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zulu.txt
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zulu.txt
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Umlando Omfishane Wombhalo kanye Nekhompyutha
1. Indima eyinhloko yombhalo ekuthuthukisweni kwekhompyutha
Ikhompuyutha yokuqala yedijithali ehlelekayo yakhiwa ngawo-1940. Ukucutshungulwa kombhalo kuyinto
umkhuba wakamuva kakhulu, owasukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960. Kwaba ngawo-1990 kuphela lapho
ikhompuyutha nayo yaqala ukunikeza enye indlela engathi sína yokusabalalisa imibhalo. Nokho kokuncane
amakhompuyutha angaphezu kwesigamu sekhulu azifake ekuthunjweni komphakathi ukuze
ngezinga elingangokuthi lalingeke lisebenze ngaphandle kwazo. Lesi sahluko sibheka ukuthi kanjani
ikhompuyutha esikhathini esifushane kangaka izodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu
umhlaba wombhalo.
Ezinye izigigaba ezinkulu ekuthuthukisweni kwalokho osekuyidijithali
indlela yombhalo ingabonakala.
Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye umshini wokubala onenhloso eyodwa, waqala wakhulelwa
ube nethuba lokushintshwa ube Umshini Womhlaba Wonke, okwazi ukwenza imisebenzi leyo
ingavezwa ngendlela ye-algorithm. Ngawo-1940 iMishini yokuqala ye-Universal yaba
eyakhelwe. Ngawo-1960 ikhompuyutha njengoMshini Wendawo Yonke yanikwa amandla ukucubungula umbhalo,
okunikeze indima esigabeni sokudala umbhalo. Ngawo-1980s i-graphical man-machine
isikhombimsebenzisi sekhompiyutha sithuthukise kakhulu amathuba e-typographical
ukunikezwa kombhalo. Kwenze ikhompuyutha idlale indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni
indaba ebhaliwe. I-graphic interface iphinde yavula indlela yokuba khona kokubili
izindlela ezahlukene zokuphatha umbhalo ngokwedijithali: okunengqondo kanye nokubhalayo.
• Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye umshini wokubala onenhloso eyodwa, waqalwa okokuqala
ukuze ube nethuba lokushintshwa ube Umshini Womhlaba Wonke, okwazi ukwenza imisebenzi
lokho kungase kuvezwe ngendlela ye-algorithm.
• Ngawo-1940 kwakhiwa Imishini Yomhlaba Wonke yokuqala.
• Ngeminyaka yawo-1960 ikhompuyutha njengoMshini Wendawo Yonke yanikwa amandla ukucubungula umbhalo, okwathi
uyinikeze indima esigabeni sokudala umbhalo.
• Ngawo-1980s isixhumi esibonakalayo somshini womuntu wekhompuyutha sathuthukiswa kakhulu
amathuba okuhumusha ngokombhalo kombhalo. Ivumele ikhompuyutha ukuthi idlale
indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezinto ezinyathelisiwe. I-graphic interface nayo yavula i-
indlela yokuba khona ndawonye kwezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene zokuphatha umbhalo ngokwedijithali: enengqondo kanye ne
okokubhala.
• Ngeminyaka yawo-1990 ikhompuyutha yafakwa kunethiwekhi, okwakhulisa indima yayo njenge
ithuluzi lokuxhumana kusukela kulelo losizo lokukhiqiza udaba oluphrintiwe lwe-analogue ukuya
indlela entsha, yedijithali ngokugcwele ngokwayo, ehlanganisa nokusatshalaliswa kanye
ukusetshenziswa.
'Esekheshini yakhe yezokuxhumana'1 u-Robert Darnton ucabange konke
inqubo yokudlulisa izincwadi namanye amafomu emibhalo ephrintiwe njengoba isebenze kwabaningi
amakhulu eminyaka. Le modeli ibona ngeso lengqondo inqubo lapho abadlali abahlukahlukene belandelana besebenza khona
1 Bheka uRobert Darnton, ‘Uyini Umlando Wezincwadi’, Daedalus, Summer 1982, pp. 65-83.
2
ndawonye ngaphansi kwezimo ezehlukene zamasiko, ezomnotho, nezepolitiki ukuze kusabalaliswe i
umbhalo wombhali ukuze ufinyelele abafundi bawo. Ukwendlala isekethe yezokuxhumana phezu kwe
inqubo yokudlulisa umbhalo wedijithali le modeli izohlonza ukufana nokwehluka
(noma ukuqhubeka nokungaqhubeki) phakathi kwendlela entsha yedijithali kanye neyandulelayo
i-print medium.
Inqubo yokwenza imibhalo ibe sesidlangalaleni kanye nokuyisabalalisa ihlanganisa okuhlukahlukene
izigaba ezihlukene. Lokhu kucishe kufane nalezo ezikhonjwe kwezokuxhumana
isifunda: ukudalwa kombhalo (ukubhala), kulandelwa ukukhiqizwa kwawo (ukuphindaphinda),
ukusatshalaliswa (lapho umbhalo wenziwa umphakathi), futhi ekugcineni ukusetshenziswa (ukufunda).
Nokho, ukuhlola izigaba ezahlukene ekuthuthukisweni kwendima yekhompyutha ku
ukudluliswa kombhalo eduze kakhulu, ngingathanda ukuphakamisa ukujwayela okukodwa okuncane kulolu chungechunge
wezigaba. Ngingathanda ukubeka ingilazi yokusondeza phezu kwesixhumanisi sokuqala seketango, i
‘isigaba sokudalwa’, okuyisigaba lapho okuqukethwe kanye nesimo sombhalo kungenakho
sekuqediwe. Ngaphandle kokubhalwa kombhalo ngumbhali lesi sigaba sibuye sibe naso
ukuhlela, noma ngabe lokhu kwenziwa umbhali noma othile omele yena (for
isibonelo umhleli womshicileli). Ngokobuchwepheshe, lokhu kusho ukwenza umehluko phakathi (a)
ukufakwa kombhalo, (b) ukurekhodwa kombhalo, kanye (c) nokuguqulwa kombhalo uma usufakiwe.
Ukubona lokhu kuguquguquka esigabeni sokudala, okuhlanganisa ukubhala nokuhlela kunoma yikuphi
inani lokuphindaphinda, kwenza kube lula ukulandelela ukuthuthukiswa kwendima yekhompyutha ku-
inqubo yokubhala. Cishe izigaba ezintathu zalokho kuthuthukiswa zingaqashelwa. Lezi ngokwengxenye
ziyagqagqana, kodwa zihluke kakhulu ngokwanele ukuthi zingaphathwa ngokwehlukana. I
izigaba yilezi (1) ukumelwa kombhalo kukhompuyutha (okungenayo, okurekhodiwe, okokugcina), (2) i
ukukhohliswa kombhalo ogciniwe wezinhlelo zokusebenza zesayensi nezomsebenzi, kanye (3) nokwangempela
ukucubungula amagama ku-pc, njengosizo ekucabangeni nasekubhaleni okugunyaziwe p