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<title>E Versions of R Packages Used | Statistical Inference via Data Science</title>
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="An open-source and fully-reproducible electronic textbook for teaching statistical inference using tidyverse data science tools." />
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<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.1" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#programming-concepts"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.1</b> Basic programming concepts and terminology</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> What are R packages?</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#rfishbase"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4</b> Explore your first datasets</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.3" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#exploredataframes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.3</b> Exploring data frames</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.4" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#identification-vs-measurement-variables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.4</b> Identification and measurement variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.5" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#help-files"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.5</b> Help files</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5.1" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#additional-resources"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5.1</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5.2" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#whats-to-come"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5.2</b> What’s to come?</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>I Data Science with tidyverse</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Data Visualization</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#needed-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#grammarofgraphics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> The grammar of graphics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#components-of-the-grammar"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.1</b> Components of the grammar</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#gapminder"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.2</b> Gapminder data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.3" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#other-components"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.3</b> Other components</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.4" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#ggplot2-package"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.4</b> ggplot2 package</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#FiveNG"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Five named graphs - the 5NG</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#scatterplots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> 5NG#1: Scatterplots</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#geompoint"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.1</b> Scatterplots via <code>geom_point</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#overplotting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.2</b> Overplotting</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.3" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.3</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#linegraphs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> 5NG#2: Linegraphs</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#geomline"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1</b> Linegraphs via <code>geom_line</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#summary-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.2</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#facets"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5</b> Facets</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#histograms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6</b> 5NG#3: Histograms</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#geomhistogram"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6.1</b> Histograms via <code>geom_histogram</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#adjustbins"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6.2</b> Adjusting the bins</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6.3" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#summary-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6.3</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.7" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#boxplots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.7</b> 5NG#4: Boxplots</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.7.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#geomboxplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.7.1</b> Boxplots via <code>geom_boxplot</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.7.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#summary-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.7.2</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.8" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#geombar"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.8</b> 5NG#5: Barplots</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.8.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#barplots-via-geom_bar-or-geom_col"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.8.1</b> Barplots via <code>geom_bar</code> or <code>geom_col</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.8.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#must-avoid-pie-charts"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.8.2</b> Must avoid pie charts!</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.8.3" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#two-categ-barplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.8.3</b> Two categorical variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.8.4" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#summary-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.8.4</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.9" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#data-vis-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.9</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.9.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#summary-table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.9.1</b> Summary table</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.9.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#function-argument-specification"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.9.2</b> Function argument specification</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.9.3" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#additional-resources-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.9.3</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.9.4" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#whats-to-come-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.9.4</b> What’s to come</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Data Wrangling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#wrangling-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#piping"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> The pipe operator: <code>%>%</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#filter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> <code>filter</code> rows</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#slice-rows"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> <code>slice</code> rows</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#select"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> <code>select</code> variables</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.1" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#rename"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.1</b> <code>rename</code> variables</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#summarize"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> <code>summarize</code> variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#groupby"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> <code>group_by</code> rows</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.1" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#grouping-by-more-than-one-variable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.1</b> Grouping by more than one variable</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#mutate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7</b> <code>mutate</code> existing variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#arrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8</b> <code>arrange</code> and sort rows</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#joins"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9</b> <code>join</code> data frames</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#wrangling-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.1" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#summary-table-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.1</b> Summary table</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.2" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#additional-resources-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.2</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.3" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#whats-to-come-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.3</b> What’s to come?</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Data Importing and “Tidy” Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#tidy-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#csv"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Importing data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#using-the-console"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1</b> Using the console</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.2" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#using-rstudios-interface"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.2</b> Using RStudio’s interface</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#tidy-data-ex"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> “Tidy” data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.1" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#tidy-definition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.1</b> Definition of “tidy” data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.2" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#converting-to-tidy-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.2</b> Converting to “tidy” data</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#case-study-tidy"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Case study: Weight loss data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#tidyverse-package"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> <code>tidyverse</code> package</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#tidy-data-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.1" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#additional-resources-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.1</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.2" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#whats-to-come-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.2</b> What’s to come?</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>II Data Modeling with moderndive</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Basic Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#reg-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> One numerical explanatory variable</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.1" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model1EDA"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.1</b> Exploratory data analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.2" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model1table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.2</b> Simple linear regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.3" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model1points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.3</b> Observed/fitted values and residuals</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> One categorical explanatory variable</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model2EDA"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> Exploratory data analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.2" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model2table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.2</b> Linear regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.3" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model2points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.3</b> Observed/fitted values and residuals</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#reg-related-topics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Related topics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.1" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#correlation-is-not-causation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.1</b> Correlation is not necessarily causation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.2" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#leastsquares"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.2</b> Best-fitting line</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.3" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#underthehood"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.3</b> <code>get_regression_x()</code> functions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#reg-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.1" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#additional-resources-basic-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.1</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.2" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#whats-to-come-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.2</b> What’s to come?</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Multiple Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#mult-reg-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> One numerical and one categorical explanatory variable</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.1" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model4EDA"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.1</b> Exploratory data analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.2" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model4interactiontable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.2</b> Interaction model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.3" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model4table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.3</b> Parallel slopes model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.4" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model4points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.4</b> Observed/fitted values and residuals</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> Two categorical explanatory variables</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.1" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model3EDA"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.1</b> Exploratory data analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.2" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model3table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.2</b> Regression lines</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.3" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model3points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.3</b> Observed/fitted values and residuals</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#mult-reg-related-topics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Related topics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.1" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model-selection"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.1</b> Model selection using visualizations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.2" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#rsquared"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.2</b> Model selection using R-squared</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#mult-reg-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.1" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#additional-resources-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.1</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.2" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#whats-to-come-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.2</b> What’s to come?</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>III Statistical Inference with infer</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Sampling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-activity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> Sampling bowl activity</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.1" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#what-proportion-of-this-bowls-balls-are-red"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.1</b> What proportion of this bowl’s balls are red?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.2" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#using-the-shovel-once"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.2</b> Using the shovel once</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.3" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#student-shovels"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.3</b> Using the shovel 33 times</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.4" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-what-did-we-just-do"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.4</b> What did we just do?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-simulation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> Virtual sampling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.1" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#using-the-virtual-shovel-once"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.1</b> Using the virtual shovel once</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-framework"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> Sampling framework</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.1" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#terminology-and-notation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.1</b> Terminology and notation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.2" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-definitions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.2</b> Statistical definitions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.3" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#moral-of-the-story"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.3</b> The moral of the story</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-case-study"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4</b> Case study: Polls</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-conclusion-central-limit-theorem"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5</b> Central Limit Theorem</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.1" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-conclusion-table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.1</b> Sampling scenarios</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.2" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#additional-resources-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.2</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.3" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#whats-to-come-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.3</b> What’s to come?</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Bootstrapping and Confidence Intervals</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#CI-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#resampling-tactile"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> Pennies activity</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#what-is-the-average-year-on-us-pennies-in-2019"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.1</b> What is the average year on US pennies in 2019?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#resampling-once"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.2</b> Resampling once</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.3" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#student-resamples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.3</b> Resampling 35 times</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.4" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#ci-what-did-we-just-do"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.4</b> What did we just do?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#resampling-simulation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> Computer simulation of resampling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#virtually-resampling-once"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.1</b> Virtually resampling once</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#bootstrap-35-replicates"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.2</b> Virtually resampling 35 times</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.3" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#bootstrap-1000-replicates"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.3</b> Virtually resampling 1000 times</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#ci-build-up"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Understanding confidence intervals</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#percentile-method"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.1</b> Percentile method</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#se-method"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.2</b> Standard error method</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#bootstrap-process"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> Constructing confidence intervals</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#original-workflow"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.1</b> Original workflow</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#infer-workflow"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.2</b> <code>infer</code> package workflow</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.3" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#percentile-method-infer"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.3</b> Percentile method with <code>infer</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.4" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#infer-se"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.4</b> Standard error method with <code>infer</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#one-prop-ci"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5</b> Interpreting confidence intervals</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#ilyas-yohan"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5.1</b> Did the net capture the fish?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#shorthand"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5.2</b> Precise and shorthand interpretation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5.3" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#ci-width"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5.3</b> Width of confidence intervals</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#case-study-two-prop-ci"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6</b> Case study: Is yawning contagious?</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#mythbusters-study-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.1</b> <em>Mythbusters</em> study data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#sampling-scenario"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.2</b> Sampling scenario</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.3" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#ci-build"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.3</b> Constructing the confidence interval</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.4" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#interpreting-the-confidence-interval"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.4</b> Interpreting the confidence interval</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#ci-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#bootstrap-vs-sampling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.1</b> Comparing bootstrap and sampling distributions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#theory-ci"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.2</b> Theory-based confidence intervals</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.3" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#additional-resources-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.3</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.4" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#whats-to-come-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.4</b> What’s to come?</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Hypothesis Testing</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#nhst-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#ht-activity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> Promotions activity</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.1" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#does-gender-affect-promotions-at-a-bank"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.1</b> Does gender affect promotions at a bank?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.2" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#shuffling-once"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.2</b> Shuffling once</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.3" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#shuffling-16-times"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.3</b> Shuffling 16 times</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.4" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#ht-what-did-we-just-do"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.4</b> What did we just do?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#understanding-ht"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Understanding hypothesis tests</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#ht-infer"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> Conducting hypothesis tests</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.1" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#infer-workflow-ht"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.1</b> <code>infer</code> package workflow</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.2" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#comparing-infer-workflows"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.2</b> Comparison with confidence intervals</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.3" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#only-one-test"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.3</b> “There is only one test”</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#ht-interpretation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> Interpreting hypothesis tests</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.1" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#trial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.1</b> Two possible outcomes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.2" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#types-of-errors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.2</b> Types of errors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.3" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#choosing-alpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.3</b> How do we choose alpha?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#ht-case-study"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> Case study: Are action or romance movies rated higher?</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.1" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#imdb-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.1</b> IMDb ratings data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.2" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#sampling-scenario-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.2</b> Sampling scenario</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.3" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#conducting-the-hypothesis-test"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.3</b> Conducting the hypothesis test</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#nhst-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.1" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#theory-hypo"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.1</b> Theory-based hypothesis tests</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.2" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#when-inference-is-not-needed"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.2</b> When inference is not needed</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.3" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#problems-with-p-values"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.3</b> Problems with p-values</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.4" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#additional-resources-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.4</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.5" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#whats-to-come-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.5</b> What’s to come</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> Inference for Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#inf-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#regression-refresher"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Regression refresher</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.1" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#teaching-evaluations-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.1</b> Teaching evaluations analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.2" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#sampling-scenario-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.2</b> Sampling scenario</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#regression-interp"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Interpreting regression tables</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#regression-se"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> Standard error</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.2" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#regression-test-statistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.2</b> Test statistic</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.3" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#p-value"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.3</b> p-value</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.4" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#confidence-interval"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.4</b> Confidence interval</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.5" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#regression-table-computation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.5</b> How does R compute the table?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#regression-conditions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Conditions for inference for regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.1" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#residuals-refresher"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.1</b> Residuals refresher</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.2" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#linearity-of-relationship"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.2</b> Linearity of relationship</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.3" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#independence-of-residuals"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.3</b> Independence of residuals</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.4" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#normality-of-residuals"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.4</b> Normality of residuals</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.5" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#equality-of-variance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.5</b> Equality of variance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.6" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#what-is-the-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.6</b> What’s the conclusion?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#infer-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4</b> Simulation-based inference for regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.1" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#confidence-interval-for-slope"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4.1</b> Confidence interval for slope</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.2" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#hypothesis-test-for-slope"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4.2</b> Hypothesis test for slope</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#inference-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5.1" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#theory-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5.1</b> Theory-based inference for regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5.2" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#summary-of-statistical-inference"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5.2</b> Summary of statistical inference</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5.3" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#additional-resources-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5.3</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5.4" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#whats-to-come-9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5.4</b> What’s to come</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>IV Conclusion</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Tell Your Story with Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#review"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> Review</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#story-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#seattle-house-prices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> Case study: Seattle house prices</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.1" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#house-prices-EDA-I"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.1</b> Exploratory data analysis: Part I</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.2" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#house-prices-EDA-II"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.2</b> Exploratory data analysis: Part II</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.3" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#house-prices-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.3</b> Regression modeling</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.4" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#house-prices-making-predictions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.4</b> Making predictions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#data-journalism"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3</b> Case study: Effective data storytelling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.1" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#bechdel-test-for-hollywood-gender-representation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.1</b> Bechdel test for Hollywood gender representation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.2" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#us-births-in-1999"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.2</b> US Births in 1999</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.3" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#scripts-of-r-code"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.3</b> Scripts of R code</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#concluding-remarks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Concluding remarks</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="appendix"><span><b>Appendix</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A</b> Statistical Background</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#appendix-stat-terms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1</b> Basic statistical terms</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1.1" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#mean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1.1</b> Mean</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1.2" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#median"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1.2</b> Median</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1.3" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#appendix-sd-variance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1.3</b> Standard deviation and variance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1.4" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#five-number-summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1.4</b> Five-number summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1.5" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#distribution"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1.5</b> Distribution</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1.6" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#outliers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1.6</b> Outliers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.2" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#appendix-normal-curve"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.2</b> Normal distribution</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.3" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#appendix-log10-transformations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.3</b> log10 transformations</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B</b> Inference Examples</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#needed-packages-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.1" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#inference-mind-map"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.1</b> Inference mind map</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#one-mean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2</b> One mean</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.1" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#problem-statement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.1</b> Problem statement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.2" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#competing-hypotheses"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.2</b> Competing hypotheses</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.3" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#exploring-the-sample-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.3</b> Exploring the sample data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.4" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#non-traditional-methods"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.4</b> Non-traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.5" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#traditional-methods"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.5</b> Traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.6" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#comparing-results"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.6</b> Comparing results</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#one-proportion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3</b> One proportion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3.1" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#problem-statement-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3.1</b> Problem statement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3.2" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#competing-hypotheses-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3.2</b> Competing hypotheses</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3.3" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#exploring-the-sample-data-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3.3</b> Exploring the sample data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3.4" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#non-traditional-methods-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3.4</b> Non-traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3.5" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#traditional-methods-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3.5</b> Traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3.6" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#comparing-results-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3.6</b> Comparing results</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#two-proportions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4</b> Two proportions</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.1" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#problem-statement-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.1</b> Problem statement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.2" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#competing-hypotheses-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.2</b> Competing hypotheses</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.3" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#exploring-the-sample-data-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.3</b> Exploring the sample data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.4" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#non-traditional-methods-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.4</b> Non-traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.5" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#traditional-methods-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.5</b> Traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.6" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#test-statistic-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.6</b> Test statistic</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.7" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#state-conclusion-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.7</b> State conclusion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.8" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#comparing-results-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.8</b> Comparing results</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#two-means-independent-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5</b> Two means (independent samples)</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.1" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#problem-statement-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.1</b> Problem statement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.2" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#competing-hypotheses-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.2</b> Competing hypotheses</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.3" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#exploring-the-sample-data-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.3</b> Exploring the sample data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.4" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#non-traditional-methods-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.4</b> Non-traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.5" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#traditional-methods-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.5</b> Traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.6" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#test-statistic-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.6</b> Test statistic</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.7" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#compute-p-value-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.7</b> Compute <span class="math inline">\(p\)</span>-value</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.8" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#state-conclusion-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.8</b> State conclusion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.9" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#comparing-results-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.9</b> Comparing results</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.6" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#two-means-paired-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.6</b> Two means (paired samples)</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#problem-statement-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Problem statement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.6.1" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#competing-hypotheses-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.6.1</b> Competing hypotheses</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.6.2" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#exploring-the-sample-data-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.6.2</b> Exploring the sample data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.6.3" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#non-traditional-methods-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.6.3</b> Non-traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.6.4" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#traditional-methods-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.6.4</b> Traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.6.5" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#comparing-results-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.6.5</b> Comparing results</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C</b> Tips and Tricks</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#needed-packages-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#data-wrangling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1</b> Data wrangling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.1" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#appendix-missing-values"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.1</b> Dealing with missing values</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.2" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#appendix-reordering-bars"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.2</b> Reordering bars in a barplot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.3" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#appendix-money-on-axis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.3</b> Showing money on an axis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.4" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#appendix-changing-values"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.4</b> Changing values inside cells</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.5" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#appendix-convert-numerical-categorical"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.5</b> Converting a numerical variable to a categorical one</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.6" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#appendix-prop"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.6</b> Computing proportions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.7" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#appendix-commas"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.7</b> Dealing with %, commas, and $</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.2" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#interactive-graphics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.2</b> Interactive graphics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.2.1" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#interactive-linegraphs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.2.1</b> Interactive linegraphs</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="D" data-path="D-appendixD.html"><a href="D-appendixD.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>D</b> Learning Check Solutions</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="D.1" data-path="D-appendixD.html"><a href="D-appendixD.html#chapter-1-solutions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>D.1</b> Chapter 1 Solutions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="E" data-path="E-appendixE.html"><a href="E-appendixE.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>E</b> Versions of R Packages Used</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>References</a></li>
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<div id="appendixE" class="section level1" number="16">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">E</span> Versions of R Packages Used</h1>
<p>If you are seeing different results than what is in the book, we recommend installing the exact version of the packages we used. This can be done by first installing the <code>remotes</code> package via <code>install.packages("remotes")</code>. Then, use <code>install_version()</code> replacing the <code>package</code> argument with the package name in quotes and the <code>version</code> argument with the particular version number to install.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb603"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb603-1"><a href="E-appendixE.html#cb603-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>remotes<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">install_version</span>(<span class="at">package =</span> <span class="st">"skimr"</span>, <span class="at">version =</span> <span class="st">"1.0.6"</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
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<th>
package
</th>
<th>
version
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</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
bookdown
</td>
<td>
0.22.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
broom
</td>
<td>
0.7.7
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
dplyr
</td>
<td>
1.0.7
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
dygraphs
</td>
<td>
1.1.1.6
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
fivethirtyeight
</td>
<td>
0.6.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
forcats
</td>
<td>
0.5.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
gapminder
</td>
<td>
0.3.0
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
ggplot2
</td>
<td>
3.3.4
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
ggplot2movies
</td>
<td>
0.0.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
ggrepel
</td>
<td>
0.9.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
infer
</td>
<td>
0.5.4
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
ISLR
</td>
<td>
1.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
janitor
</td>
<td>
2.1.0
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
kableExtra
</td>
<td>
1.3.4
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
knitr
</td>
<td>
1.33
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
moderndive
</td>
<td>
0.5.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
mvtnorm
</td>
<td>
1.1-2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
nycflights13
</td>
<td>
1.0.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
patchwork
</td>
<td>
1.1.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
purrr
</td>
<td>
0.3.4
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
readr
</td>
<td>
1.4.0
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
scales
</td>
<td>
1.1.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
sessioninfo
</td>
<td>
1.1.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
skimr
</td>
<td>
1.0.6
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
stringr
</td>
<td>
1.4.0
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
tibble
</td>
<td>
3.1.2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
tidyr
</td>
<td>
1.1.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
tidyverse
</td>
<td>
1.3.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
viridis
</td>
<td>
0.6.1
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viridisLite
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0.4.0
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