- Overview
- Contributors
- Software requirements
- Code compilation
- Code execution
- Transformation rules
- Publication
Ontolex2SKOS is an automated model-driven transformation for generating SKOS thesauri from Ontolex-Lemon lexicons.
Ontolex2SKOS allows organizations to have both lexicons and thesauri while building only the former. The domain-independent rules encoded in the transformation comply with strict requirements to guarantee that the output thesaurus is consistent with the input lexicon while allowing any change in the input data to be easily reflected in the output. Ontolex2SKOS was created to encompass domain-specific lexicons and is domain-independent.
This Java application reads lexical data, structured using the Ontolex vocabulary, and yields thesauri data structured according to the SKOS vocabulary. For making this possible, it uses a small vocabulary extension called ThOR Ontology.
ThOR stands for “Thesaurus and Ontology Representation”. The ThOR Project was a collaboration project that happened in 2021 between the Zorginstituut Nederland (ZIN) – the Dutch National Health Care Institute – and the Conceptual and Cognitive Modeling Research Group (CORE) from the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (Unibz).
More information about the developed work is available in our published paper.
- Tiago Prince Sales (UNIBZ)
- Pedro Paulo Favato Barcelos (UNIBZ)
- Elly Kampert (ZIN)
- Fabien Reniers (ZIN)
- Roxane Segers (ZIN)
- Maven
- Java 15
This project uses Maven, so you can use its expected commands.
To compile and package it, run:
mvn packageIf you don't have Maven installed locally, you can run:
./mvnw package # on Linux or macOS
mvnw.cmd package # on WindowsThis will generate a target/thor-1.0.jar file, a ''fat'' runnable jar that can run the transformation without additional dependencies.
To only run unit tests, execute:
mvn testGo to the directory containing thor-1.0.jar
To run the application, execute the command below, replacing sourceFile.ttl with the path of your file containing Ontolex data:
java -jar ontolex2skos-1.0.jar sourceFile.ttlAfter the program executes, you should see the following files:
thesaurus.ttl: a file containing the generated thesauri, the main output of the applicationlexicon.ttl: a file containing your original lexica, but enriched with some basic inferenceskg.ttl: a file containing your original data, the inferences made by the transformation, and the generated thesauri
You can also specify the directory where the output files are saved.
To do that, execute the command below, replacing targetDir with your custom output directory:
java -jar target/ontolex2skos-1.0.jar sourceFile.ttl targetDirThe automated transformation comprises eight rules. Some rules use the thor vocabulary, prefixed as http://purl.org/net/thor-ontology/.
Each lime:Lexicon in the input data is mapped to a skos:ConceptScheme (i.e., a SKOS thesaurus) in the output data. By default, the title of the source lexicon, defined using Dublin Core’s dct:title property, is replicated in the target thesaurus.
### Input
:myLexicon a lime:Lexicon ;
dct:title "My lexicon" .
### Output
:myThesaurus a skos:ConceptScheme ;
dct:title "My thesaurus" .
Each synset expresses a single unique concept and corresponds to an ontolex:LexicalConcept. Two senses are declared synonyms via the property lexinfo:synonym, which is symmetric and transitive. Alternatively, senses can be declared synonyms by associating them to the same ontolex:LexicalConcept through the property ontolex:isLexicalizedSenseOf (or via its inverse property). Therefore, each synset in the input data gives rise to a skos:Concept if it has no associated ontolex:LexicalConcept. If that is the case, the newly created concept will be linked to the senses that compose the synset through ontolex:lexicalizedSense, and their respective entries through ontolex:evokes.
### Input
:batEntry a ontolex:LexicalEntry ;
ontolex:sense :batSense .
:batSense a ontolex:LexicalSense .
:clubEntry a ontolex:LexicalEntry ;
ontolex:sense :clubSense .
:clubSense a ontolex:LexicalSense ;
lexinfo:synonym :batSense .
### Output
:batConcept a skos:Concept ;
ontolex:lexicalizedSense :batSense, :clubSense ;
ontolex:isEvokedBy :clubEntry, :batEntry .
Each generated skos:Concept receives one preferred label (via skos:prefLabel) and potentially multiple alternative labels (via skos:altLabel). Every label is derived from an ontolex:Form of a lexical entry associated with a sense that composes the synset from which the concept was derived.
For a given concept, if a single form is indirectly associated with its source synset, the representation of that form (identified via the ontolex:writtenRep property) becomes the concept’s preferred label. In this situation, the concept does not receive alternative labels. Alternatively, if multiple forms are indirectly associated with the synset from which a concept was derived, the preferred label comes from the form associated with a thor:PreferredSense—a subclass of LexicalSense defined in the thor vocabulary. All the other forms are mapped into alternative labels.
An exception to the former conditional is the case of lexical entries that are contractions of others (e.g., “EU” is a contraction of “European Union”), which are identified via the lexinfo:contractionFor. In such cases, acronyms are always mapped into alternative labels.
### Input
:batEntry a ontolex:LexicalEntry ;
ontolex:sense :batSense ;
ontolex:canonicalForm :batForm .
:batSense a thor:PreferredSense ;
lexinfo:synonym :clubSense .
:batForm a ontolex:Form ;
ontolex:writtenRep "bat"@en .
:clubEntry a ontolex:LexicalEntry ;
ontolex:sense :clubSense ;
ontolex:canonicalForm :batForm .
:clubSense a ontolex:LexicalSense .
:clubForm a ontolex:Form ;
ontolex:writtenRep "club"@en .
### Output
:batConcept ontolex:lexicalizedSense :batSense, :clubSense ;
skos:prefLabel "bat"@en ;
skos:altLabel "club"@en ;
The data input may have SKOS documentation properties, such as skos:definition or skos:example, for describing lexical senses. As these properties apply to lexical senses and concepts, this rule simply maps them to the generated concepts. For the case of synsets, the documentation properties of all senses are mapped to the same resulting concept.
Some documentation properties apply only to lexical senses and thus need to be translated by the transformation. This is the case of ontolex:usage. For each ontolex:usage, the generated concept will have a property skos:scopeNote with the same content.
### Input
:batSense skos:definition "a specially shaped piece of wood used for hitting the ball in some games"@en ;
skos:example "She hit the ball with her bat"@en ;
ontolex:usage "Bat is most often used for sports equipment"@en .
### Output
:batConcept ontolex:lexicalizedSense :batSense ;
skos:definition "a specially shaped piece of wood used for hitting the ball in some games"@en ;
skos:example "She hit the ball with her bat"@en ;
skos:scopeNote "Bat is most often used for sports equipment"@en .
We rely on the lexinfo:hypernym and lexinfo:hyponym properties to define hierarchical relations between lexical senses, and on lexinfo:relatedTerm for associative relations between them. We map these properties to skos:broader, skos:narrower, and skos:related, respectively.
The mapping of lexinfo:hypernym into skos:broader works as follows. For every ontolex:LexicalSense LS1 and LS2, if LS1 is the hypernym of LS2, then C1 (the skos:Concept into which LS1 was mapped via Rule 2) is broader than C2 (the skos:Concept into which L2 was mapped via the same rule). The mappings of lexinfo:hyponym into skos:narrower and that of lexinfo:relatedTerm into skos:related work analogously.
### Input
:equipmentSense a ontolex:LexicalSense .
:batSense a ontolex:LexicalSense ;
lexinfo:hypernym :equipmentSense .
# Added via the application of Rule 2
:equipmentConcept a skos:Concept ;
ontolex:lexicalizedSense equipmentSense .
:batConcept a skos:Concept ;
ontolex:lexicalizedSense batSense .
### Output
:batConcept skos:broader :equipmentConcept .
The vocabularies that we use here provide a range of properties to map concepts, senses, and ontology entities from external sources. Ontolex-Lemon offers the ontolex:reference property to relate instances of ontolex:LexicalSense to ontological entities, which are naturally external to the lexical dataset. Both internal and external mappings can set through Lexinfo’s sense relations, such as lexinfo:synonym and lexinfo:hypernym. However, such relations can only occur between instances of ontolex:LexicalSense. SKOS provides specific properties for one to map instances of skos:Concept from different schemes, such as skos:narrowMatch and skos:broadMatch.
However, this set of properties cannot describe some external mappings that are desired in a scenario like the one that motivated the development of Ontolex2SKOS, e.g., to express external mappings from lexical senses to concepts and ontology entities (in a looser way than ontolex:reference). To overcome this limitation, we use the mapping properties of the thor vocabulary, which can externally map concepts, senses, or ontology entities with any of these types, as shown in. The thor’s mapping properties are analogous to the SKOS ones, but are named narrowMapping, broadMapping, relatedMapping, exactMapping, and closeMapping. With them, we avoid undesired type inferences, keep the input and output consistent, and simplify the transformation. Vocabulary extension for mapping properties.
In this rule we simply migrate thor’s mapping properties from lexical senses to the generated concepts. If a sense was mapped originally into an external skos:Concept, we translate the mapping properties from the thor vocabulary back to those from SKOS that inspired them.
### Input
:batSense a ontolex:LexicalSense ;
thor:closeMapping ex1:BaseballBat ;
thor:broadMapping ex2:Artifact .
ex1:BaseballBat a owl:Class .
ex2:Artifact a skos:Concept .
### Output
:batConcept a skos:Concept ;
ontolex:lexicalizedSense :batSense ;
thor:closeMapping ex1:BaseballBat ;
skos:broadMatch ex2:Artifact .
A skos:Concept CO should belong to a skos:ConceptScheme CS if there is an ontolex:LexicalSense LS, an ontolex:LexicalEntry LE, and a lime:Lexicon LX such that CO has LS as its lexicalized sense, LS is the sense of LE, LE is part of LX, and LX has been mapped to CS by Rule 1.
### Input
:myLexicon a lime:Lexicon ;
lime:entry :batEntry .
:batEntry ontolex:sense :batSense .
# Added via the application of Rule 1
:myThesaurus a skos:ConceptScheme .
# Added via the application of Rule 2
:batConcept a skos:Concept ;
ontolex:lexicalizedSense :batSense .
### Output
:batConcept skos:inScheme :myThesaurus .
An homographs is “a word that is spelled the same as another word but has a different meaning”. Ontolex-Lemon represents homographs as (i) a lexical entry related to multiple lexical senses, if they have the same grammatical category (e.g., the nouns “bat”, meaning the animal; and “bat”, meaning the wood stick); or as (ii) multiple lexical entries (e.g., the noun “bear”, meaning the animal; and the verb “(to) bear”, which means “to support or carry”), with different lexical senses.
Following Rule 3, homographs would yield concepts with the same preferred label, thus conflicting with the SKOS recommendation that no two concepts in the same KOS be given the same preferred lexical label for any given language tag. To address this issue, we adopt a homograph management strategy from ANSI/NISO Z39.19-2005 (R2010), which recommends their disambiguation using a qualifier. With this strategy, the preferred labels of the “bat as an animal” concept and of the “bat as a wooden club” concept could be “bat (animal)” and “bat (club)”. More precisely, our transformation leverages the domain in which a sense is used to make this distinction, which is expressed by the property lexinfo:domain. The domains attributed to senses are preserved in the derived concepts using the property thor:hasContext, which is a vocabulary extension created by this work. In addition, the original label is kept as a skos:altLabel for the generated concepts, facilitating data retrieval. Homographs labeling is the only case that requires a qualifier.
### Input
:batAnimalSense a ontolex:LexicalSense ;
lexinfo:domain :zoologyDomain .
:zoologyDomain rdfs:label "zoology"@en .
:batArtifactSense a ontolex:LexicalSense ;
lexinfo:domain :sportsDomain .
:sportsDomain rdfs:label "sports"@en .
:batEntry ontolex:sense :batAnimalSense, :batArtifactSense ;
canonicalForm :batForm .
:batForm ontolex:canonicalForm "bat"@en .
### Output
:batAnimalConcept ontolex:lexicalizedSense :batAnimalSense ;
skos:prefLabel "bat (zoology)"@en ;
skos:altLabel "bat"@en ;
thor:hasContext :zoologyDomain .
:batArtifactConcept ontolex:lexicalizedSense :batArtifactSense ;
skos:prefLabel "bat (sports)"@en ;
skos:altLabel "bat"@en ;
thor:hasContext :sportsDomain .
Barcelos, P. P. F., Sales, T. P., Kampert, E., Reniers, F., Segers, R., Guizzardi, G., Franke, W. (2023). 17th Terminology & Ontology: Theories and applications (TOTh 2023) International Conference. Chambéry, France. Available at https://w3id.org/thor/paper.