Some Ruby core methods accept string data that includes text to be executed as a system command.
They should not be called with unknown or unsanitized commands.
These methods include:
-
Kernel.system
-
Kernel.open
-
`command` (backtick method) (also called by the expression
%x[command]). -
IO.popen(command).
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IO.read(command).
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IO.write(command).
-
IO.binread(command).
-
IO.binwrite(command).
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IO.readlines(command).
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IO.foreach(command).
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URI.open(command).
Note that some of these methods do not execute commands when called from subclass File:
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File.read(path).
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File.write(path).
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File.binread(path).
-
File.binwrite(path).
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File.readlines(path).
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File.foreach(path).