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docs update oct 2024 init
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philknows committed Oct 19, 2024
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32 changes: 13 additions & 19 deletions docs/docusaurus.config.ts
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Expand Up @@ -97,29 +97,23 @@ const config: Config = {
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copyright: `Copyright © ${new Date().getFullYear()} ChainSafe. Built with Docusaurus.` ,
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1 change: 0 additions & 1 deletion docs/pages/google0c42298b7ec08b7e.html

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20 changes: 12 additions & 8 deletions docs/pages/index.md
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![lodestar logo](../../assets/lodestar_icon_text_black_stroke.png)

## Welcome to the Lodestar documentation
## Welcome to the Lodestar Documentation

> **Lodestar is an open-source Ethereum Consensus client and Typescript ecosystem, maintained by ChainSafe Systems**
### Getting started
### Getting Started

- Follow the instructions for [build from source](./run/getting-started/installation#build-from-source), [binaries](./run/getting-started/installation#binaries), or [Docker](./run/getting-started/installation#docker-installation) to install Lodestar. Or use our [Lodestar Quickstart scripts](https://github.com/ChainSafe/lodestar-quickstart).
- Use [Lodestar libraries](./supporting-libraries/index.md) in your next Ethereum Typescript project.
Expand All @@ -26,14 +26,18 @@ Hardware specifications minimum / recommended, to run the Lodestar client.
| | Minimum | Recommended |
| --------- | -------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| Processor | Intel Core i3–9100 or AMD Ryzen 5 3450 | Intel Core i7–9700 or AMD Ryzen 7 4700 |
| Memory | 16GB RAM | 32GB RAM |
| Storage | 100GB available space SSD | 1TB available space SSD |
| Internet | Broadband connection | Broadband connection |
| Memory | 8 GB RAM | 16 GB RAM |
| Storage | 130 GB available space SSD | 200 GB available space SSD |
| Internet | Reliable broadband with 10mbps upload | Reliable broadband with >10mbps upload |

## About these docs
### Execution Client

This documentation is open source, contribute at [Github Lodestar repository /docs](https://github.com/ChainSafe/lodestar/tree/unstable/docs).
If you run the [execution client](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/#execution-clients) on the same host, you will need to check their requirements and add them to the above requirements.

## Need assistance?
## About These Docs

This documentation is open source, contribute on our [Github Lodestar repository /docs](https://github.com/ChainSafe/lodestar/tree/unstable/docs).

## Need Assistance?

If you have questions about this documentation, feel free to talk to us on our [ChainSafe Discord](https://discord.gg/yjyvFRP) or [open an issue](https://github.com/ChainSafe/lodestar/issues/new/choose) and a member of the team or our community will be happy to assist you.
24 changes: 12 additions & 12 deletions docs/pages/introduction.md
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# Introduction

Ethereum is one of the most profoundly important inventions in recent history. It is a decentralized, open-source blockchain featuring smart contract functionality. It is the second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, after Bitcoin, and is the most actively used blockchain. Ethereum was proposed in 2013 by programmer Vitalik Buterin. Development was crowdfunded in 2014, and the network went live on 30 July 2015, with 72 million coins premined. ChainSafe was founded not too long afterwards and has been actively working in the Ethereum space ever since. We are proud to develop Lodestar and to present this documentation as a resource for the Ethereum community.
Ethereum is one of the most profoundly important inventions in recent history. It is a decentralized, open-source blockchain featuring smart contract functionality. It is the second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, after Bitcoin, and is the second largest blockchain by market capitalization. Ethereum was proposed in 2013 by programmer Vitalik Buterin. Development was crowdfunded in 2014, and the network went live on 30 July 2015, with 72 million coins premined. ChainSafe was founded not too long afterwards in 2017 and has been actively working in the Ethereum ecosystem ever since. We are proud to develop Lodestar, the only Typescript based consensus client, and to present this documentation as a resource for the Ethereum community.

## Proof of Stake

In Ethereum's Proof of Stake (PoS) model, validators replace miners from the Proof of Work (PoW) system. Validators are Ethereum stakeholders who lock up a portion of their Ether as a stake. The protocol randomly selects these validators to propose new blocks. The chance of being chosen is tied to the size of their stake: the more Ether staked, the higher the probability of being selected to propose the block. Proposers receive transaction fees and block rewards as incentives. Validators are also responsible for voting on the validity of blocks proposed by other validators. However, they face penalties, known as slashing, for actions like double-signing, votes on a block that is not in the majority or going offline, ensuring network integrity and reliability. The PoS mechanism significantly reduces energy consumption compared to PoW, because it does not require extensive computational power. Moreover, PoS tends to facilitate faster transaction validations and block creations, enhancing the overall performance and scalability of the network.
In Ethereum's Proof of Stake (PoS) model, validators replace miners from the Proof of Work (PoW) system. Validators are Ethereum stakeholders who lock up a portion of their Ether as a stake. The protocol randomly selects these validators to propose new blocks. The chance of being chosen is tied to the size of their stake: the more Ether staked, the higher the probability of being selected to propose the block. Proposers receive transaction fees and block rewards as incentives. Validators are also responsible for voting on the validity of blocks proposed by other validators. However, they also face penalties, known as slashing, for actions like signing two different block proposals in the same slot or voting on two different attestations for the same target epoch, which creates conflicting states. The PoS mechanism significantly reduces energy consumption compared to PoW, because it does not require extensive computational power. Moreover, PoS tends to facilitate faster transaction validations and block creations, enhancing the overall performance and scalability of the network.

## Consensus Clients

In an effort to promote client diversity there are several beacon-nodes being developed. Each is programmed in a different language and by a different team. The following is a list of the current beacon-node clients:
In an effort to promote client diversity there are several consensus beacon nodes being developed. Each is programmed in a different language and by a different team. The following is a list of the current open source consensus clients in alphabetical order:

- [Lodestar](https://lodestar.chainsafe.io/)
- [Prysm](https://prysmaticlabs.com/)
- [Lighthouse](https://lighthouse.sigmaprime.io/)
- [Teku](https://consensys.net/knowledge-base/ethereum-2/teku/)
- [Nimbus](https://nimbus.team/)
- [Grandine](https://grandine.io)
- [Grandine (Rust)](https://grandine.io)
- [Lighthouse (Rust)](https://lighthouse.sigmaprime.io/)
- [Lodestar (Typescript)](https://lodestar.chainsafe.io/)
- [Nimbus (Nim)](https://nimbus.team/)
- [Prysm (Golang)](https://prysmaticlabs.com/)
- [Teku (Java)](https://consensys.net/knowledge-base/ethereum-2/teku/)

## Why Client Diversity?

The Ethereum network's robustness is significantly enhanced by its client diversity, whereby multiple, independently-developed clients conforming to a common specification facilitate seamless interaction and function equivalently across nodes. This client variety not only fosters a rich ecosystem but also provides a buffer against network-wide issues stemming from bugs or malicious attacks targeted at particular clients. For instance, during the Shanghai denial-of-service attack in 2016, the diversified client structure enabled the network to withstand the assault, underscoring the resilience afforded by multiple client configurations.
The Ethereum network's robustness is significantly enhanced by its client diversity, whereby multiple, independently-developed clients conforming to a common specification, facilitating seamless interaction and function equivalently across different nodes. This client variety not only fosters a rich ecosystem but also provides a buffer against network-wide issues stemming from bugs or malicious attacks targeted at particular clients. For instance, during the Shanghai denial-of-service attack in 2016, the diversified client structure enabled the network to withstand the assault, underscoring the resilience afforded by multiple client configurations.

On the consensus layer, client distribution is crucial for maintaining network integrity and finality, ensuring transactions are irreversible once validated. A balanced spread of nodes across various clients helps mitigate risks associated with potential bugs or attacks that could, in extreme cases, derail the consensus process or lead to incorrect chain splits, thereby jeopardizing the network's stability and trust. While the data suggests a dominance of Prysm client on the consensus layer, efforts are ongoing to promote a more even distribution among others like Lighthouse, Teku, Nimbus and Grandine. Encouraging the adoption of minority clients, bolstering their documentation, and leveraging real-time client diversity dashboards are among the strategies being employed to enhance client diversity, which in turn fortifies the Ethereum consensus layer against adversities and fosters a healthier decentralized network ecosystem.
On the consensus layer, client distribution is crucial for maintaining network integrity and finality, ensuring transactions are irreversible once validated. A balanced spread of nodes across various clients help to mitigate risks associated with potential bugs or attacks that could, in extreme cases, derail the consensus process (liveness failure) or lead to incorrect chain splits (forking), thereby jeopardizing the network's stability and trust. While the data suggests a [dominance of the Prysm client](https://clientdiversity.org) on the consensus layer, efforts are ongoing to promote a more even distribution among others clients. Encouraging the adoption of minority clients, bolstering their documentation, and leveraging real-time client diversity dashboards are among the strategies being employed to enhance client diversity, which in turn fortifies the Ethereum consensus layer against adversities and fosters a healthier decentralized network.

The non-finality event in May 2023 on the Ethereum network posed a significant challenge. The issue arose from attestations for a fork, which necessitated state replays to validate the attestations, causing a notable strain on system resources. As a result, nodes fell out of sync, which deterred the accurate tracking of the actual head of the chain. This situation was exacerbated by a decline in attestations during specific epochs, further hampering the consensus mechanism. The Lodestar team noticed late attestations several weeks prior to the event and implemented a feature that attempted to address such challenges by not processing untimely attestations, and thus not requiring expensive state replays​. While it was done for slightly different reasons, the result was the same. Lodestar was able to follow the chain correctly and helped to stabilize the network. This example underscored the importance of client diversity and network resilience against potential forks and replay attacks. These are considered realistic threats, especially in the context of system complexity like in Ethereum's consensus mechanism.
The [non-finality event of May 2023](https://medium.com/offchainlabs/post-mortem-report-ethereum-mainnet-finality-05-11-2023-95e271dfd8b2) on the Ethereum network posed a significant challenge. The issue arose from attestations for a fork, which necessitated state replays to validate the attestations, causing a notable strain on system resources. As a result, nodes fell out of sync, which deterred the accurate tracking of the actual head of the chain. This situation was exacerbated by a decline in attestations during specific epochs, further hampering the consensus mechanism from reaching finality. The Lodestar team noticed late attestations several weeks prior to the event and implemented a feature that attempted to address such challenges by not processing untimely attestations, and thus not requiring expensive state replays​. While it was done for slightly different reasons, the result was the same. Lodestar was able to follow the chain correctly and helped to stabilize the network. This example underscored the importance of client diversity and network resilience against potential forks and replay attacks. These are considered realistic threats, especially in the context of system complexity like in Ethereum's consensus mechanism.

## Ethereum Reading List

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