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Examples.html
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<h1 class="title toc-ignore">Model Examples</h1>
<h4 class="author"></h4>
</div>
<hr />
<div id="this-page" class="section level3">
<h3>This page:</h3>
<ul>
<li>See examples of how to modernize three BpS models, with a focus on
the Inter-Mountain Basins Montane Sagebrush Steppe</li>
<li>Explore example models–then ask yourself “did they do a good
job?”</li>
</ul>
<hr />
</div>
<div id="context" class="section level2">
<h2>Context</h2>
<p>These example models are aimed at illustrating modification methods.
They are not intended to be realistic ecological models, rather we
provide them for illustration purposes. We hope that users will
primarily use our models to learn, but also assume some people could be
tempted to use them as “starter models”. We’d rather they not do that as
we are not experts in the actual ecosystems. We hope they serve to say
“wow, these models are highly customizable”.</p>
</div>
<div id="as-you-explore-these-models" class="section level2">
<h2>As you explore these models</h2>
<p>Consider the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>Do these model modifications apply to my ecosystems?</li>
<li>Could there be unintended consequences from these changes that
trickle through the model?</li>
<li>Do these modifications make the model more “realistic” or do they
more serve to document new transitions that need more research?</li>
</ul>
<p><br></p>
</div>
<div id="example-1-inter-mountain-basins-montane-sagebrush-steppe"
class="section level2">
<h2>Example 1: Inter-Mountain Basins Montane Sagebrush Steppe</h2>
<p>Note: This is the example that has been used throughout the
website</p>
<p>By: Kori Blankenship, <a
href="https://tnc.box.com/s/ah8wy1p79ords5rl1esf74k0raxh6ivx"
target="blank">Download Kori’s notes here</a></p>
<style type="text/css">
.figure {
float: right;
width: 65%;
padding: 10px;
text-align: center;
}
</style>
<br> Click arrows to see photo of Sagebrush Steppe and distribution map
of the <em>example</em> we are working with here (not an all inclusive
distribution map):
<center>
<iframe title="My embedded document" src="sageSlick2.html" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="450"></iframe>
</center>
<p><strong>Model Identifier</strong> This model is based on the LANDFIRE
11260_1_7_8_9_10_19 BpS model and description and was modified based on
several sources to represent current conditions. The primary source was
the unpublished “Mountain Big Sagebrush – With Juniper” model created by
Miles Hemstrom for the Blue Mountains.</p>
<p><strong>Original Model Description</strong> The Inter-Mountain Basins
Montane Sagebrush Steppe is found on moderately to deep soils that are
well drained and predominantly Mollisols across the northwestern US. It
typically occurs as elevations ranging from 3,250 to 10,000ft depending
partially on the geography. Mountain big sagebrush (<em>Artemisia
tridentata</em> spp. vaseyana) is the dominant big sagebrush subspecies.
Other indicator species include antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue,
rough fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Columbia needlegrass and Sandberg
bluegrass.</p>
<p><strong>Modification Goal</strong> Represent current conditions in
the Blue Mountains ecoregion including the impacts of exotic species,
juniper encroachment, altered fire regimes, and livestock grazing.</p>
<p><strong>Model Modification Steps</strong> (note: explanations for
each one below are available <a
href="https://tnc.box.com/s/ah8wy1p79ords5rl1esf74k0raxh6ivx"
target="blank">here</a>)</p>
<ul>
<li>Added three new states to represent invasion of juniper into
sagebrush and the presence of invasive annual grasses with and without
tress.</li>
<li>Added 4 new transitions:
<ul>
<li><strong>Encroachment</strong> represents juniper encroachment into
the late seral native shrubland</li>
<li><strong>Grazing</strong> represents the impact of moderate livestock
grazing and does not cause a state change</li>
<li><strong>GrazeDegrade</strong> represents the combined effects of
heavy livestock grazing within two years post-fire disturbance which
causes a transition to an exotic state</li>
<li><strong>Recovery</strong> represents natural recovery of native
vegetation from exotic vegetation</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Added new transitions to and from the new states</li>
<li>Added mixed fire to native sage states</li>
<li>Updated replacement fire probabilities</li>
<li>Used initial conditions based on LANDFIRE 2014 succession class
data</li>
<li>Adjusted the Run and Time Since Transition settings</li>
</ul>
<hr />
</div>
<div id="example-2-central-mixed-grass-prairie" class="section level2">
<h2>Example 2: Central Mixed Grass Prairie</h2>
<p>By: Sarah Hagen</p>
<div style="float:right; padding:20px;width:55%;">
<p><img src="images/BlackEarthPrairieWisc.jpg"
title="Landscape of green grass intermixed with brown prairie with cloudy skyline and trees in background"
width="1632" alt="I really want some coffee." /><br />
</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="caption">
Photo: © Jim Smith, TNC. Black Earth Prairie, Wisconsin
</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><strong>Model Identifier</strong> Note that the modifications
illustrated in this example were applied to a locally-modified LANDFIRE
BpS model 11320_32_34_35-Central Mixed Grass Prairie . You do not have
to begin the modification process with a LANDFIRE model. You can utilize
any model that serves as a useful starting point for your project.</p>
<p><strong>Original Model Description</strong> This type occurs on sandy
loam, loamy, or clayey upland sites of the southern Great Plains. It is
dominated by midgrasses with some mix of tall and short grass.</p>
<p><strong>Modification Goal</strong> Investigate how grazing management
may have changed landscape conditions since European colonization of
North America.</p>
<p><strong>Model Modification Steps</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Adjust Run Parameters
<ul>
<li>The locally modified LANDFIRE BpS model used as a starter model for
this example had 0% pixels in Early Open class so we used 1% (100 acres)
as the initial condition for this class and lowered the highest class by
1% to keep the total at 100%. This change is not required but is a
standard practice in LANDFIRE to make certain every described Succession
Class is represented in the model runs.</li>
<li>Changed number of iterations to 5 to increase turnaround time for
runs, but would likely increase that number to 10 or more
operationally.</li>
<li>Changed the number of cells to 10,000 and cell size to 1 acre to
represent a 10,000-acre landscape.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Altered transitions
<ul>
<li>Added a prairie Restoration treatment transition to the Late 3 All
state class to represent restarting overgrazed lands at the Early Open
regeneration succession state using management techniques such as
plowing, seeding, fertilizing, etc. Budget constrains this treatment to
a 5% frequency.</li>
<li>Added a Livestock grazing transition to the Late 2 Closed state
class that moves pixels to the Late 3 All state class at 10% frequency.
This transition represents overgrazing a mature prairie.</li>
<li>Added a Livestock grazing transition to the Late 1 Closed state
class that moves pixels to the Late 3 All state class at a lower
frequency (5%) because the Late 1 Closed state is more difficult to
overgraze. This transition represents overgrazing a mature prairie.</li>
<li>Added a Livestock Grazing transition to the Late 3 All overgrazed
succession state that maintains that succession state by continuing to
overgraze at a frequency of 20%.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<hr />
</div>
<div
id="example-3-laurentian-acadian-northern-hardwoods-forest---hemlock"
class="section level2">
<h2>Example 3: Laurentian-Acadian Northern Hardwoods Forest -
Hemlock</h2>
<p>By: Randy Swaty</p>
<div style="float:right; padding:20px;width:55%;">
<p><img src="images/hw.jpg"
title="Forest landscape picture with closely spaced trees and lush, green understory"
width="2186" alt="I really want some coffee." /><br />
</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="caption">
© A. Blake Bardner, TNC. Young forest in TNC’s Campbell Parcel, Equinox
Highlands, Vermont
</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><strong>Model Identifier</strong> The starter model for this example
was from LANDFIRE, Biophysical Setting 13021_41_50_51, the
Laurentian-Acadian Northern Hardwoods Forest - Hemlock that occurs in
Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan.</p>
<p><strong>Original Model Description</strong> These uneven-aged forests
occur on coarse-textured ground and end moraines lying predominantly
north of the tension zone and were dominated by a mix of sugar maple,
hemlock, yellow birch, eastern white pine, balsam fir, quaking aspen and
paper birch depending on the location (e.g., beech is restricted to
eastern part of the range).</p>
<p><strong>Modification Goal</strong> Explore how current threats such
as beech bark disease and management impacts this ecosystem. For
example, researchers have long noted a pattern of “maplification” or
management towards maple monocultures (see <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpu051" target="blank">Bal et
al., 2015</a>). We explored potential strategies to rediversify these
stands.</p>
<p><strong>Model Modification Steps</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Added 2 new states
<ul>
<li>“Maple monoculture”, a state that has only sugar maple trees and is
a result of some types of management.</li>
<li>Beech resprout, the result of beech bark disease infecting most of
the beech trees where beech is a major component of the overstory. At
times beech will resprout after the main trunk has died.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Added new transitions
<ul>
<li>single tree selection–leads to maple monoculture</li>
<li>clearcut, represents small openings created around seed trees
(typically yellow birch or conifers)</li>
<li>deer, which impacts recruitment</li>
<li>beech bark disease</li>
<li>ecological harvest, silvicultural treatments aimed at increacing
diversity.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Set initial conditions to match current dominance by the maple
monoculture class</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<div id="whats-next" class="section level4">
<h4>What’s next?</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="./contactsResources.html" target="blank">Resources &
FAQs</a></li>
<li><a href="./References.html" target="blank">References</a></li>
</ul>
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