> dataset.</p>
@@ -8341,7 +8341,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Refresh your plotting skills by plotting population in millions
 against year.</p>
@@ -8523,7 +8523,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Given the following matrix:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
@@ -8608,7 +8608,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We’re interested in looking at the sum of the following sequence of
 fractions:</p>
@@ -10024,7 +10024,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -10256,7 +10256,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -10362,7 +10362,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to Alternative Challenge
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Answer 3 will calculate the average life expectancy per
 continent.</p>
@@ -11310,7 +11310,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The original gapminder data.frame is in an intermediate format. It is
 not purely long since it had multiple observation variables
@@ -11505,7 +11505,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
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@@ -11804,7 +11804,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
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 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb37">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -12635,8 +12635,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2023-10-31",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "dateModified": "2023-11-07",
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diff --git a/instructor/discuss.html b/instructor/discuss.html
index b51bfed43..580ff3413 100644
--- a/instructor/discuss.html
+++ b/instructor/discuss.html
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ <h1>Discussion</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/discuss.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
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diff --git a/instructor/images.html b/instructor/images.html
index ed721bbff..7ae59f796 100644
--- a/instructor/images.html
+++ b/instructor/images.html
@@ -609,8 +609,8 @@ <h3 id="15-knitr-markdown-figure-3">Figure 3</h3>
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2023-10-31",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "dateModified": "2023-11-07",
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diff --git a/instructor/index.html b/instructor/index.html
index 6b1c502d4..fedca4bb9 100644
--- a/instructor/index.html
+++ b/instructor/index.html
@@ -592,8 +592,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Prerequisites<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hre
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/index.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2023-10-31",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "dateModified": "2023-11-07",
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
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diff --git a/instructor/instructor-notes.html b/instructor/instructor-notes.html
index 911400419..f39a250a0 100644
--- a/instructor/instructor-notes.html
+++ b/instructor/instructor-notes.html
@@ -607,8 +607,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/instructor-notes.html",
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2023-10-31",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "dateModified": "2023-11-07",
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diff --git a/instructor/key-points.html b/instructor/key-points.html
index d7a8e1e18..a9233a711 100644
--- a/instructor/key-points.html
+++ b/instructor/key-points.html
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2023-10-31",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "dateModified": "2023-11-07",
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diff --git a/instructor/profiles.html b/instructor/profiles.html
index 047437fa4..0015a1d88 100644
--- a/instructor/profiles.html
+++ b/instructor/profiles.html
@@ -369,8 +369,8 @@ <h1>Learner Profiles</h1>
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/profiles.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2023-10-31",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "dateModified": "2023-11-07",
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diff --git a/instructor/reference.html b/instructor/reference.html
index 83e775f64..7b18f64ea 100644
--- a/instructor/reference.html
+++ b/instructor/reference.html
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
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diff --git a/key-points.html b/key-points.html
index afd94a313..10907f964 100644
--- a/key-points.html
+++ b/key-points.html
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2023-10-31",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "dateModified": "2023-11-07",
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diff --git a/pkgdown.yml b/pkgdown.yml
index 02c54925f..6cbc77c56 100644
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+last_built: 2023-11-07T00:14Z
 
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index 087e6709f..7a6e3b47a 100644
--- a/profiles.html
+++ b/profiles.html
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2023-10-31",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
+  "dateModified": "2023-11-07",
+  "datePublished": "2023-11-07"
 }
 
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diff --git a/reference.html b/reference.html
index ad3ac4b26..2fa5ecef7 100644
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2023-09-10",
-  "datePublished": "2023-10-31"
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