-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
munbild.html
1693 lines (1605 loc) · 69.2 KB
/
munbild.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html><!--*-ispell-dictionary:"sv";js-indent-level:2;css-indent-offset:2-*-->
<!-- Copyright 2018–2022 by zrajm. Licenses: CC BY-SA (text), GPLv2 (code). -->
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Teckenskrift: Munbilder</title>
<link rel=stylesheet href="base.css">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.svg" sizes="any">
<link rel="mask-icon" href="favicon.svg" color="#444"><!--Safari-->
<style>
section { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; }
table[border]:not([border="0"]) {
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid black;
}
table[border]:not([border="0"]) th,
table[border]:not([border="0"]) td {
text-align: center;
padding: .125em .25em;
border: 1px solid black;
}
.FIXME { background: yellow; }
.shaded { opacity: .4; }
.white { background: #fff; }
.blue { background: rgba(0, 0, 255, .2); }
.green { background: rgba(0, 191, 0, .4); }
.hand img { height: 100px; }
.trans { font-size: 200%; }
.trans img { height: 28px; }
.grey { background: rgba(127, 127, 127, .25); }
table.border-example {
caption-side: bottom;
border: 1px solid black;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
table.border-example caption {
text-align: left;
padding: 0.5em 1em;
}
table.border-example th,
table.border-example td {
border: 1px solid black;
padding: .25em .5em;
}
table { caption-side: bottom; }
table caption { text-align: left; font-weight: bold; }
.columns {
column-count: auto;
column-gap: 12px;
column-width: 370px;
-moz-column-count: auto;
-moz-column-gap: 12px;
-moz-column-width: 370px;
-webkit-column-count: auto;
-webkit-column-gap: 12px;
-webkit-column-width: 370px;
}
.columns > table {
break-inside: avoid-column;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid black;
margin-bottom: 4px;
XXwidth: 100%;
}
dl {
margin: 1em 0;
}
dt {
font-weight: bold;
}
.hanging > p, p.hanging {
padding-left: 1em;
text-indent: -1em;
}
.glossary > p { margin: 0; }
.glossary > p > a:first-child { font-weight: bold; }
div.handform > table { display: inline-table; margin: .25em .125em; }
div.handform > table td[colspan="2"] { font-size: small; }
.x2 { font-size: 1.8em; line-height: 50px !important; }
.padded img, img.padded { margin: 10px; }
.inline { display: inline-block; margin: .25em 0; }
table.inline { display: inline-table; margin: .25em 0; }
[align="left"] { text-align: left !important; }
img.bw {
filter: gray; /* IE6-9 */
-webkit-filter: grayscale(1); /* Google Chrome, Safari 6+ & Opera 15+ */
filter: grayscale(1); /* Microsoft Edge and Firefox 35+ */
}
blockquote { margin: 1em; }
abbr {
font-variant: small-caps;
text-transform: lowercase;
}
p.hanging, .hanging p {
text-indent: -1em;
padding-left: 1em;
margin: 0;
}
p + p.indent {
text-indent: 1em;
margin-top: -1em;
}
sup, sub {
vertical-align: baseline;
position: relative;
top: -0.4em;
}
sub { top: 0.4em; }
</style>
<h1>Teckenskrift: Munbilder</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#aslwrite">Munsymboler i ASLwrite</a>
<li><a href="#genuina">Munbilder i genuina tecken</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#genuina-varianter">Varianter</a>
<li><a href="#genuina-adverb">En kommentar om orala adverb</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#brallin">Brallinsystemet</a>
<li><a href="#orala-adverb">Orala adverb i sammandrag</a>
<li><a href="#svenskinlanat">Svenskinlånade munbilder</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#svenskinlanat-vokal">Munbilder för vokaler</a>
<li><a href="#svenskinlanat-likhet">Uppställning efter likhet</a>
<li><a href="#svenskinlanat-alfabetet">Alfabetet</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#fotnoter">Fotnoter</a>
<li><a href="#referenser">Referenser</a>
</ul>
<hr>
<section id=konvention>
<h1>Typografiska konventioner</h1>
<p>I det här dokumentet används […] för talspråksfonem, ⟦…⟧ för munbilder och
<b>/…/</b> för beskrivningar ur <a href="#bergman-wallin-2001">Bergman &
Wallin (2001)</a>.
<p class=indent>Det finns alltid fler än ett talspråksfonem som kan ligga
bakom en given munbild. Munbilden <b>/bilabial/</b> (också kallad ⟦p⟧) kan
tex orsakas antingen av ett av de svenska fonemen [p], [b] eller [m] (som
alla ser likadana ut) eller av att munbilden formas utan något ljud, eller
genom att ett klick- eller smackljud görs med läpparna etc. De svenska
fonemen är dock av särskilt intresse här eftersom deras munbilder ofta lånas
in i teckenspråket.
<p class=indent>Bokstäverna som används för att representera munbilder
(skrivna inom dubbelhakparenteser i denna text) har mestadels tagits från
namn som brukar användas för vanligaste genuina tecken – HYFF, OPS, PAFF, PY
etc. Munbilden för [y] och [ö] skrivs ⟦y⟧ (och aldrig *⟦ö⟧) därför att ’y’
återfinns i namnen på flera genuina tecken (tex HYFF och PY), medan ’ö’ inte
verkar förekomma i något genuint teckennamn överhuvudtaget. Oftast innebär
detta (iaf för konsonanter) att bokstäver med låg sonoritet föredrages
(tecknet heter PAFF – inte tex *MABB, fastän detta skulle ge upphov till
samma munbild).
</section>
<hr>
<section id=aslwrite>
<h1>Munsymboler i ASLwrite</h1>
<p>Till vänster (mot <span class=blue>blå bakgrund</span>) är munsymboler
från <a href="#clark-2012">Clark (2012)</a>, därefter följer (mot vit
bakgrund) en utökad symboluppsättning från <a href="#hicks-2018">Hicks
(2018)</a> och sist (mot <span class=green>grön bakgrund</span>) min variant
av symbolen. De delar av beskrivningarna som bara förekommer i tidigare
källor är <span class=shaded>skuggade</span> nedan.
<figure>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/munbild/clark/smile.png" height=50>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/smile.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/smile.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=3>smile
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/laugh.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/laugh.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>“laugh”
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/munbild/clark/frown.png" height=50>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/frown.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/frown.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=3>frown
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/cry.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/cry.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>“cry”
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/munbild/clark/flat-lips.png" height=50>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/flat-lips.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/flat-lips.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=3>flat lips
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/interest.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/interest.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>“interest”
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/blow+motor-lips.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/blow+motor-lips.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>blow & motor<br>lips
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/munbild/clark/pressed-lips.png" height=50>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/pressed-lips.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/pressed-lips.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=3>pressed lips<br><span class=shaded>(pensive)</span>
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/lips-pulled-to-side.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/lips-pulled-to-side.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>lips pulled<br>to one side
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/munbild/clark/tongue-out.png" height=50>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/tongue-out.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/tongue-out.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=3>tongue out
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/blow-raspberry.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/blow-raspberry.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>blow raspberry
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/munbild/clark/pursed-lips.png" height=50>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/pursed-lips.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/pursed-lips.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=3>pursed lips
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/munbild/clark/lips-out-kiss.png" height=50>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/lips-out-kiss.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/lips-out-kiss.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=3>lips out (“kiss”)
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/kissy.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/kissy.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>kissy
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/munbild/clark/wide-open-mouth.png" height=50>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/wide-open-mouth.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/wide-open-mouth.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=3>(wide) open mouth
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/open-mouth.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/open-mouth.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>open mouth
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/lips-out-sh.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/lips-out-sh.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>lips out<br>“sh”
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/nut.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/nut.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>“nut”
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/munbild/clark/clenched-teeth.png" height=50>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/clenched-teeth.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/clenched-teeth.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=3>clenched teeth<br><span class=shaded>(bared teeth)</span>
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/munbild/clark/clenched+lips-out.png" height=50>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/clenched+lips-out.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/clenched+lips-out.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=3>clenched &<br>lips out <span class=shaded>(“cha”)</span>
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/open-mouth+tongue-out.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/open-mouth+tongue-out.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>open mouth<br>& tongue out
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/tongue-wiggle.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/tongue-wiggle.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>tongue wiggle
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/open-mouth+lips-out+tongue-out.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>tongue,<br>lips out
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/tongue-out-to-side.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/tongue-out-to-side.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>tongue out<br>to the side
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/biting-lip.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/biting-lip.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>biting lip
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/th.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/th.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>“th”
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/munbild/clark/round-mouth.png" height=50>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/round-mouth.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/round-mouth.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=3>round mouth
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/munbild/clark/puffed+round.png" height=50>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/puffed+round.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/puffed+round.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=3>puffed & round
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/sucked-cheeks.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/sucked-cheeks.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>sucked<br>cheeks
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/munbild/clark/puffed-cheeks.png" height=50>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/puffed-cheeks.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/puffed-cheeks.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=3>puffed cheeks
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/munbild/clark/pulled-to-side.png" height=50>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/pulled-to-side.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/pulled-to-side.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=3>pulled to the side<br><span class=shaded>(“recently”)</span>
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/disgust.png" height=50>
<td class=green><img src="pic/mun/disgust.svg" height=50>
<tr><td colspan=2>“disgust”
</table>
</figure>
<p>Clark and Hicks use symbols similar enough as to be indistinguishable, and
I think that many of Hicks’ generalizations are perfectly straightforward
(like the double circle-segment for ’motion’ – either of the lips or the
tongue).
<p class=indent>However in the symbols of Clark I see a distinction
between <i>cheek</i> and <i>wide open mouth</i> which I think is missing from
Hicks. I would suggest that <i>cheek</i> (regardless of whether it is sucked
or puffed) should be portrayed by a circle segment that is <i>less than a
half circle</i>, while the <i>wide open mouth</i> should be written as a
circle segment larger than a half circle. This way <i>sucked cheeks</i>
and <i>wide open mouth</i> are clearly distinguishable from each other,
while <i>sucked</i> and <i>puffed cheeks</i> remain consistent with each
other.
<figure style="width:400px;margin:1em 0" class=inline>
<a target=_blank
href="pic/munbild/clark/mouth_morphemes.png"><img src="pic/munbild/clark/mouth_morphemes.png"
style="max-height:none;width:80%"></a>
<figcaption style="margin:.5em 0">Symboler ur <a href="#clark-2012">Clark (2012)</a>.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure style="width:400px;margin:1em 0" class=inline>
<a target=_blank
href="pic/munbild/hicks/mouth_morphemes.png"><img src="pic/munbild/hicks/mouth_morphemes.png"
style="max-height:none;width:100%"></a>
<figcaption style="margin:.5em 0">Symboler ur <a href="#hicks-2018">Hicks (2018)</a>.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure style="width:400px;margin:1em 0" class=inline>
<a target=_blank href="pic/mun/all-lips.svg"><img src="pic/mun/all-lips.svg"
style="max-height:none;width:100%"></a>
<figcaption style="margin:.5em 0">Mina symboler.</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>
<hr>
<section id=genuina>
<h1>Munbilder i genuina tecken</h1>
<div class=FIXME style="margin:1em">
<b>Att göra:</b>
<ul>
<li>Hur realiseras <b>/airstream/</b> egentligen? Är <a target=_blank
href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_tremulant">bilabial
tremulant</a> [ʙ] korrekt?
<li>Har [h] en plats i nedanstående uppställning eller spelar [h]-fonemet
ingen roll för munbilden vid inlånande till teckenspråk?
</ul>
</div>
<p>Nedanstående sammanställning är baserad på analysen av genuina teckens
munbilder i <a href="#bergman-wallin-2001">Bergman & Wallin (2001)</a>,
kompletterande information från andra källor och egna extrapolationer
är <span class=blue>markerade i blått</span>.
<p class=indent>I fältet längst till vänster om varje bild återfinns följande
(uppifrån och ned) 1) ASLwrite-symbol, 2) transkriptionssymbol för munbilden
(inom ⟦…⟧) och 3) de talspråksfonem som ger upphov till munbilden.
<p class=indent>Vad det gäller talspråksfonemen kan konstateras att det i
somliga fall är tämligen trivialt att dra gränsen mellan vilken munbild som
hör till vilket talspråksfonem (tex är det lätt att skilja munbilden för [f]
och [v] ifrån övriga munbilder) medan i andra fall (bla vokalerna) är
gränsdragningen betydligt svårare. – Lyckligtvis beskrivs just vokalernas
munbilder (utom ’u’) i <a href="#bergman-wallin-2001">Bergman & Wallin
(2001:11–13, kap ”’Adaption to Native Pattern’ Hypothesis”)</a>.
<p>Nedan är talspråksfonem som extrapolerats ur annan literatur
än <a href="#bergman-wallin-2001">Bergman & Wallin (2001)</a> markerade med
blå bakgrund.
<figure>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>I. /bilabial/ <!--[−open]--></caption>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/mun/flat-lips.svg">
<p>⟦p⟧
<p><span class=white>[p/b/m]</span>
<td style="text-align:left">−open
<br>−in
<br>−air
<br><span class=shaded> corner
<br> forward
<br> round
<br> jaw
<br> tongue</span>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/bilabial.png">
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>II. /cheeks/ <!--[−open +air]--></caption>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/mun/puffed-cheeks.svg">
<p>⟦()⟧
<p>–
<td style="text-align:left">−open
<br>−in
<br>+air
<br><span class=shaded> corner
<br> forward
<br> round
<br> jaw
<br> tongue</span>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/cheeks.png">
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>III. /labiodental/ <!--[+in]--></caption>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/mun/biting-lip.svg">
<p>⟦f⟧
<p>[f/v]
<td style="text-align:left">−open
<br>+in
<br>−air
<br><span class=shaded> corner
<br> forward
<br> round
<br> jaw
<br> tongue</span>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/labiodental.png">
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>IV. /stretched/ <!--[+corner]--></caption>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/mun/clenched-teeth.svg">
<p>⟦i⟧
<p><span class=white>[i/e]</span>
<td style="text-align:left">+open
<br><span class=shaded> in
<br> air</span>
<br>+corner
<br>−forward
<br>−round
<br>−jaw
<br><span class=shaded> tongue</span>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/stretched.png">
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>V. /forward/ <!--[+forward <nobr>-round</nobr>]--></caption>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/mun/lips-out-sh.svg">
<p>⟦y⟧
<p><span class=white>[y/ö]</span>
<td style="text-align:left">+open
<br><span class=shaded> in
<br> air</span>
<br>−corner
<br>+forward
<br>−round
<br>−jaw
<br><span class=shaded> tongue</span>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/forward.png">
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>VI. /round/<!--[+forward +round]--></caption>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/mun/round-mouth.svg">
<p>⟦å⟧
<p>[<span class=white>å/o</span>/u]
<td style="text-align:left">+open
<br><span class=shaded> in
<br> air</span>
<br>−corner
<br>+forward
<br>+round
<br>−jaw
<br><span class=shaded> tongue</span>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/round.png">
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>VII. /pursed/<!--[-forward -round]--></caption>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/mun/pursed-lips.svg">
<p>⟦β⟧<sup><a href="#fn1">[1]</a></sup>
<p>–
<td style="text-align:left">+open
<br><span class=shaded> in
<br> air</span>
<br>−corner
<br>−forward
<br>−round
<br>−jaw
<br><span class=shaded> tongue</span>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/pursed.png">
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>VIII. /open/ <!--[+jaw]--></caption>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/mun/wide-open-mouth.svg">
<p>⟦a⟧
<p><span class=white>[a/ä]</span><!--
--><br><span class=FIXME>[h]?</span>
<td style="text-align:left">+open
<br><span class=shaded> in
<br> air</span>
<br>+corner
<br><span class=shaded> forward
<br> round</span>
<br>+jaw
<br><span class=shaded> tongue</span>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/open.png">
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>IX. /airstream/ <!--[+open +air]--></caption>
<tr>
<td class=FIXME><img style="display:inline-block" src="pic/mun/blow+motor-lips.svg">?
<p>⟦ʙ⟧?
<p>–
<td style="text-align:left">+open
<br><span class=shaded> in</span>
<br>+air
<br><span class=shaded> corner
<br> forward
<br> round
<br> jaw
<br> tongue</span>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/airstream.png">
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>X. /tongue/<!--[+tongue]--></caption>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/mun/open-mouth+tongue-out.svg">
<p>⟦θ⟧<sup><a href="#fn2">[2]</a></sup>
<p>–
<td style="text-align:left">+open
<br><span class=shaded> in
<br> air
<br> corner
<br> forward
<br> round
<br> jaw</span>
<br>+tongue
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/tongue.png">
</table>
</figure>
<blockquote>
”The feature <b>open</b> distinguishes between the two classes open and
closed segments and pertains to the position of the lower lip. A segment
in which the lower lip has contact with the upper lip or the upper teeth
is marked <b>−open</b>, a segment in which the lower lip is not in
contact is marked <b>+open</b>. Segment number I (see fig. 12) resembles
a neutral, closed mouth, in that the lips are in contact with each other,
but the lips are tense. The neutral, closed mouth, is not a segment. It
is only when there is extra energy added to the closed mouth, that it
participates in the language production. <b>In</b> also refers to a
position of the lower lip, viz. whether the lower lip is inward and thus
in contact with the upper teeth or not. The feature <b>air</b> refers to
”active” air. If the mouth is <b>-open</b>, as in segment II, the result
is puffed cheeks.” [s 5]
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
”<b>Corner</b> is used for activity in the corners of the
mouth, <b>forward</b> refers to lip protrusion and, and <b>round</b> to
lip contraction. The feature <b>jaw</b> pertains to jaw opening, i.e.
whether the jaw is markedly lowered or not. Note that in all open
segments (when the lower lip is <i>not</i> in contact), the jaw is also
normally lowered but, as it were, in an unmarked, relaxed
way. <b>Tongue</b> indicates whether the tongue is protruding or not.” [s
10]
</blockquote>
<section>
<h1 id="genuina-varianter">Varianter</h1>
<p>Följande munbilder avviker från de ovanstående endast i luftflöde och
tungans placering. De betraktas i <a href="#bergman-wallin-2001">Bergman &
Wallin (2001)</a> som allofona varianter till motsvarande munbild
utan <b>tongue</b> eller <b>air</b>. (Dvs <b>/forward<sup>tongue</sup>/</b>
och <b>/forward<sub>tongue</sub>/</b> ses bägge som allofoner
till <b>/forward/</b> osv.)
<figure>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>Va. /forward<sup>tongue</sup>/</caption>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">+open
<br><span class=shaded> in
<br> air</span>
<br>−corner
<br>+forward
<br>−round
<br>−jaw
<br>+tongue
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/forward-tongue-up.png">
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>Vb. /forward<sub>tongue</sub>/</caption>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">+open
<br><span class=shaded> in
<br> air</span>
<br>−corner
<br>+forward
<br>−round
<br>−jaw
<br>+tongue
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/forward-tongue-down.png">
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>VIIIa. /open<sup>tongue</sup>/</caption>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">+open
<br><span class=shaded> in
<br> air</span>
<br>+corner
<br><span class=shaded> forward
<br> round</span>
<br>+jaw
<br>+tongue
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/open-tongue-up.png">
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>VIIIb. /open<sub>tongue</sub>/</caption>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">+open
<br><span class=shaded> in
<br> air</span>
<br>+corner
<br><span class=shaded> forward
<br> round</span>
<br>+jaw
<br>+tongue
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/open-tongue-down.png">
</table>
</figure>
<p class=indent><b>/pouted/</b><sup><a href="#fn3">[3]</a></sup> och
varianter med <b>/<sup>air</sup>/</b> illustreras inte
i <a href="#bergman-wallin-2001">Bergman & Wallin (2001)</a> utan beskrivs
endast i artikeltexten (de bilder som förekommer nedan kommer från andra
källor).
<figure>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>Vc. /forward<sup>air</sup>/</caption>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/mun/lips-out-sh.svg">
<p>⟦y⟧
<p>–
<td style="text-align:left">+open
<br><span class=shaded> in</span>
<br>+air
<br>−corner
<br>+forward
<br>−round
<br>−jaw
<br><span class=shaded> tongue</span>
<td><div class=bw style="height:142px;width:119px;display:inline-block;background:#aaa;line-height:142px">[bild saknas]</div>
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<caption>VIIa. /pursed<sup>air</sup>/
<small><a target=_blank
href="https://teckensprakslexikon.su.se/ord/00036">(image
source)</a></small></caption>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/mun/pursed-lips.svg">
<p>⟦β⟧<sup><a href="#fn1">[1]</a></sup>
<p>–
<td style="text-align:left">+open
<br><span class=shaded> in</span>
<br>+air
<br>−corner
<br>−forward
<br>−round
<br>−jaw
<br><span class=shaded> tongue</span>
<td class=blue><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/other/pursed-air.png">
</table>
<table border=1 class="inline blue">
<caption class=blue>XI. /pouted/<sup><a href="#fn3">[3]</a></sup>
<small><a target=_blank
href="https://spsmplay.spsm.se/vanten/">(image
source)</a></small></caption>
<tr>
<td><img src="pic/mun/lips-out-kiss.svg">
<p>⟦m<sub>1</sub>⟧
<p>–
<td style="text-align:left"><span style="background:#fff">−open</span>
<br>−in
<br>−air
<br><span class=shaded> corner</span>
<br><span style="background:#fff">+forward</span>
<br><span class=shaded> round
<br> jaw
<br> tongue</span>
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/other/pouted.png">
</table>
</figure>
<p>I sammanställningen ovan markeras ny och extrapolerad information
med <span class=blue>blå bakgrund</span>, medan information
från <a href="#bergman-wallin-2001">Bergman & Wallin (2001)</a> har vit
bakgrund. Frågetecken i de blå fälten markerar osäkerhet, och kan komma att
uppdateras/ändras i framtiden. Beskrivningen
av <b>/pouted/</b><sup><a href="#fn3">[3]</a></sup> härrör ifrån följande
text i artikeln:
<blockquote>
”However, the oral adverb meaning ‘normally’, ‘with ease’ when used with
dynamic verbs does not use any of the segments in our set. It is a closed
mouth with protruding lips so a possible description would be <b>-open,
+forward.</b>” [s 13]
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h1 id="genuina-adverb">En kommentar om orala adverb</h1>
<p>Ett fåtal <i>orala adverb</i> nämns också i förbigående
i <a href="#bergman-wallin-2001">Bergman & Wallin (2001:17)</a>.
<figure>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/mun/pursed-lips.svg">
<p>⟦β⟧<sup><a href="#fn1">[1]</a></sup>
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/pursed.png">
<tr><td colspan=2><b>/pursed/</b>
<br>‘small’ (monosegmental form)
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue height=119><img src="pic/mun/clenched-teeth.svg">
<p>⟦i⟧
<td><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/stretched.png">
<tr><td colspan=2><b>/stretched/</b>
<br>‘intense’, ‘with effort’
</table>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td class=blue><img src="pic/mun/lips-out-kiss.svg">
<p>⟦m<sub>1</sub>⟧
<td class=blue><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/other/pouted.png">
<tr><td colspan=2><b class=blue>/pouted/</b><sup><a href="#fn3">[3]</a></sup>
<br>‘normally’, ‘with ease’
</table>
</figure>
</section>
</section>
<hr>
<section>
<h1 id="brallin">Brallinsystemet</h1>
<div class=FIXME style="margin:1em">
<b>Att göra:</b>
<ul>
<li>Jämför brallinsystemet med ovanförvarande och se om de kan förenas.
</ul>
</div>
<p>En smärre utvidgning av ovanstående är brallinsystemet, utvecklat på
<a target=_blank href="http://teckensprakslexikon.su.se">Svenskt
teckenspråkslexikon</a> (det är dock inte färdigtutvecklat och/eller
publicerat än och används bara internt).
<figure>
<table border=1 class=inline>
<tr>
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/airstream_puh+air.png"><br>Airstream (Puh+air)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/bilabial_m.png"><br>Bilabial (M)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/bilabial_m+.png"><br>Bilabial (M+)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/bilabial_m-.png"><br>Bilabial (M-)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/cheeks_pp.png"><br>Cheeks (PP)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/forward_y.png"><br>Forward (Y) [y]
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/labiodental_f.png"><br>Labiodental (F)
<tr>
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/open_a.png"><br>Open (A)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/open_at.png"><br>Open (AT)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/open_l.png"><br>Open (L)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/open_ae.png"><br>Open (Ä)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/pursed_u.png"><br>Pursed (U)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/round_o.png"><br>Round (O)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/stretched_e.png"><br>Stretched (E)
<tr>
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/stretched_i.png"><br>Stretched (I)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/stretched_s.png"><br>Stretched (S)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/tongue_th.png"><br>Tongue (TH)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/tongue_th_ner.png"><br>Tongue TH(ner)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/tongue_th+.png"><br>Tongue (TH+)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/tongue_th-.png"><br>Tongue (TH-)
<td><img class=bw src="pic/munbild/brallin/svenskpaverkad.png"><br>Svenskpåverkad
</table>
</figure>
</section>
<hr>
<section>
<h1 id="orala-adverb">Orala adverb i sammandrag</h1>
<div class=FIXME style="margin:1em">
<b>Att göra:</b>
<ul>
<li>Finns det verkligen två varianter av ⟦m⟧? (<img src="pic/mun/lips-out-kiss.svg"
style="height:1em"> ⟦m<sub>1</sub>⟧ och
<img src="pic/mun/flat-lips.svg" style="height:1em">
⟦m<sub>2</sub>⟧ nedan.) Jag har inte hittat en enda källa som
kontrasterar dem mot varandra (eller ens beskriver de bägge
varianterna) – alla källor tar bara upp en av dem. Är de allofona?
Om inte – vad är det som skiljer dem åt?
<li>Bekräfta insugna kinder ”väldigt smal” (<abbr>SPSM</abbr>, 2020).
Kan det adverbet verifieras men någon andra källa?
</ul>
</div>
<p>Här är några exempel på hur orala adverb kan realiseras i teckenskrift.
(Notera hur reduplikation skrivs med en <a href="./#slut">slutpunkt</a> för
varje utförd rörelse.)
<figure>
<table class=inline style="margin: 0 1em">
<tr><td><img src="pic/ssl/skriva.svg">
<tr><td>’<a target=_blank
href="https://teckensprakslexikon.su.se/ord/03410">skriva</a>’
</table>
<table class=inline style="margin: 0 1em">
<tr><td><img src="pic/ssl/skriva-normalt.svg">
<tr><td>’skriva som vanligt’
</table>
<table class=inline style="margin: 0 1em">
<tr><td><img src="pic/ssl/skriva-modosamt.svg">
<tr><td>’skriva mödosamt’
</table>
</figure>
<style>
table.adverbials {
table-layout: fixed;
border: 0 !important;
font-size: small;
}
table.adverbials td,
table.adverbials th {
vertical-align: top;
padding: .125rem !important;
border: 1px solid #0004 !important;
border-bottom: 1px solid #0004 !important;
border-top: 1px solid #0004 !important;
}
table.adverbials th { border-left: 2px solid #000 !important; }
table.adverbials th,
table.adverbials td:last-child,
table.adverbials .rb { border-right: 2px solid #000 !important; }
table.adverbials tr.tb th { border-top: 2px solid #000 !important; }
table.adverbials tr:last-child td,
table.adverbials tr:last-child th {
border-bottom: 2px solid #000 !important;
}
table.adverbials .purple { background: #f0f4; }
table.adverbials caption,
table.adverbials th {
font-size: .8rem;
font-weight: normal;
vertical-align: middle !important;
text-align: center;
}
table.adverbials tr:first-child th { border: 0 !important; }
table.adverbials td img { height: 100px; width: 84px; background: #fff; filter: grayscale(1); }
table.adverbials td img:not([src]) { visibility: hidden; }
table.adverbials td > div + div,
table.adverbials td > img + img { margin-top: .25rem; }
table.adverbials td > img { display: block; margin: 0 auto; }
table.adverbials td > div { display: flex; }
table.adverbials td > div > img + img { margin-left: .125rem; }
table.adverbials td img:hover {
position: relative;
z-index: 1;
transform: scale(3,3);
transition: transform .1s;
box-shadow: 0 5px 10px 0 #000;
}
</style>
<table border=1 class=adverbials>
<caption><span class=purple>Lila kolumner</span> innehåller sättsadverb
(för dynamiska verb), andra kolumner innehåller måttadverb (för form- och
storleksbeskrivningar).</caption>
<tr>
<th colspan=4></th>
<th colspan=4 class=FIXME>Är de här två munbilderna synonyma?
<tr class=tb>
<th>
<th><img src="pic/mun/open-mouth+lips-out+tongue-out.svg "> ⟦θ⟧<sup><a href="#fn2">[2]</a></sup>
<th colspan=2><img src="pic/mun/pursed-lips.svg"> ⟦β⟧<sup><a href="#fn1">[1]</a></sup>
<th colspan=2 class=FIXME><img src="pic/mun/lips-out-kiss.svg"> ⟦m<sub>1</sub>⟧
<th colspan=2 class=FIXME><img src="pic/mun/flat-lips.svg"> ⟦m<sub>2</sub>⟧
<th colspan=2><img src="pic/mun/clenched-teeth.svg"> ⟦i⟧
<th><img src="pic/mun/puffed-cheeks.svg"> ⟦()⟧
<th><img src="pic/mun/sucked-cheeks.svg"> ⟦)(⟧<sup><a href="#fn4">[4]</a></sup>
<th><img src="pic/mun/clenched-teeth.svg"><img src="pic/mun/wide-open-mouth.svg"> ⟦ia⟧
<th><img src="pic/mun/flat-lips.svg"><img src="pic/mun/round-mouth.svg"> ⟦må⟧
<tr>
<th>
<th class=FIXME>[th]
<th colspan=2>[u]
<th colspan=2 class=FIXME>[m]
<th colspan=2 class=FIXME>[m]
<th colspan=2>[i]
<th>[()]
<th>[)(]
<th>[sa]
<th>[må]
<tr>
<th><a href="#bergman-wallin-2001">Bergman & Wallin (2001)</a>
<td class=rb><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/forward-tongue-down.png">
/forward<sub>tongue</sub>/
<td colspan=2 class=rb><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/pursed.png">
/pursed/
<td colspan=2 class="rb blue"><img src="pic/munbild/other/pouted.png">
/pouted/ <sup><a href="#fn3">[3]</a></sup>
<td colspan=2 class=rb><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/bilabial.png">
/bilabial/
<td colspan=2 class=rb><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/stretched.png">
/stretched/
<td class=rb><img src="pic/munbild/bergman/cheeks.png">
/cheeks/
<td class="rb blue"><img src="pic/munbild/spsm/smal-1.png">
/sucked/ <sup><a href="#fn4">[4]</a></sup>
<td class=rb><div>
<img src="pic/munbild/bergman/stretched.png">
<img src="pic/munbild/bergman/open.png">
</div> /stretched/ + /open/
<td class=rb><div>