feat: add support for Python 3.12 #6151

Job	Run time
Local: Build & test minimal package on Ubuntu	8m 25s
Documentation style check	18s
Local: Build & test on Ubuntu	9m 40s
Remote: Build & test (v23.1.0, false)	9m 39s
Remote: Build & test (v23.2.0, false)	7m 25s
Remote: Build & test (v24.1.0, false)	8m 16s
Local: Build & test on Windows	0s
Build and smoke tests (ubuntu-latest, 3.8, false)	1m 55s
Build and smoke tests (ubuntu-latest, 3.9, false)	2m 0s
Build and smoke tests (ubuntu-latest, 3.10, false)	2m 7s
Build and smoke tests (ubuntu-latest, 3.11, false)	1m 55s
Build and smoke tests (ubuntu-latest, 3.12, false)	2m 0s
Build and smoke tests (windows-latest, 3.8, false)	4m 49s
Build and smoke tests (windows-latest, 3.9, false)	4m 39s
Build and smoke tests (windows-latest, 3.10, false)	5m 31s
Build and smoke tests (windows-latest, 3.11, false)	3m 14s
Build and smoke tests (windows-latest, 3.12, false)	5m 3s
Build documentation	9m 24s
Upload dev documentation	1s
release	1s
Notify failed build	1s
Deploy dev index docs	1s
Upload release documentation	1s
Deploy stable docs index	1s
	1h 26m 26s

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