[WIP] CI tests: use ubuntu 24.04 for clang tidy and clang sanitizer tests

[lucafedeli88]

In this PR I am updating the OS for the clang-tidy and clang sanitizer tests to Ubuntu 24.04, since it is no longer in beta for github hosted runners. The PR also bumps the version of clang used for sanitizer tests from 17 to 18.

The sanitizer test was already using ubuntu:23.10 via a container, so some changes consists in removing lines that were only necessary to run inside a container.

For the clang-tidy test the final goal is also to bump the version of clang-tidy from 15 to 18, but this will be done in a separate PR (it will require to update the clang-tidy configuration file).

[EZoni]

I think we did some of this in #5474 when new problems came up, although some is still missing (the clang version update).

As you might have noticed here too, new potential issues came up, which led to #5492.

Just cross-referencing here to make sure that we share info and rebase when needed.